经胸彩色实时三维超声心动图的临床应用价值

目的初步探讨经胸彩色实时三维超声心动图的临床应用价值。方法应用PhilipsSonos—7500型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对47例受检者进行经胸彩色实时三维超声检查。结果彩色实时三维超声能够实时直观地显示心脏各心腔、瓣膜、大血管、房室间隔等解剖结构的动态三维立体图像;能显示房室间隔缺损的部位和范围;显示先天性心脏病的空间立体结构;立体显示心脏瓣膜病变。结论经胸彩色实时三维超声心动图可为心血管疾病的准确诊断提供更多的有用信息。     

经胸实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损介入治疗中的应用

目的 :探讨实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损介入治疗中的应用价值。方法 :采用Philips公司Sonos75 0 0型超声心动仪 ,实时三维超声心动图技术 (real time 3 dimensionalechocar diography,RT 3DE) ,部分结合二维食管超声心动图 (transesophagealechocardiography ,TEE )及放射检查技术引导 12例先天性房间隔缺损 ,10例膜部室间隔缺损进行了经导管介入治疗手术。结果 :2 2例患者介入手术均获成功 ,术后无残余分流。RT 3DE对房、室间隔缺损的部位、大小、相对空间毗邻关系的判定均可获得比二维超声更丰富的数据信息 ,可靠性强。在引导介入手术中 ,无需全麻 ,操作简便 ,三维实时显像表现出良好的时间和空间分辨率 ,年龄限制少 ,一定程度上可减少放射应用剂量。术中实时测量三维距离 ,血流及多普勒技术的应用还受到技术制约。结论 :经胸RT 3DE作为无创心脏检查手段在引导房、室间隔缺损的介入手术中有肯定价值 ,并可望广泛应用于其他介入治疗 ,但其技术有一定的局限性仍需进一步改进     

实时三维结合二维超声心动图对先天性主动脉瓣下膜性狭窄的诊断价值

目的:回顾性分析实时三维结合二维超声心动图,对先天性主动脉瓣下膜性狭窄的诊断价值。方法:收集2010年7月至2014年6月,在我院诊断为先天性主动脉瓣下膜性狭窄并经手术证实的患者21例,其中女性13例,男性8例,年龄18~63岁,平均(36.3±13.9)岁。二维及三维经胸超声心动图观察瓣下隔膜的形态。对于2例经胸超声心动图显示不清的患者,采取经食管超声心动图检查,同时应用实时三维和二维超声显示,三维图像存储后进行后切割处理。结果:与手术结果对照,21例患者的实时三维超声图像均能清楚显示瓣下膜性结构,并能清晰显示隔膜的形状。其中6例隔膜紧邻主动脉瓣,15例隔膜距离主动脉瓣>5mm。8例患者的隔膜为环型,13例为边缘型。实时三维超声对瓣下隔膜的显示率及形状类型的诊断正确率均为100%;而二维超声对瓣下隔膜的显示率为81%,对于环形隔膜及边缘型隔膜的诊断正确率分别为25%和61.5%。21例患者中,1例无左心室流出道狭窄,但合并主动脉瓣重度关闭不全;其余均有中到重度左心室流出道狭窄左心室流出道平均压差≥46mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133k Pa)。同时,所有患者中,10例合并中度以上关闭不全,7例轻度关闭不全,4例微量反流。结论:实时三维超声心动图结果与手术结果完全相符,在隔膜的显示率尤其是对于分型的诊断正确率方面均优于二维超声心动图。经胸及经食管实时三维结合二维超声心动图,能提高主动脉瓣下膜性狭窄的诊断率,更加清晰立体的显示主动脉瓣下隔膜形态及结构,为手术提供更加全面的诊断信息。     

经食管超声心动图对先天性心脏病房间隔缺损定量诊断的临床研究

目的:探讨经食管超声心动图对先天性心脏病房间隔缺损(房缺)定量诊断的准确性.方法:选择经胸与经食管超声心动图检查诊断为先天性心脏病房缺,并经介入或外科手术治疗的患者36例,以术中所见为确诊标准,分析经食管超声心动图定量诊断房缺在判断缺损部位、数目和大小等方面的作用.结果:36例房缺患者中,经胸超声心动图诊断多孔房缺4例,与手术结果比,多孔房缺漏诊3例,单孔房缺32例;经食管超声心动图诊断为多孔房缺7例,与手术结果相比无漏诊,单孔房缺29例.结论:经食管超声心动图较经胸超声心动图在房缺的定量诊断方面更有优越性,在定量诊断缺损大小、部位及其与周围解剖结构的关系方面,经食管超声心动图的准确率更接近介入或手术测值.从而为治疗方案的选择提供更可靠的依据.     

二维及三维超声心动图诊断左房室瓣脱垂在外科手术中的应用

目的通过二维及三维超声心动图诊断左房室瓣脱垂的部位及病理分型,选择合适的外科手术。方法 30例左房室瓣脱垂患者,于左房室瓣外科手术前行二维及三维经胸超声心动图检查,分析左房室瓣瓣膜病变特点,并与外科手术结果对照。结果二维及三维经胸超声心动图定性诊断左房室瓣脱垂的准确率为100%,诊断左房室瓣脱垂病理类型准确率为93.31%（28/30）,定位诊断左房室瓣前、后叶病变区域的准确率为90.0%（27/30）。结论二维及三维经胸超声心动图能清晰显示左房室瓣脱垂的病因及具体部位,选择合适的外科手术。     

二维超声心动图诊断室间隔缺损

报道应用二维超声心动图检查室间隔缺损187例,均经手术证实。二维超声图直接显示回声失落区185例(98.9％),诊断空间隔缺损182例(97.3％),检出缺损大小0.3～4.0cm,文中讨论了室间隔缺损的部位与超声回声失落显示切面及其位置的关系及如何识别回声失落。     

超声心动图对膜周部室间隔缺损自然愈合的观察

目的探讨膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)自然愈合的超声心动图表现及观察方法。方法9例门诊常规检查患者,男4例,女5例,年龄1～6(3.4±2.0)岁。详细询问病史,常规多切面超声心动图检查,结合二维、彩色多普勒血流图、连续多普勒频谱技术综合检查。结果9例患者均呈现膜周部室间隔缺损自然愈合的表现,二维切面表现为室间隔膜周部左心室侧可见清晰回声中断,而右心室侧可见膜状回声覆盖,连续完整。多普勒检查,其中7例未探及室间隔分流,2例室间隔微量分流(≤1mm)。结论超声心动图可以对膜周部室间隔缺损自然愈合作出明确诊断。     

腹部三维超声成像技术检查心脏的可行性研究

目的探讨腹部三维超声成像技术应用于非胎儿心脏检查的可行性及其应用价值。方法在常规二维超声心动图检查基础上,应用具有腹部三维超声成像功能的彩超仪的腹部三维超声探头对28例二尖瓣狭窄与16例房间隔缺损患者(11例儿童和5例成人)的心脏进行三维超声成像,记录二尖瓣最大开放面积与房间隔缺损最大径,并同手术测值和常规二维超声心动图测值进行对比分析。结果腹部三维超声成像技术可以直观地显示二尖瓣狭窄与房间隔缺损的立体形态特征,所测二尖瓣最大开放面积与房间隔缺损最大径同手术测值(r=0.81和r=0.89)和常规二维超声心动图测值(r=0.79和r=0.85)相关性良好,超声与手术方法测值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论腹部三维超声成像技术可以应用于大多数儿童与部分成人的心脏检查,是对常规二维超声心动图的有益补充。     

膜周部室间隔缺损合并三尖瓣反流的机制探讨

目的通过术前、术后超声心动图和彩色多普勒检查及手术所见,评价及明确膜周部室间隔缺损合并三尖瓣反流的机制.方法通过13例膜周部室间隔缺损合并三尖瓣反流的临床资料,经胸超声心动图术前诊断及术后复查,结合术中所见,观察膜周部室间隔缺损和三尖瓣反流的关系.结果所有病例均为中等膜周部室间隔缺损,中等量的左向右分流,心室收缩期,二维超声心动图可见典型的三尖瓣前向运动及三尖瓣呈开放状态.彩色多普勒血流显象,大多数病例表现为经室缺的部分穿隔血流被隔瓣阻挡,但主要血流经三尖瓣隔瓣下缘穿过,冲击到三尖瓣的前瓣,导致三尖瓣反流.室缺修补后,三尖瓣反流消失.结论膜周室缺的穿隔血流可导致膜周室缺合并三尖瓣反流.二维超声心动图及彩色多普勒血流显象发现该现象,这是外科手术修补室缺的良好指征.     

实时三维超声心动图在急性心肌梗死并发症诊断中的临床应用

实时三维超声心动图（real—time three-dimensional echoear-diography，RT-3DE），也称四维超声心动图，能经胸快速实时地采集和同步三维显示心脏图像，并能切割显示任意切面观的心脏解剖结构，目前已应用于临床。本文收集2006年10月至2008年3月本院31例门诊或住院的急性心肌梗死合并有并发症的患者，对其RT-3DE检查进行分析、总结，旨在评价RT-3DE在急性心肌梗死并发症诊断中的临床价值。     

Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of sinus venosus atrial septal defect

The purpose of this study was to compare transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of various types of atrial septal defects. Forty-one adult patients with the clinical diagnosis of atrial septal defect were studied by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (30 women, 11 men; 18 to 81 years of age). Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated the atrial septal defect in 33 patients (secundum type in 28, primum type in 3 and sinus venosus type in 2). Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated the defect in all 41 patients. Thus, in 8 (20%) of 41 patients the atrial septal defect was demonstrated by transesophageal and not by transthoracic echocardiography. Six of the eight had a sinus venosus type atrial septal defect; the other two patients had a secundum atrial septal defect (one of these two had a technically poor transthoracic echocardiogram and the other had a small atrial septal defect). Transthoracic echocardiography, therefore, failed to demonstrate the sinus venosus defect in six (75%) of eight patients. An anomalous venous connection associated with the sinus venosus defect was visualized by transesophageal echocardiography in seven of the eight patients but was not seen on transthoracic echocardiography in any patient. Sinus venosus type atrial septal defects are frequently not visualized in adults by conventional transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography is recommended when an atrial septal defect is clinically suspected but cannot be visualized by transthoracic echocardiography.     

经胸房间隔缺损堵闭术对房室瓣反流的影响

目的探讨经胸房间隔缺损封堵术对房室瓣反流的影响。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2011年3月在南方医科大学珠江医院经胸微创房间隔缺损堵闭术患者的临床资料,其中资料完全者43例,40例在食道超声、2例在经胸超声辅助下行房间隔缺损堵闭术。患者术前、术后1个月及6个月经超声心动图检查,观察心脏各指标的变化和房室瓣反流程度。结果41例手术成功,手术成功率95．3％（41／43）;1例术中改为右侧开胸小切口体外循环下房间隔缺损修补术,1例术中并发心搏骤停。1例术后并发肾功能衰竭：12例术后即时有少量残余漏,1个月后超声复查消失。术后超声随访显示：右心室、右心房直径较前缩小,左心室直径较前增大,肺动脉瓣血流速度明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;室间隔厚度、二尖瓣血流速度、主动脉瓣血流速度无明显改变,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。房间隔缺损堵闭术后1个月、6个月,二尖瓣瓣膜反流程度较术前加重,差异有统计学意义（平均秩次：2．01VS．2．17vs1．77,x2=10．78,P=0．04）;而三尖瓣的瓣膜反流程度术前与术后1个月、6个月比较,差异无统计学意义（平均秩次：1．88vs2．11US．2．01,X2=4．23,P=0．134）。结论房间隔缺损封堵术后,可引起二尖瓣反流程度的加重,但对三尖瓣的反流程度近期影响不明显;二尖瓣中度以上或三尖瓣重度反流的患者或不适宜行单纯房间缺损封堵术。     

Usefulness of live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in the assessment of atrioventricular septal defects

We studied nine patients (five newborns and infants, two children, and two adults) with atrioventricular septal defects (four complete, one intermediate, and four partial) utilizing live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) and a 4-MHz matrix array transducer. In all patients, 3DTTE provided additional morphological and/or functional information as compared to standard two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE). 3DTTE may be a useful supplement to 2DTTE in the assessment of atrioventricular septal defects.     

Transoesophageal echocardiographic assessment of primum, secundum and sinus venosus atrial septal defects

We compared the ability of transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography to determine the presence and site of an atrial septal defect and associated anomalous pulmonary venous connexions in 13 school age children (aged 5 to 15 years) and 12 adults (aged 25 to 68 years). Transthoracic echocardiography detected atrial septal defects in 12 children and 6 adults. Transoesophageal echocardiography confirmed the position of 16 (13 secundum, 3 primum) of these 18 defects but altered the diagnosis from a secundum defect to a sinus venosus defect in one and from a sinus venosus defect to a high secundum defect in another. In addition to these 18, transoesophageal echocardiography diagnosed a defect in 5 adults (3 secundum and 2 sinus venosus defects) and 1 child (secundum defect). In an adult with inconclusive transthoracic findings, transoesophageal echocardiography enabled clear visualisation of the atrial septum and excluded an atrial septal defect. Transoesophageal echocardiography showed anomalous attachment of a pulmonary vein into the region of a sinus venosus defect (n = 3) but did not show anomalous connexions to the superior caval vein (n = 3) or the inferior caval vein (n = 1). Transoesophageal echocardiography provides a reliable method of diagnosing or excluding an atrial septal defect in patients with inconclusive transthoracic findings and is of particular diagnostic value in sinus venosus defects.     

Added value of three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in assessment of an adult patient with atrioventricular septal defect

Transthoracic echocardiography is the principal imaging modality for assessment of patients with atrioventricular septal defects. Three‐dimensional echocardiography streamlines and simplifies data acquisition offering a unique realistic en‐face display of heart valves and septal defects and enables accurate evaluation of the cardiac anatomy, dynamic, and function. We demonstrated an added value of three‐dimensional echocardiography in assessment of an adult patient with atrioventricular septal defect and its advantages over conventional echocardiography.     

3D-transthoracic echocardiography: a selection method prior to percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects

Prior to putting in place a percutaneous device, the assessment of the atrial septal defect anatomy is mandatory. The 3D transthoracic echocardiography is a non-invasive method bringing an imaging of the septal defect surface and its borders. Fifty-two patients ageing from 3 to 16 years old had a rotational 3D transthoracic echocardiography. Thirty-six (69%) were selected for a percutaneous closure (borders > 7 mm and a septal surface/atrial septal defect ratio > 2). Thirty-two of these selected patients (89%) benefited from the Amplatz prosthesis implantation with success. The maximal 3D diameter of the septal defect was 20 + 4 mm (14-30) compared to the mean size of prosthesis at 22 mm (18-30). Four of the 36 patients (aneurismal septum or a borderline septal surface/atrial septal defect ratio) were secondarily oriented to surgeons. Sixteen patients (31%) were selected directly to a surgical closure. The lack of borders or septal surface were confirmed by the surgical view. The 3D transthoracic echocardiography allows to define new criteria for the selection of patients prior to a percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects. This prospective study demonstrates that 9 out of 10 patients who had the 3D criteria had a percutaneous closure of the septal defect.     

Surgical evaluation of transthoracic tridimensional echocardiography in the anatomic study of atrial septal defect]

The closure of atrial septal defects by interventional catheterisation requires an accurate assessment of their morphology and anatomical relationships. This study evaluated transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography for the selection of atrial septal defects accessible to an occlusive prosthesis. The transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of 17 patients (4 to 55 years) with ostium secundum atrial septal defects were compared with those of the surgeon in a prospective study. The maximal diameters of the defect, the height of the interatrial septum, the distances to the superior vena cava (postero-superior border) and inferior vena cava (postero-inferior border), to the coronary sinus and the tricuspid valve were measured as a reconstruction of the interatrial septum seen from the right atrium. The aortic border was measured from a three-dimensional view from the left atrium. Thirteen of the 17 investigations (76%) were exploitable. The diameters of the defect varied during the cardiac cycle (p = 0.0002). Ther correlations between the surgical and echocardiographic measurements varied from 0.82 for the maximal diameter to 0.6 for the postero-inferior limits. Three-dimensional echocardiography is capable of detecting all the contra-indications of an occlusive prosthesis: 2 inadequate postero-inferior and 1 inadequate aortic borders, 9 maximal diameters which were too large, 3 insufficiently high atrial septa, 1 double atrial septal defect. The coronary sinus was only visualised in 1 case. Transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography is a non-invasive technique capable of improving the selection of atrial septal defects for interventional closure. The transoesophageal approach should be reserved for candidates selected by the transthoracic investigation for the detection of small structures (coronary sinus) and when the transthoracic window is poor.     

Transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography prior to closure of atrial septal defects in children

AIMS: Our aims were to use transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography to assess the morphology of atrial septal defects in children prior to closure, and to compare the three-dimensional echocardiographic data with transcatheter and surgical findings. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography in 62 consecutive patients, aged from 2 to 18 years, with atrial septal defects, measuring the maximal diameter and the extent of the rims. Subsequent to the study, we referred 42 patients for transcatheter closure, the rims being measured at greater than 4 mm. We found a good correlation between the maximal diameter of the defect as measured at transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography and using a balloon (y = 3.45 - 0.73x; r = 0.78; p < 0.0001), the mean difference between the measurements being 2.4 +/- 2.8 mm. Successful closure with the Amplatzer septal occluder, having a mean size of 22 +/- 4 mm, was achieved in 95% of the patients. Of the original cohort, 20 patients were referred for surgical closure. In these patients, the inferior rim had been deemed insufficient in 5, the postero-superior rim in 6, and the postero-inferior rim in 9. Complete agreement was found when the deficiency of the rim as judged using transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography was compared with intraoperative findings. The correlation between measurements of the deficiency of the rim achieved by transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography and at surgery was excellent (y = 0.2 + 0.98x; r = 0.93; p < 0.0001), the mean difference between the measurements being no more than 0.6 +/- 0.4 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography proved accurate in measuring the maximal diameter and rims of atrial septal defects within the oval fossa. This non-invasive method will be valuable in selecting children for transcatheter or surgical closure of such defects.     

Live/Real Time Three-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Findings in an Adult with Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect

Live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography provided incremental value over two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in an adult patient with complete atrioventricular (AV) septal defect by (1) making a confident diagnosis of Rastelli type A defect, (2) providing en face view of all the five leaflets of the common AV valve, (3) diagnosing left ventricle to right atrial shunt, and (4) permitting more accurate quantitative assessment of regurgitant lesions. (Echocardiography 2010;27:87-90)     

超声心动图在成人房间隔缺损治疗决策中的作用

目的　探讨超声心动图在成人房间隔缺损(ASD)治疗决策中的作用 ,选择适合的病例进行经皮导管堵闭治疗。方法　本组资料来源于 2 0 0 2年 8月至 2 0 0 3年 8月广东省心血管病研究所 ,12 8例患者经胸超声心动图 (TTE)诊断为继发孔型ASD ,使用TTE筛选和患者同意的 5 2例进行导管堵闭治疗 ,78例患者进行了外科手术治疗。结果　经超声心动图筛选的病例 ,导管介入治疗能有效地关闭 96 %(5 0 /5 2 )的继发孔型ASD ,外科手术修补房间隔缺损的成功率为 10 0 % ,超声心动图显示的房间隔缺损分型与外科术中分型的差异无显著的统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　经胸超声心动图能准确的显示成人ASD解剖变异和确定分型 ,经皮导管介入治疗能成功地堵闭绝大多数经超声心动图筛选的患者