主动脉瓣环搏动变形特性的动态三维CT研究

目的 探讨主动脉瓣环三维形态的搏动变化.方法 35例重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者[年龄(71±6)岁]及20例健康对照者[年龄(53±12)岁]行多排螺旋CT检查,每隔5％心动周期重建主动脉瓣环平面,测量其面积、周长、长轴径、短轴径并计算椭圆率指数.结果 健康对照组瓣环面积、周长、长轴径及短轴径收缩期分别增加(26.9±8.1)％、(14.3±2.6)％、(8.0±2.1)％和(20.4±1.9)％,椭圆率指数则下降(18.4±8.3)％;主动脉瓣狭窄组瓣环面积、周长、长轴径及短轴径收缩期分别增加(19.3±8.3)％、(9.1±2.5)％、(5.4±1.9)％和(12肪2.3)％,椭圆率指数则下降(12.5±4.6)％,上述参数变化差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 主动脉瓣狭窄患者及健康对照者的主动脉瓣环面积、周长及径线在心动周期中均有显著变化,提示其存在变形搏动.上述特性可能对经皮导管主动脉瓣置换有重要意义.     

三维经食管超声心动图在二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄经导管主动脉瓣置入术中的应用研究

目的:应用三维经食管超声心动图(3D-TEE)评估二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄(BAS)患者的主动脉瓣环,探讨3D-TEE指导BAS患者行经导管主动脉瓣置入术(TAVI)的可行性。方法:分析我院成功行TAVI的BAS狭窄患者24例,对术前3D-TEE与多层螺旋CT(MSCT)测量的主动脉瓣环最大径、最小径、面积及面积衍生直径进行一致性分析,根据两者面积衍生直径预测瓣膜型号,比较两者在指导人工瓣膜型号选择上的一致性。结果:3D-TEE与MSCT在测量主动脉瓣环最大径、最小径、面积、面积衍生直径方面无统计学差异(P>0.05),ICC相关系数分别为：0.817、0.781、0.885、0.869(P<0.001);3D-TEE与MSCT预测的瓣膜型号无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:对于二叶式主动脉瓣重度狭窄的患者,3D-TEE可为TAVI提供瓣膜型号选择,因此,在特殊情况下可作为MSCT的替代手段,帮助临床选择合适的人工瓣膜。     

二维斑点追踪技术评价不同程度主动脉瓣狭窄患者左心室收缩功能

目的:应用二维斑点追踪应变及应变率技术(STE),评价左心室射血分数(LVEF)正常的不同程度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的左心室收缩功能。方法:78例主动脉瓣狭窄患者,根据最大跨瓣压差及平均跨瓣压差分为轻度狭窄组(n=28)、中度狭窄组(n=25)及重度狭窄组(n=25)三组,进行常规超声心动图测量,并应用二维斑点追踪技术分别测量患者的收缩期长轴纵向、短轴圆周向及径向应变及应变率,其结果与28例正常对照者进行比较。结果:与正常对照组相比,主动脉瓣狭窄患者长轴纵向的收缩期应变及应变率随着瓣膜狭窄程度的加重而逐渐降低(P=0.003)。圆周向应变及应变率在轻度狭窄组与正常对照组相比无明显差异,在中度及重度狭窄组均明显降低(P0.001)。而径向应变及应变率则仅在重度狭窄组呈明显降低(P0.001)。结论:主动脉瓣狭窄患者首先出现长轴方向应变及应变率的减低,随着狭窄程度的加重,才出现短轴圆周向及径向心肌变形能力的减低。     

重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者瓣膜钙化程度对二尖瓣环形态的影响

目的：探讨重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者瓣膜钙化程度对二尖瓣环形态的影响。方法：纳入2018年8月至2020年12月期间我院因重度主动脉瓣狭窄拟行主动脉瓣置换术的患者50例（狭窄组）,同时选取50例瓣膜正常者作为对照（对照组）,均进行经食道三维超声心动图检查并获得二尖瓣环形态指标,比较狭窄组与对照组的二尖瓣环形态参数差异。狭窄组患者均进行CT扫描并获得主动脉瓣钙化积分,分析钙化积分与二尖瓣环形态指标间的相关性。结果：狭窄组患者男性35例（70.0%）,平均年龄（61.44±11.98）岁;对照组男性32例（64.0%）,平均年龄（58.26±6.43）岁,两组临床基线资料年龄、男性比例、身高、体重、血压和心率之间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。与对照组相比,狭窄组患者的二尖瓣环前后径、椭圆率、面积、周长、高度及非平面夹角均增大（P均<0.05）。狭窄组患者的平均主动脉瓣钙化积分为2 365(1 806,4 440)AU,通过相关性分析发现,狭窄组的主动脉瓣钙化积分与主动脉瓣峰值流速（r=0.673）、峰值压差（r=0.677）、平均压差（r=0.649）均呈正相关,与主动脉瓣有...     

重度主动脉瓣狭窄合并重度二尖瓣狭窄一站式治疗1例

正1 病例资料患者,男,60岁。因"间断胸闷、咳嗽10年,加重伴呼吸困难半年"就诊于我院。10年前受凉后出现胸闷、咳嗽,伴心慌、出汗、乏力,伴咳白色黏痰,偶有双下肢水肿,无心前区疼痛,无头晕头痛、关节酸痛及恶心厌食,当地医院诊断为"风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄",给予对症及支持治疗后好转出院。期间胸闷反复发作,性质同前,住院给予纠正心力衰竭(心衰)等治疗后可好转。近半年发病次数增多,胸闷程度较前加重,伴乏力、呼吸困难、咳嗽、咳痰、双下肢水肿     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄的初步临床疗效分析

目的:总结经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)的初步临床经验。方法:纳入2018年10月-2019年10月于我院接受TAVR治疗的重度AS患者21例,分析其临床资料、手术效果及并发症情况。结果:患者平均年龄(73.71±8.91)岁,男9例,女12例。手术成功率为100%,术后即刻主动脉瓣跨瓣压差较术前明显下降[(7.71±5.32) mmHg∶(100.19±30.13) mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa,P<0.01]。术中联合ECMO支持1例,联合经导管二尖瓣球囊扩张1例,联合经皮冠状动脉支架植入术(PCI)1例,瓣中瓣植入2例。术后消化道出血1例,永久性起搏器植入2例,发热2例,急性脑梗死1例,轻度瓣周漏11例,股动脉穿刺点处假性动脉瘤1例,临时起搏器置入处皮下血肿1例,死亡1例。术后30 d患者症状及心脏超声指标均改善。结论:TAVR治疗外科手术禁忌或高危重度主动脉瓣狭窄相对安全、有效。     

主动脉瓣环扩大联合环上型生物瓣膜替换治疗老年小瓣环主动脉瓣狭窄的近中期结果

目的:总结主动脉瓣环扩大联合环上型生物瓣膜替换策略,治疗老年小瓣环主动脉瓣狭窄的近中期结果,探讨老年小瓣环主动脉瓣狭窄的治疗策略。方法:2010年1月至2017年1月,28例老年小瓣环主动脉瓣狭窄患者应用主动脉瓣环扩大联合环上型生物瓣替换策略进行治疗,主动脉瓣关闭不全或多个瓣膜病变等排除在本研究之外。男性8例,女性20例,年龄65～77岁,平均(70. 5±3. 48)岁,体表面积1. 55～1. 72 m~2,平均(1. 63±0. 05) m~2。按病因分类,退行性主动脉瓣狭窄17例,先天性二叶畸形6例,风湿性改变4例,其他病变1例。患者术前心功能分级(NYHA分级):Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级20例,Ⅳ级2例。同时合并疾病包括冠心病5例,2型糖尿病8例,高血压病7例,慢性肾功能不全5例,慢性阻塞性肺疾病3例,心房颤动7例,既往卒中史6例。手术前超声心动图测主动脉瓣环径(17. 5±1. 02) mm,平均跨瓣压差(59. 8±10. 2) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0. 133 k Pa)。结果:体外循环时间(105. 0±18. 8) min,心肌血运阻断时间(71. 0±17. 1) min。实测主动脉瓣环径(18. 1±0. 87) mm,应用Nick法扩环25例,Nuez法3例,扩环后主动脉瓣环径(22. 2±0. 93) mm,平均增加(4. 13±0. 78) mm,平均替换瓣膜尺寸(21. 8±0. 99) mm,预期有效瓣口面积指数(1. 10±0. 07) cm~2/m~2。同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术5例,心房颤动射频消融术7例,左心耳切除术7例。围手术期死亡1例(3. 6%),死因为低心排血量综合征。开胸止血术1例,急性肾衰竭1例,肺部感染2例,切口并发症1例,临时起搏治疗6例。出院时平均跨瓣压差(13. 14±2. 14) mm Hg,超声实测有效瓣口面积指数(1. 12±0. 07) cm~2/m~2,仅1例发生轻度患者-人造瓣膜不匹配。手术后2年,常规超声心动图检查及临床评估。24例患者心功能Ⅰ级,3例Ⅱ级。患者平均跨瓣压差及左心室质量指数较术前明显改善[(59. 8±10. 18) vs.(13. 8±1. 93) mm Hg,P 0. 01;(151. 3±9. 95) vs.(110. 6±6. 95) g/m~2,P0. 01]。5例患者主动脉瓣听诊区可闻及2/6级收缩期杂音,19例患者左心室肥厚得到逆转,8例患者仍存在轻度左心室肥厚。随访时平均有效瓣口面积指数(1. 09±0. 09) cm~2/m~2,1例发生轻度患者-人造瓣膜不匹配。结论:主动脉瓣环扩大联合环上型生物瓣替换策略治疗老年小瓣环主动脉瓣狭窄近中期疗效良好,既有效避免患者-人造瓣膜不匹配现象,又避免了长期抗凝所致的血栓栓塞及出血风险。     

实时三维超声心动图在经导管主动脉瓣植入术中对主动脉瓣环检测意义的研究

目的：分析实时三维超声心动图（real-time three-dimensional echocardiography,RT3DE）在经导管主动脉瓣植入术（transcatheter aortic valve implantation,TAVI）围术期的应用价值。方法：选择本院2018年10月至2021年10月,住院的100例TAVI手术患者作为研究对象,年龄在65～80岁,平均（72.9±5.0）岁。根据患者主动脉瓣的瓣膜形态、功能进行分组研究,分为先天性主动脉瓣发育异常组（n=45）与后天获得性主动脉瓣病变组（n=55）,主动脉瓣关闭不全组（n=41）与主动脉瓣狭窄组（n=59）,主动脉瓣狭窄合并主动脉瓣钙化组（n=44）与不合并主动脉瓣钙化组（n=56）。统计主动脉瓣前向血流平均压差、左心室腔大小及LVEF值;主动脉瓣环三维视图周长C3D、主动脉瓣环投影平面中二维视图周长及面积（C2D及A2D）、主动脉瓣环二维周长与三维周长之比（C2D/C3D）等数据进行统计学分析,然后采用Peason相关性分析主动脉瓣环参数与术中测瓣器测值的相关性。结果：100例患者均成功完成TAVI手术治疗...     

实时三维结合二维超声心动图对先天性主动脉瓣下膜性狭窄的诊断价值

目的:回顾性分析实时三维结合二维超声心动图,对先天性主动脉瓣下膜性狭窄的诊断价值。方法:收集2010年7月至2014年6月,在我院诊断为先天性主动脉瓣下膜性狭窄并经手术证实的患者21例,其中女性13例,男性8例,年龄18~63岁,平均(36.3±13.9)岁。二维及三维经胸超声心动图观察瓣下隔膜的形态。对于2例经胸超声心动图显示不清的患者,采取经食管超声心动图检查,同时应用实时三维和二维超声显示,三维图像存储后进行后切割处理。结果:与手术结果对照,21例患者的实时三维超声图像均能清楚显示瓣下膜性结构,并能清晰显示隔膜的形状。其中6例隔膜紧邻主动脉瓣,15例隔膜距离主动脉瓣>5mm。8例患者的隔膜为环型,13例为边缘型。实时三维超声对瓣下隔膜的显示率及形状类型的诊断正确率均为100%;而二维超声对瓣下隔膜的显示率为81%,对于环形隔膜及边缘型隔膜的诊断正确率分别为25%和61.5%。21例患者中,1例无左心室流出道狭窄,但合并主动脉瓣重度关闭不全;其余均有中到重度左心室流出道狭窄左心室流出道平均压差≥46mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133k Pa)。同时,所有患者中,10例合并中度以上关闭不全,7例轻度关闭不全,4例微量反流。结论:实时三维超声心动图结果与手术结果完全相符,在隔膜的显示率尤其是对于分型的诊断正确率方面均优于二维超声心动图。经胸及经食管实时三维结合二维超声心动图,能提高主动脉瓣下膜性狭窄的诊断率,更加清晰立体的显示主动脉瓣下隔膜形态及结构,为手术提供更加全面的诊断信息。     

Outcome of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in high risk patients with severe aortic stenosis

Aim

To assess outcome of TAVI in high risk patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis.

Effect of transcatheter aortic valve implantation on QT dispersion in patients with aortic stenosis

Background QT dispersion （QTd） is a predictor of ventricular arrhythmia. Ventricular arrhythmia is an important factor influencing morbidity and mortality in patients with aortic stenosis. Surgical aortic valve replacement reduced the QTd in this patients group. However, the effect of transcatheter aortic valve implantation （TAVI） on QTd in patients with aortic stenosis is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TAVI on QTd in patients with aortic stenosis. Methods Patients with severe aortic stenosis, who were not candi-dates for surgical aortic valve replacement due to contraindications or high surgical risk, were included in the study. All patients underwent electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation before, and at the 6th month after TAVI, computed QTd and left ventricular mass index （LVMI）. Results A total 30 patients were admitted to the study （mean age 83.2 ± 1.0 years, female 21 and male 9, mean valve area 0.7 ± 3 mm2）. Edwards SAPIEN heart valves, 23 mm （21 patients） and 26 mm （9 patients）, by the transfemoral approach were used in the TAVI procedures. All TAVI procedures were successful. Both QTd and LVMI at the 6th month after TAVI were significantly reduced com-pared with baseline values of QTd and LVMI before TAVI （73.8 ± 4 ms vs. 68 ± 2 ms, P=0.001 and 198 ± 51 g/m2 vs. 184 ± 40 g/m2, P=0.04, respectively）. There was a significant correlation between QTd and LVMI （r=0.646, P〈0.001）. Conclusions QTd, which malign ventricular arrhythmia marker, and LVMI were significantly reduced after TAVI procedure. TAVI may decrease the possibility of ventricu-lar arrhythmia in patients with aortic stenosis.     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术对主动脉瓣狭窄患者肾功能的影响

目的探讨经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)对主动脉瓣狭窄患者术后肾功能的影响。方法本研究为单中心回顾性研究。连续入选2014年10月至2019年10月在复旦大学附属中山医院行TAVR治疗的主动脉瓣狭窄患者。依据术前1 d肾小球滤过率(eGFR)将纳入患者分为4组:>90 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组、>60~90 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组、>30~60 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组和≤30 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组。术后72 h再次检测eGFR,按照术后肾功能变化将患者分为急性肾功能恢复(AKR)组、急性肾脏损伤(AKI)组和肾功能无变化组。其中AKR定义为TAVR术后72 h的eGFR值增加>基线值的25%,AKI定义为TAVR术后72 h的eGFR值降低>基线值的25%。比较各组的相关临床资料,并采用多因素logistic回归分析TAVR术后肾功能变化的影响因素。结果本研究共纳入217例因主动脉瓣狭窄行TAVR治疗的患者,年龄(76.7±7.4)岁,其中女性86例,胸外科医师学会评分为(9.5±5.8)分。>90 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组(n=19)、>60~90 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组(n=116)、>30~60 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组(n=70)和≤30 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组(n=12)术后达AKR者所占比例分别为0、30.2%(35/116)、58.6%(41/70)和75.0%(9/12);共3例(1.4%)患者发生AKI,其中>30~60 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组2例,>60~90 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2组1例。eGFR<60 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2患者中AKI发生率为2.4%(2/82)。纳入的217例患者中,AKR组85例(39.2%)、AKI组3例(1.4%)、肾功能无变化组129例(59.4%)。3组的体重指数(BMI)、术前左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)和术前eGFR分布差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,BMI(OR=5.54,95%CI 1.04~29.58,P=0.045)、术前LVEDD(OR=1.22,95%CI 1.09~1.38,P=0.001)及术前eGFR(OR=2.23,95%CI 2.04~2.55,P=0.004)是术后非AKR的危险因素。结论TAVR术后绝大多数患者表现为肾功能不变或者改善,TAVR术后肾功能的变化与BMI及术前LVDD、eGFR相关。     

Aortic valve annulus diameter in Chinese patients with severe calcific aortic valve stenosis: implications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Objectives : The objective of the study was to describe the distribution and determine the predictors of aortic valve annulus diameter (AVAD) in Chinese patients with severe calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAS). Background : AVAD in Chinese patients with CAS has not been reported. Predictors of AVAD in patients with CAS are unclear. Methods : One hundred elderly patients (≥60 years) with severe CAS were included in the study. AVAD in all patients was measured by transthoracic echocardiograph (AVAD‐TTE) and in 74 patients of them was measured intra‐operatively (AVAD‐intra). Results : The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between AVAD‐TTE and AVAD‐intra was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72–0.88). The differences between AVAD‐TTE and AVAD‐intra ranged from ?3 to 3 mm and were ≤≤ 2mm in 91.9% (68/74) of patients. The intra‐observer ICC for TTE was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.74–0.94). Mean AVAD in the whole population was 21.80 ± 2.09 (17–27) mm. 11% of cases had an AVAD < 20 mm, 78% had an AVAD between 20 and 24 mm, and 11% had an AVAD between 25 and 27 mm. The correlation between AVAD and height (r = 0.476, P < 0.001) was stronger than that between AVAD and weight (r = 0.215, P = 0.034) or body surface area (BSA) (r = 0.358, P < 0.001). Multivariate regression showed that height, sex, and age but not BSA were independent predictors of AVAD (all P < 0.05). Conclusion : Most of Chinese patients with CAS can be candidates for transcatheter aortic valve implantation procedure in terms of AVAD, whereas more sizes of prosthetic valves need to be developed. Sex, age, and especially height, but not BAS, are independent predictors of AVAD in patients with CAS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Evolution of non-invasive myocardial work variables after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with severe aortic stenosis

IntroductionGuidelines recommend aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis who present with symptoms or left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%, both conditions representing a late stage of the disease. Whereas global longitudinal strain is load dependent, but interesting for assessing prognosis, myocardial work has emerged.AimTo evaluate acute changes in myocardial work occurring in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).MethodsPatients who underwent TAVI were evaluated before and after by echocardiography. Complete echocardiographies were considered. Myocardial work indices (global work index, global constructive work, global work efficiency, global wasted work) were calculated integrating mean transaortic pressure gradient and brachial cuff systolic pressure.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-five patients underwent successful TAVI, with a significant decrease in mean transaortic gradient (from 52.5 ± 16.1 to 12.2 ± 5.0; P < 0.0001). There was no significant change in left ventricular ejection fraction after TAVI. Myocardial work data after TAVI showed a significant reduction in global work index (1389 ± 537 vs. 2014 ± 714; P < 0.0001), global constructive work (1693 ± 543 vs. 2379 ± 761; P < 0.0001) and global work efficiency (85.0 ± 7.06 vs. 87.1 ± 5.98; P = 0.0034). The decrease in global work index and global constructive work after TAVI was homogeneous among different subgroups, based on global longitudinal strain, left ventricular ejection fraction and New York Heart Association status before TAVI. We observed a significant association between global work index and global constructive work before TAVI, and global longitudinal strain degradation after TAVI.ConclusionsMyocardial work variables show promising potential in best understanding the left ventricular myocardial consequences of aortic stenosis and its correction. Given their ability to discriminate between New York Heart Association status and global longitudinal strain evolution, we can hypothesize about their clinical value.     

Validation of methods for effective orifice area measurement of prosthetic valves by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography following transcatheter self-expanding aortic valve implantation

BackgroundThe effective orifice area (EOA) is utilized to characterize the hemodynamic performance of the transcatheter heart valve (THV). However, there is no consensus on EOA measurement of self-expanding THV. We aimed to compare two echocardiographic methods for EOA measurement following transcatheter self-expanding aortic valve implantation.MethodsEOA was calculated according to the continuity equation. Two methods were constructed. In Method 1 and Method 2, the left ventricular outflow tract diameter (LVOTd) was measured at the entry of the prosthesis (from trailing-to-leading edge) and proximal to the prosthetic valve leaflets (from trailing-to- leading edge), respectively. The velocity-time integral (VTI) of the LVOT (VTI_LVOT) was recorded by pulsed-wave Doppler (PW) from apical windows. The region of the PW sampling should match that of the LVOTd measurement with precise localization. The mean transvalvular pressure gradient (MG) and VTI of THV was measured by Continuous wave Doppler.ResultsA total of 113 consecutive patients were recruited. The mean age was 77.2 ± 5.5 years, and 72 patients (63.7%) were male. EOA₁ with the use of Method 1 was larger than EOA₂ (1.56 ± 0.39 cm² vs. 1.48 ± 0.41 cm², P = 0.001). MG correlated better with the indexed EOA₁ (EOAI₁) (r = -0.701, P < 0.001) than EOAI₂ (r = -0.645, P < 0.001). According to EOAI (EOAI ≤ 0.65 cm²/m², respectively), the proportion of sever prosthesis-patient mismatch with the use of EOA₁ was lower than EOA₂ (12.4% vs. 21.2%, P < 0.05). Compared with EOA₂, EOA₁ had lower interobserver and intra-observer variability (intra: 0.5% ± 17% vs. 3.8% ± 22%, P < 0.001; inter: 1.0% ± 9% vs. 3.5% ± 11%, P < 0.001).ConclusionsFor transcatheter self-expanding valve EOA measurement, LVOTd should be measured in the entry of the prosthesis stent (from trailing-to-leading edge), and VTI_LVOT should match that of the LVOTd measurement with precise localization.     

First‐in‐man transcatheter aortic valve implantation of a 20‐mm edwards SAPIEN XT valve: One step forward for the treatment of patients with severe aortic stenosis and small aortic annulus

We present the case of an 85‐year‐old woman diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis, porcelain aorta, and a small aortic annulus (17.3 mm), who underwent successful transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) with a 20‐mm Edwards SAPIEN XT valve using the NovaFlex+ delivery system. At 1‐month follow‐up the patient was in NYHA functional class I, and Doppler echocardiography showed a mean residual gradient of 15 mm Hg and trivial paravalvular aortic regurgitation. This case, which shows for the first time the feasibility of TAVI with a 20‐mm valve, opens a new avenue for the challenging treatment of patients with aortic stenosis and a small aortic annulus. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.