麻醉机通气系统的细菌培养与院内感染

目的：探讨麻醉机通气系统的细菌培养和气菅插管全身麻醉与院内感染的相关问题。方法：对麻醉机的CO2吸收剂钠石灰进行不同时期细菌培养，菌株污染新的钠石灰进行菌落计数，80例气管插管全身麻醉病人在手术麻醉结束前对病人的气管导管端、麻醉机的呼气端、吸气端、钠石灰行细菌培养。结果：静止的不同时期钠石灰取样培养没有细菌生长；菌株污染新的钠石灰菌也无细菌生长；80例气管插管全身麻醉病人在麻醉机呼气端可检出与口腔、气管相同的细菌，且随钠石灰使用时间延长检出率增高，连台手术在吸气端、钠石灰端也均可检出细菌，但检出率较低。结论：钠石灰具有杀菌作用，全身麻醉钠石灰与CO2起化学反应会影响钠石灰的杀菌作用，连台手术气管插管全身麻醉病人气道细菌有污染麻醉机通气系统引起交叉感染的机会，使用一次性呼吸管道，并合理使用一次性病毒／细菌过滤器及时更换纳石灰可预防医院感染。     

麻醉机内部呼吸回路污染特点及对医院感染的影响

目的探讨麻醉机内部呼吸回路污染特点及对医院感染的影响。方法 2015年3月-2016年12月随机选择医院手术室正常使用的150台麻醉机。均于手术结束并正确拆卸麻醉机后,对其内部呼吸回路的7个部位分别进行采样,送医院检验科进行细菌培养、鉴定。统计麻醉机内部呼吸回路各采样部位的细菌污染情况,对可能引起麻醉机内部呼吸回路感染的因素进行单因素及多因素Logistic分析,分析麻醉机污染对患者术后住院期间下呼吸道感染率的影响。结果 150台麻醉机共采集标本1 050份,其中污染麻醉机56台,污染率37.33%(56/150),共188份标本细菌培养为阳性,污染部位以呼气口端单向阀为主,55份占29.26%;188份细菌培养阳性的标本共检出病原菌213株,其中革兰阴性菌113株占53.05%、革兰阳性菌68株占31.92%、真菌32株占15.02%;Logistic多因素分析结果显示,手术时间3h、年龄60岁、腔镜手术为麻醉机内部呼吸回路污染的影响因素(P0.05)。结论手术时间、患者年龄、腔镜手术为麻醉机内部呼吸回路污染的影响因素,这类患者术后住院期间较易发生下呼吸道感染。     

麻醉相关因素与下呼吸道医院感染的研究

目的探讨气管插管全身麻醉患者院内下呼吸道感染的相关因素和有效的预防措施。方法从麻醉机回路内、病毒/细菌过滤器和气管插管全身麻醉患者口腔和支气管内吸取的分泌物做细菌培养。结果术前采样的15台未消毒的麻醉机中有8台细菌培养呈阳性;每例患者术中口腔、支气管分泌物及术后病毒/细菌过滤器均分离出相同细菌;使用一次性病毒/细菌过滤器的病例,术后从麻醉机内和一次性病毒/细菌过滤器麻醉机采样未捡出细菌;未使用一次性病毒/细菌过滤器的病例,术后麻醉机内可分离出与口腔相同的细菌。结论研究结果提示麻醉机很易受到手术患者的污染,而麻醉机的循环使用可将病原菌传播到下一个手术患者,是导致气管插管全身麻醉患者手术后下呼吸道医院感染的重要因素。     

麻醉机呼吸通路细菌污染特点及高危因素分析

目的 研究麻醉机呼吸通路的污染特点及危险因素。方法 选取2014年1月-2018年10月在本院手术室使用的120台麻醉机,术后对麻醉机出气口、进气口、储气囊口及一次性螺纹管Y型接口采样标本送细菌室培养,采用梅里埃公司的全自动微生物分析仪鉴定病原菌种,分析导致麻醉机呼吸通路污染的可能危险因素。结果 2 208份标本检出细菌的有58份,发生率为2. 63%,共检出76株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌12株,占15. 79%,革兰阳性菌36株,占47. 37%,真菌28株,占36. 84%。单因素和Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥65岁、合并肺部疾病史、麻醉时间≥3 h和气管插管是麻醉机麻醉术后通气系统发生污染的独立危险因素(P 0. 05)。结论 麻醉机呼吸通路的污染细菌大多数为条件致病菌,对高龄、既往有肺病、麻醉时间长和采用气管插管的患者,有必要进行内部呼吸通路消毒。     

评估不同麻醉时点的微生物感染风险情况

摘要:目的　了解麻醉不同时点（期间）手术环境致病微生物的检出情况,从而评估不同麻醉时点的微生物感染风险,为今后控制因麻醉过程导致的患者医院感染提供参考依据。方法　对全院手术室每日第一例全麻手术的相关器材进行采样,规定预计手术时间≥2 h以上者可以进行采样,采样对象有静脉三通旋转阀、氧气流量调节钮、减压阀门、螺纹管接口、麻醉机呼出气入口、麻醉机呼吸回路氧气入口,共采集了84例手术的504个采样点（84例手术,每例手术均采集上述6个采样点,共504个采样点）,并在麻醉操作前（时点0）、麻醉操作后5 min（时点1 麻醉操作后5 min）、麻醉操作后2 h（时点2 麻醉操作后2 h）进行采样和细菌培养检测。结果　静脉三通旋转阀在时点0的标本未培养出细菌,合格率为100.0%,但时点1检出阳性61例,合格率为27.4%,时点2检出阳性84例,合格率为0.0%;氧气流量调节钮、减压阀门、螺纹管接口、麻醉机呼出气入口以及麻醉机呼吸回路氧气入口的细菌数均在允许范围内,各时点的合格率均为100.0%。静脉三通旋转阀及螺纹管接口时点0时无细菌检出,其余检测点在各时点均有细菌检出。在检出的细菌中,3个时点均以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌所占比例最高,其次为棒状杆菌,鲍曼不动杆菌。棒状杆菌在静脉三通旋转阀、螺纹管接口及麻醉机呼出气入口时点1时未检出,但在麻醉操作后5 min及麻醉操作后2 h各采样点均被检出。鲍曼不动杆菌在静脉三通旋转阀时点1及时点2及减压阀门各时点均被检出。结论　在手术患者麻醉过程中,静脉三通旋转阀污染比例较高,致病菌主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、棒状杆菌及鲍曼不动杆菌。在麻醉过程中应严格执行无菌操作规范,控制因麻醉过程引起的医院感染。     

呼吸机管路系统的细菌污染现状调查与对策

目的 调查医院呼吸机管路系统及附件细菌污染现状,为改进无菌技术提供依据.方法 对医院36台呼吸机吸入段及呼出段螺纹管、面罩、Y型管、湿化罐加热棒、冷凝水收集瓶、雾化器和空气过滤器等分别进行细菌采样和培养,检测其阳性率;将第1次细菌培养结果上报医院感染办公室,对所有呼吸机加强消毒管理,再进行第2次取样细菌培养.结果 第1次细菌培养结果显示,呼吸机管道或附件细菌培养均阳性,其中吸入段螺纹管、湿化罐加热棒、冷凝水收集瓶、雾化器和空气过滤器细菌培养阳性率>50.0%;进行呼吸机消毒管理以后,第2次细菌培养阳性率显著降低(P<0.05),均<5.6%.结论 呼吸机管路系统的细菌污染现象普遍存在,强化无菌观念、规范消毒方法,使细菌污染阳性率降低.     

预防气管插管全麻术中气道感染的临床观察

目的观察气管插管全身麻醉病人呼吸道感染的相关因素并探讨预防肺部感染的有效措施。方法80例择期气道内插管全麻手术病人随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例,观察组应用病毒/细菌过滤器,两组病人均在手术开始前和手术结束时在气道不同部位采取分泌物进行细菌培养。结果观察组麻醉机吸气端、呼气端和钠石灰端均未检出细菌,而对照组麻醉机呼气端和钠石灰端可检出与口腔、气管相同的细菌,且钠石灰应用时间越长检出率越高。结论气管插管全身麻醉可增加病人气道细菌感染的机会,合理使用一次性病毒/细菌过滤器及其他无菌气管插管器材可降低细菌感染的几率。     

麻醉机呼吸回路消毒联合人工鼻滤器对呼吸回路细菌阳性率的影响

目的：探究麻醉机呼吸回路消毒联合人工鼻滤器的应用价值及对呼吸回路细菌阳性率的影响。方法：选择2021年1月～2023年4月本院运用的4台麻醉机进行信封法分组,对照组麻醉机呼吸回路不消毒+不使用人工鼻滤器;观察组麻醉机呼吸回路不消毒+使用人工鼻滤器;试验组麻醉机呼吸回路消毒+不使用人工鼻滤器;研究组麻醉机呼吸回路消毒+使用人工鼻滤器。对四组麻醉机吸气端口取样50份完成细菌培养处理,对比样本细菌阳性检出情况。结果：对照组麻醉机比试验组麻醉机使用前后细菌阳性检出率均更高（P<0.05）;观察组麻醉机使用前后细菌阳性检出率与研究组相互比较,差异并不显著（P>0.05）;观察组和研究组麻醉机使用后细菌阳性检出率与对照组和试验组相比,增加幅度并不明显（P>0.05）。结论：麻醉机呼吸回路消毒联合人工鼻滤器可以大幅度降低呼吸回路细菌阳性率,避免患者细菌感染,保证患者麻醉机使用安全。     

不同麻醉时点的微生物感染风险评估

摘要:目的　通过在麻醉不同时点对手术环境致病微生物进行检验,评估不同麻醉时点的微生物感染风险,为控制患者医院感染的发生提供参考依据。方法　选择我院手术室全麻相关器材进行采样,采样对象为静脉三通旋转阀、氧气流量调节钮、螺纹管接口、麻醉机呼出气入口和麻醉机呼吸回路氧气入口。选择每日各手术室第1例全麻手术且预计手术时间≥2 h者进行采样,共采集了75例手术的375个采样点,并进行采样和细菌培养检测。结果　本次采集的75例手术375个采样点标本检测后发现,静脉三通旋转阀在时点1的标本未培养出细菌,合格率为100%,时点2检出阳性57例,合格率为24.0%,时点3检出阳性75例,合格率为0.0%;氧气流量调节钮、螺纹管接口、麻醉机呼出气入口以及麻醉机呼吸回路氧气入口按照相关标准各时点的合格率均为100%。结论　手术麻醉过程中,麻醉相关器械容易造成污染,尤其静脉三通旋转阀,应当在麻醉过程中严格执行无菌操作规范,控制因麻醉过程引起的医院感染。     

麻醉机通气系统污染与全麻术后肺部感染的临床分析

目的探讨麻醉机通气系统细菌污染与全麻患者术后肺部感染的相关性,以控制患者术后呼吸道感染的发生。方法选取2012年6月-2013年6月进行全麻的238例手术患者为观察对象,观察麻醉机通气系统细菌污染与患者术后肺部感染的相关性;术前对使用的麻醉机采样后进行细菌培养,以是否被细菌污染进行分组,分为污染组和未污染组,比较两组患者术后肺部感染情况。结果共对麻醉机进行采样238台次,细菌培养阳性21台次,阳性率8.82%;对通气系统中吸气端、呼气端、钠石灰和气管导管共进行采样952件次,细菌培养结果中,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌阳性16件次,阳性率为1.68%,为主要污染菌;通气系统中气管导管污染18件次,占1.89%,为主要受污染部件;238例患者中术后发生肺部感染13例,感染率5.46%;其中术前麻醉机污染组患者术后肺部感染11例,发生率为52.38%,明显高于未污染组的0.92%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=88.48,P<0.05);术前麻醉机污染与术后肺部感染存在相关性(r=0.64,P<0.05)。结论麻醉机通气系统细菌污染与全麻患者术后肺部感染存在相关性,对麻醉机通气系统进行消毒处理有助于控制患者术后呼吸道感染的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.