有华法林应用指征的患者行冠脉介入术后的抗栓治疗

目的 研究有华法林应用指征的患者行冠脉介入手术（PCI）后采用华法林、阿司匹林、氯吡格雷三联抗栓和华法林、氯吡格雷双联抗栓治疗方案的有效性和安全性.方法 回顾性入选2006-2011年期间我院75名有明确华法林应用指征的PCI术后患者.根据患者的用药方案,分为三联抗栓组（TA）：华法林＋阿司匹林＋氯吡格雷,双联抗栓组（DA）：氯吡格雷＋华法林.出院后对患者的用药情况、临床终点事件及安全性进行12个月随访.结果 TA组患者51人,DA组患者24人.在12个月随访期间,TA组中有2例患者死亡,DA组没有死亡病例,两组死亡率比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.332）.安全性方面,两组都没有严重出血病例,TA组有9例患者发生小出血,DA组患者没有发生小出血,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P=-0.028）.结论 有华法林应用指征的患者需要根据患者的情况制订个体化治疗方案.对于老年、既往有出血病史的患者,氯吡格雷联合华法林的双联抗栓治疗策略同样有效,且安全性更高.     

三联抗栓治疗在冠心病患者中的合理应用

冠状动脉内支架置入术后患者常规需接受阿司匹林＋氯吡格雷的双联抗血小板治疗,而当患者同时存在抗凝治疗指征时,则需要阿司匹林＋氯吡格雷＋华法林的三联抗栓治疗,但随之而来的是显著出血风险。该文主要介绍三联抗栓治疗在冠心病患者中的合理应用。     

长期口服华法林钠患者冠状动脉支架术后抗栓治疗方案的分析

目的:讨论长期口服抗凝剂患者冠状动脉支架术后的抗栓治疗方案。方法:选择长期口服华法林钠,并在北京安贞医院接受冠状动脉造影(CA)和支架术(PCI)的患者,对临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据患者出院用药方案进行分组,比较组间基线特征,以及支架术后再梗死、死亡、脑梗死及出血等事件之间的差别。结果:符合要求的90例患者分为华法林钠+氯吡格雷+阿司匹林三联治疗组(A组)、华法林钠+氯吡格雷二联治疗组(B组)、阿司匹林+氯吡格雷二联治疗组(C组)。最常用治疗方案是停用华法林钠,联用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷。3个治疗组患者的再梗死、死亡、脑血管意外、严重出血及输血治疗等差异无统计学意义。结论:高危血栓栓塞风险患者冠状动脉支架术后应予三联治疗,密切监测凝血酶原时间(PT)和国际标准化比值(INR);而对于低危血栓栓塞风险的患者停用华法林钠,联用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷的治疗方案是可行的。本项调查观察样本量小,证据不够充分。针对不同患者制定相应的抗栓治疗方案,才能在获得良好抗栓疗效的同时减少出血事件。     

房颤患者PCI术后的双联抗血小板联合达比加群治疗

<正>房颤患者PCI后应用华法林联合两种抗血小板药物的三联抗栓治疗常伴有高血风险。在多中心研究中,2725例患者被随机分为三联抗栓组,即华法林+P2Y12抑制剂(氯吡格雷或替卡格雷)+阿司匹林(1~3个月),或双联抗栓组,即达比加群(110mg或150 mg每日两次)+P2Y12抑制剂(氯吡格雷或替卡格雷)。美国以外的老年患者(≥80岁;日本≥70岁)被随机分配到110mg双联治疗组或三联治疗组,主要终点是随访中主要或临     

心房颤动患者发生急性冠状动脉综合征时抗栓治疗策略

<正>心房颤动(atrial fibrillation)是临床常见的心律失常,在我国患病率约为0.77%~([1])。心房颤动患者由于心房内栓子脱落发生体循环栓塞和缺血性脑卒中的风险远大于正常人群,口服华法林等抗凝药物可以有效降低血栓栓塞和脑卒中的风险~([2-3])。急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者,使用阿司匹林+氯吡格雷双联抗血小板治疗(dual antiplatelet therapy)可以降低心肌梗死和支架内血栓形成风险~([4-5])。那么对于心房颤动患者发生ACS,理论上应该使用阿司匹林+氯吡格雷+华法林三联抗栓治疗     

阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和华法令三联抗栓方案在冠心病治疗中的应用

冠心病支架植入术后患者常规需要接受阿司匹林、氯吡格雷的双联抗血小板治疗,而当上述患者同时存在心房颤动、左心室血栓等抗凝治疗指征时,常常需要选择阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和华法令的三联抗栓治疗方案.然而,该治疗方案常伴随着显著的出血风险,其安全性、有效性、必要性等问题长期困扰着临床医师,也是当前研究者争论的一大热点问题.文章通过复习近年来的文献报道,对三联抗栓治疗在冠心病患者中的应用作一综述.     

冠心病合并房颤的老年患者PCI术后抗栓治疗的安全性和有效性

目的比较华法林联合阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和华法林联合替格瑞洛在冠心病合并房颤的老年患者PCI术后抗栓治疗中的安全性和有效性。方法 207例符合特定条件的PCI术后冠心病合并房颤的老年患者随机分成两组,对照组(n=103)为华法林+阿司匹林(100 mg/d)+氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)三联抗栓6个月,之后改为华法林+氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)或阿司匹林(100 mg/d)抗栓至12个月,试验组(n=104)为华法林+替格瑞洛(90 mg/d,2次/d)双联抗栓6个月,之后改为华法林+替格瑞洛(60 mg,2次/d)抗栓至12个月,两组均给予其他规范药物治疗方案。比较两组患者12个月内出现的主要心血管不良事件(MACE)及出血事件。结果两组MACE事件、出血事件差异比较均无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。结论对于PCI术后冠心病合并房颤的老年患者12个月华法林联合替格瑞落和华法林联合阿司匹林、氯吡格雷的抗栓效果相似,且出血风险未增加,提示本研究中华法林联合替格瑞洛双联抗栓策略安全有效。     

PCI术后口服三联抗血小板治疗的有效性和安全性研究

目的评价PCI术后口服西洛他唑、阿司匹林、氯吡格雷三联抗血小板治疗的有效性和安全性。方法筛选成功行PCI术的冠心病患者150例,随机分成对照组（75例）和试验组（75例）。对照组至少于术后当日开始接受标准的阿司匹林和氯吡格雷两联抗血小板治疗,试验组亦至少于术后当日开始接受西洛他唑、阿司匹林和氯吡格雷三联抗血小板治疗。记录患者术后6个月主要心脏不良事件的发生及出血情况,采用血栓弹力图检测血小板聚集功能及药物抑制率。结果对照组、试验组术后6个月的主要心脏不良事件发生率分别为6．7％（5／75）和4．0％（3／75）,试验组低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义（P=0．467）;出血率分别为10．6％（8／75）和14。67％（11／75）,两组差异无统计学意义（P=-o．461）;两组术后6个月再次检测血栓弹力图,试验组结果更为理想,其MA值较对照组偏低,AA％、ADP％较对照组偏高,两组MA值、AA％、ADP％差异有统计学意义（P值均〈0．05）。结论PCI术后口服西洛他唑、阿司匹林和氯吡格雷三联抗血小板治疗不增加出血事件且可降低血小板聚集活性,提示三联抗血小板治疗可能有助于降低血栓发生风险。     

不同抗栓治疗方案对老年非ST段抬高型心肌梗死并心房颤动患者的影响研究

目的比较不同抗栓治疗方案对老年非ST段抬高型心肌梗死并心房颤动患者的影响。方法选取2013年3月—2015年11月遂宁市中心医院收治的老年非ST段抬高型心肌梗死并心房颤动患者162例,根据抗栓治疗方案分为A组48例、B组37例、C组41例和D组36例。A组患者给予阿司匹林+氯吡格雷治疗,B组患者给予华法林治疗,C组患者给予华法林+氯吡格雷治疗,D组患者给予华法林+阿司匹林+氯吡格雷治疗;4组患者均连续治疗1年。比较4组患者出血发生率、出血风险及血栓栓塞事件发生率、血栓栓塞风险。结果 D组患者出血发生率高于A、B、C组(P0.05);A、C、D组患者出血风险与B组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。C组患者血栓栓塞事件发生率低于A、B、D组,D组患者血栓栓塞事件发生率低于A、B组,A组患者血栓栓塞事件发生率低于B组(P0.05)。A、D组患者血栓栓塞风险与B组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而C组患者血栓栓塞风险低于B组(P0.05)。结论随着抗栓强度增强,老年非ST段抬高型心肌梗死并心房颤动患者血栓栓塞风险降低,但出血风险升高。     

心房颤动合并冠心病并PCI患者三联与二联抗栓治疗的安全性和疗效比较

目的：对比观察心房颤动（AF）合并冠心病PCI术后患者三联抗栓治疗与双联栓治疗的安全性和有效性。方法：连续入选180例AF合并冠心病PCI术后患者,根据服用的抗栓药物分成两组：三联抗栓组[60例,服用阿司匹林（100mg/d）、氯吡格雷（75mg/d）和华法林],双联抗栓组[120例,服用阿司匹林（100mg/d）和氯吡格雷（75mg/d）],两组其他冠心病二级预防措施相同。对随访期间发生的出血事件、血栓栓塞事件以及主要不良心血管事件（MACE）进行统计分析。结果：所有患者中,168例（93.3%）完成了至少一年期随访。随访期间,两组出血事件发生率未达显著差异（18.3%比11.7%,P〉0.05）,三联抗栓组较双联抗栓组严重出血事件发生率增加3倍（3.3%比0.8%）,但无显著差异（P〉0.05）。Cox回归分析表明,年龄（HR 0.59,95%CI 0.40～0.83,P=0.025）和使用华法林（HR 1.33,95%CI 0.88～2.54,P=0.016）是随访1年期间出血事件的独立危险因素。两组MACE发生率差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论：对于房颤合并冠心病并PCI术后的患者,三联与二联抗栓治疗的安全性及疗效虽无显著差异,但三联抗栓治疗严重出血有增加的倾向,而且华法林是出血事件的独立危险因素,所以对于此类患者还是使用二联抗栓治疗为宜。     

心房颤动合并冠心病患者抗栓治疗分析

目的 探讨非瓣膜病心房颤动合并冠心病患者抗栓治疗方案及华法林治疗后大出血发生情况.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月北京同仁医院住院的非瓣膜病心房颤动合并冠心病患者134例,记录基线特征、抗凝和抗血小板治疗方案,门诊或电话随访血栓栓塞、出血及主要心脏事件发生情况.结果 134例患者年龄(73.8±7.8)...     

Safety and efficacy of aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin after coronary stent placement in patients with an indication for anticoagulation

Background

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel has replaced aspirin and systemic anticoagulation with warfarin as the preferred antithrombotic therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent placement. However, a number of patients have indications for all 3 drugs. We sought to determine the frequency and type of hemorrhagic complications in patients who undergo systemic anticoagulation with warfarin while receiving aspirin and clopidogrel after a PCI with stent placement.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of the Mayo Clinic PCI database and identified 66 consecutive patients who were discharged from hospital after PCI between January 2000 and August 2002 (inclusive) receiving a combination of dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) and systemic anticoagulation (warfarin) to determine the incidence of bleeding and other clinical events during the treatment period.

Results

Six patients (9.2%; 95% CI, 3.5-19.0) reported a bleeding event; 2 patients required a blood transfusion. No patient died or sustained a myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis.

Conclusions

The risk of bleeding may be increased in patients treated with aspirin, a thienopyridine, and warfarin early after PCI with stent placement.     

华法林与阿司匹林和氯吡格雷三重抗栓治疗的安全性

目的观察有华法林抗栓指征的患者,冠状动脉(简称冠脉)支架植入术后,联合华法林、阿司匹林和氯吡格雷三重抗栓治疗的安全性。方法选择23例心房颤动(有1项以上危险因素)、机械瓣置换术后和左室血栓的患者,冠脉植入药物洗脱支架后,联合华法林、阿司匹林和氯吡格雷(三重抗栓组)治疗,严格控制国际标准化比值(INR)1.6～2.5,观察1年总的和严重出血事件的发生率。分别选择同期86例冠心病患者,植入冠脉支架后应用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷(双重抗血小板组)治疗,64例有华法林抗凝指征的患者,应用华法林抗凝(抗凝组)治疗(INR2.0～3.0)进行比较。结果三重抗栓组1年总的出血发生率为17.4%,与双重抗血小板组(4.7%)比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),而与抗凝组(10.9%)比较差异无显著性。严重出血事件三重抗栓组显著高于其他两者(13.3%vs 1.2%,4.7%,P<0.01或0.05)。结论三重抗栓治疗明显增加患者出血的发生率。     

Short-term triple therapy with aspirin, warfarin, and a thienopyridine among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVES: To assess bleeding complications among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and receiving triple therapy of warfarin, aspirin, and a thienopyridine. BACKGROUND: Triple therapy of warfarin, aspirin, and a thienopyridine is strongly discouraged, given the potential risk of bleeding complications. METHODS AND RESULTS: Post-PCI patients receiving triple therapy thereafter underwent assessment for bleeding complications. Continuous variables are presented as median (25th-75th percentiles). The study group included 180 patients (80% males; age 65 (52, 75.5)). PCI was on an urgent/emergent basis in 86.6%. The main indications for warfarin use were left ventricular mural thrombus and atrial fibrillation (46.9 and 36.9% respectively). Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists were used in 47.7%. Post-PCI triple therapy duration was 30 days (30, 30). During the post-triple therapy, 104 patients (57.8%) continued treatment with warfarin and aspirin for 376 days (150, 775). During the triple therapy period, 20 patients developed bleeding complications, (mean INR 2.1 +/- 0.7 at 7 (6, 8.5) days post-PCI): 2 major groin hematoma (initial phase of warfarin treatment during overlap with heparin) and 18 minor. During post-triple therapy, primarily under warfarin and aspirin, 19 patients developed bleeding complications: 1 major and 18 minor. CONCLUSION: Short-term triple therapy after PCI was not associated with prohibitively high bleeding complication rates, and thus should be favorably considered in patients with a clear indication for warfarin use.     

Warfarin after anterior myocardial infarction in current era of dual antiplatelet therapy: a randomized feasibility trial

In the current era of early revascularization and routine use of dual antiplatelet therapy, the incremental benefit of warfarin to reduce the incidence of left ventricular thrombus (LVT) in patients with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction post anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (aSTEMI), remains uncertain. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of evaluating the added benefit and safety of triple therapy (TT-warfarin, ASA, and clopidogrel) versus dual therapy (DT-ASA and clopidogrel) in patients at risk of LVT post aSTEMI. Design: Open-label randomized controlled trial. Inclusion: aSTEMI, ejection fraction <40%, and no evidence of LVT. Exclusion: contraindication to, or alternate indication for anticoagulation. Intervention: TT versus DT. Follow-up: pre-discharge and 3 month echocardiogram. Outcomes: composite of death, MI, stroke, systemic embolizarion, LVT or major bleeding at three months. 295 patients with aSTEMI were screened: 27% of patients with LVEF < 40% had an LVT; 20/52 eligible patients were randomized to receive TT (n = 10) or DT (n = 10). Baseline characteristics: mean age 60 years, male gender 65%, diabetics 20%, and in hospital PCI 95%. There was no significant difference in the composite endpoint at 3 months (TT-20% with 1 LVT and 1 major bleed versus DT-10% with 1 MI). The incidence of definite or probable LVT in the screened population of patients post aSTEMI with an LVEF < 40% was 26.6% despite 94% having early revascularization. STEMI patients have a high incidence of LVT despite the routine use of early revascularization and dual antiplatelet therapy. More effective antithrombotic strategies merit evaluation in adequately powered randomized trials.     

华法林预防心房颤动患者发生脑梗塞的临床意义

目的:通过比较华法林与拜阿司匹林对非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)的疗效及安全性,以明确NVAF患者抗栓治疗的最佳选择。方法:根据国际指南中关于NVAF血栓栓塞危险因素的建议,入选120例NVAF患者,随机均分为华法林组(目标INR 2～3)与阿司匹林(100mg/d)组,比较两组脑梗塞和出血事件的发生率。结果:华法林组脑梗塞发生率明显低于阿司匹林组(1.67%比8.33%,P<0.05)。华法林组7例(11.67%),阿司匹林组6例(10.00%)发生出血,华法林组出血发生率高于阿司匹林组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05),两组均无严重岀血情况。结论:华法林抗凝效果明显,可以安全、有效地减少和防止脑梗塞发生。     

Combination therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel and warfarin following coronary stenting is associated with a significant risk of bleeding

Dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin and a thienopyridine is the standard of care following coronary stenting. Patients who are on chronic warfarin therapy and receive a coronary stent need to be treated with the triple therapy of aspirin, clopidogrel and warfarin; however, the bleeding risk in these patients is unknown. To evaluate the bleeding risk in patients requiring chronic warfarin therapy and undergoing stent implantation, we compared 107 consecutive patients on chronic warfarin therapy who underwent coronary stenting and were discharged on aspirin, clopidogrel and warfarin to 107 contemporary patients who were treated with aspirin and clopidogrel. We evaluated their bleeding history before and after coronary stenting. Major bleeding was defined as bleeding that was significantly disabling, intraocular or requiring at least 2 units of blood transfusion. Minor bleeding was defined as other bleeding that led to interruption of the medications. Patients on triple therapy were younger and more likely to have hypertension. This group had significantly higher major bleeding (6.6% vs. 0%; p = 0.03) and minor bleeding (14.9% vs. 3.8%; p = 0.01) compared with the dual antiplatelet therapy group. In the triple therapy group, the international normalized ratio or aspirin dosage did not influence the bleeding risk. In patients requiring warfarin therapy, the addition of dual antiplatelet therapy is associated with an approximately 7% major bleeding risk. Thus, novel regimens are needed to reduce the bleeding risk.     

Thrombi of Different Pathologies: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment

Stroke is the second leading cause of cardiovascular mortality in the modern world, accounting for 80% of strokes of ischemic origin. There are two main etiologies of ischemic stroke: 70% to 80% are caused by carotid atherosclerotic plaque rupture and superimposed thrombus formation, whereas 30% are caused by systemic embolism of a cardiac thrombus (mainly in atrial fibrillation [AF] patients). Therefore, antithrombotic therapy is the cornerstone of stroke treatment. In AF patients, thrombotic risk should be assessed by means of the CHADS2 score. Patients with a score of 0 should be treated with aspirin; for those with a score of 1, oral anticoagulation (target international normalized ratio, 2–3) or aspirin is recommended. For patients with a CHADS2 score ≥2, oral anticoagulation with warfarin should be initiated (unless contraindicated). If warfarin is contraindicated, antithrombotic treatment should be prescribed (the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel seems to be superior to aspirin alone). For primary prevention in atherosclerotic patients, low-dose aspirin is useful only in women older than 45 years who are not at risk for intracranial hemorrhage and do not have gastrointestinal intolerance (a very small but significant effect). For secondary prevention in atherosclerotic patients, antithrombotic therapy should be administered. It is recommended that patients who do not require anticoagulation receive clopidogrel or a combination of aspirin and dipyridamole. Alternatively, aspirin alone or triflusal may be used. Within 4.5 h of onset of acute stroke, thrombolytic therapy (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) must be injected urgently (unless contraindicated). Dabigatran is a new oral anticoagulant (competitive thrombin inhibitor) with a promising role in stroke prevention; at low doses, it is noninferior to warfarin for stroke prevention and is safer, whereas at high doses, it is superior to warfarin in stroke prevention with the same incidence of bleeding. Percutaneous left atrial appendage occluders recently were approved for systemic embolism prevention. The use of warfarin after implantation is still under discussion. Dronedarone, a new antiarrhythmic agent, has been shown to decrease cardiovascular mortality and stroke in patients with AF. Carotid endarterectomy surgery is indicated in symptomatic patients with stenosis greater than 70% and in selected patients with 50% to 70% stenosis. Currently, carotid endarterectomy surgery is superior to carotid angioplasty and stenting.