高位胆管良性狭窄的原因和治疗

目的探讨高位胆管良性狭窄的原因和防治。方法回顾性总结分析高位胆管良性狭窄460例的病因和治疗方法。结果病因依次为肝胆管结石(383例)、高位胆管损伤(54例)、胆囊结石Mirizzi综合征(21例)、单纯良性狭窄(2例)。分别行肝叶或肝段切除；经肝剖开狭窄胆管，肝胆管或肝门胆管空肠吻合；肝门胆管狭窄切开整形后与空肠大口吻合；吻合口狭窄切开扩大吻合；肝门胆管狭窄切开整形后T管支撑等手术。效果满意，优良率为90．1％。结论高位胆管良性狭窄的主要原因是肝胆管结石(83．3％)和高位胆管损伤(11．7％)。肝叶或肝段切除，或联合肝内胆管或肝门胆管空肠大口吻合是治疗肝胆管结石并肝胆管狭窄的有效方法。高位胆管损伤初期修复后较易发生胆管或吻合口狭窄，再次修复以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y大口吻合术效果最好。强调重在预防，在行胆道手术时避免胆管损伤。     

肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗

目的 为探讨肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗。方法 从１９９１年６月至１９９７年１２月,对２４例肝内胆管结石并狭窄的患者行肝胆管切开取石,其中１０例加行硬性经皮胆钳术中取石;左外叶及左半肝切除１２例所有病人均行肝胆管空肠大口吻合术。结果 ２４例病人均行随访,优良效果９６．０％。结论 肝叶、肝段切除联合肝胆管空肠大口吻合是肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的最佳治疗方法选择。     

肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗

目的 总结肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄诊治的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析l12例临床病例的定位诊断、术式选择、合并症、并发症及随访情况。结果 术前检查行B超l12例(准确率73．8％)，CT 74例(准确率86．5％)，PTC 31例(准确率93．5％)，ERCP 41例(准确率92．6％)，MRCP 28例(准确率96．4％)。全组均采取肝方叶切除，肝胆管切开取石、整形，高位胆肠吻合术进行治疗。术后并发症发生率10．75％，残石率18．7％，结石复发率为5．4％，优良率90．1％。结论 (1)，MRCP是肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄术前定位诊断的最佳方法。(2)肝方叶切除是治疗肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄的有效手段。(3)重视肝门部狭窄胆管的处理是提高疗效的关键。     

肝叶(段)切除联合手术治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄

目的 探讨肝叶（段）切除联合手术治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄的效果。方法 回顾性分析1988年7月至1999年7月行肝叶（段）切除联合手术治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄29例的治疗情况。结果 29例肝叶（段）切除术中同时行胆管切开整形和胆管空肠吻合22例，T管引流术7例，胆道镜术中及术后检查取石18例，本组无手术死亡，27例随访1-11年，随访率为93.10%，无结石复发，优良率为89.65%。结论 肝叶（段）切除联合手术是当前治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄的理想有效术式。     

肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的应用

背景与目的:对于肝胆管结石多次手术后复发患者,如何安全取尽结石,最大限度解除肝门甚至是肝内胆管的狭窄,并建立或修复通畅的胆流通道,一直是胆道外科治疗领域中的难点。本研究探讨肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的治疗效果及应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2015年7月—2019年6月湖南省人民医院收治的36例复杂肝胆管结石患者的临床资料,36例患者既往平均手术2.4次,均存在不同程度的肝门部胆管狭窄,其中肝门胆管汇合部狭窄18例,合并右肝管狭窄8例,合并左肝管狭窄10例。结果:所有患者均行肝方叶切除、肝门胆管高位劈开整形、胆肠内引流手术,术中采用取石钳取石、塑形管冲洗、胆道镜探查等多种方式取尽结石。平均手术时间354.4 min,平均失血量230.5 mL。术后平均结石清除率在90%以上。术后2例患者出现胆汁漏,经积极引流治疗后好转,3例患者出现切口脂肪液化、感染,1例患者不完全性肠梗阻,均保守治疗后好转。术后采用门诊、电话随访12～48个月,4例患者出现反流性胆管炎,无胆肠吻合口再发狭窄病例。结论:肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形能有效解除肝门胆管高位狭窄,达到取尽结石、通畅引流的目的,同时能避免大范围的肝切除,因此具有一定的临床应用价值。     

2 肝切除治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄

目的探讨肝切除在肝胆管结石合并肝胆管狭窄治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析82例肝胆管结石患者的定位诊断、术式选择、合并症、并发症及随访情况等临床资料。结果术前检查:B超诊断准确率为75.6%,CT准确率87.0%,PTC准确率90.9%,ERCP准确率93.5%,MRCP准确率94.4%。全组均采取结石所在部位肝叶、段切除,肝胆管切开取石、整形,高位胆肠吻合术等治疗。术后并发症发生率17.1%,残石率15.9%。73例随访1~16年,平均10.6年。随访期间结石复发率为6.8%,优良率90.4%。结论(1)MRCP等影像学检查是肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄术前定位诊断的最佳方法。(2)肝叶、段切除是治疗肝胆管结石合并肝胆管狭窄的有效手段。(3)重视肝胆管狭窄的处理是提高疗效的关键。     

肝叶切除治疗肝胆管狭窄及结石

肝胆管结石及高位胆管狭窄的治疗仍为当前胆道外科难题。本文总结我院320例肝叶切除术(右肝切除34例,左肝切除286例)的经验,全组手术死亡率1.8%,术后发生感染并发症39例次。270例获1～13年随访,远期疗效优良者84.6%。文中讨论了肝胆管狭窄及结石的常用治疗方法,主张局限于一侧或一叶的肝胆管狭窄及结石,尤以左侧肝胆管狭窄及结石伴肝实质损害者,施行左肝切除术远比左肝管Ⅰ～Ⅲ级分支广泛切开及内引流术易行,切除病灶彻底,术后疗效佳。文中亦讨论了手术适应证及手术的要点。     

肝内胆管结石的肝叶切除技术

黄志强院士在我院实行世界上首例肝叶切除治疗肝胆管结石病以来,该方法以其结石清除率高、复发率低等许多优点已成为目前治疗肝胆管结石病最有效的方法之一.肝内胆管结石的肝叶切除不仅能去除病灶,取尽结石,还能为矫正狭窄、通畅引流、防止肝胆管结石的复发提供良好的条件. 1 肝叶切除的目的 1.1 以胆管树为基础的规则性肝叶切除术去除病灶     

肝胆管结石再手术原因及处理:附81例报告

目的　探讨肝胆管结石再手术的原因及手术处理方法。方法　回顾性分析 81例肝胆管结石患者的临床资料。再手术的方法主要包括肝叶切除、肝肠Roux en Y盆式内引流、肝叶切除加肝胆管Roux en Y盆式内引流。结果　肝胆管结石再手术的主要原因包括胆管狭窄和结石残留、胆管变异、合并胆管细胞癌等 ,再次手术后经胆道造影证实残留率为 6.2 % ,随访术后病人优良率为93 .8%。结论　清除结石、解除狭窄、矫正崎形、切除病肝、通畅引流系肝胆管结石的治疗原则。     

规则性肝段(叶)切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄

目的探讨规则性肝段(叶)切除治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的临床疗效。方法48例肝胆管结石并狭窄患者,行左外叶切除19例,左半肝切除2例,左外叶+右后叶(或单纯Ⅵ、Ⅶ段)切除7例,右半肝(或单纯Ⅵ、Ⅶ段)切除20例;均行胆总管探查、T管引流术;行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术13例。结果术后胆管残石5例(10.4%),切口感染3例(6.2%),胆漏2例(4.2%)。随访41例(85.4%),2例肝内胆管结石复发,1例右上腹隐痛,其余随访结果优良。结论根据患者结石及狭窄的具体情况采用以肝段切除为主的手术方式是治疗肝内胆管结石并狭窄的有效手段。     

Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Located in the Caudate Lobe

Background  Surgery remains difficult for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) originating in the caudate lobe. Our objective was to evaluate the safety and problems associated with caudate lobectomy combined with other types of hepatectomy. Methods  We performed caudate resection for HCC in 12 patients. Clinical and operative characteristics and survival were analyzed. Results  Tumors were located in the Spiegel lobe in three patients, the caudate process in six, and the paracaval portion in three. The procedure performed most was isolated partial caudate lobe resection (six patients). Three patients underwent partial caudate lobe resection combined with other hepatectomy, and the remainder underwent total caudate lobe resection combined with other hepatectomy. Tumors of the patients who underwent combined total caudate lobe resection were mainly in the paracaval portion. The median operating time for the six patients who underwent combined resection was 400 min, and their median intraoperative blood loss was 1,683 ml. There were no postoperative complications in patients who underwent combined total caudate lobe resection, except one case of total resection combined with central bisegmentectomy. In that case, the remaining right posterior sector was twisted after liver extraction, causing blockage of the outflow of the right hepatic vein. The overall and recurrence-free survival rates did not differ between the isolated and combined resection groups. Conclusions  For removal of HCC located in the caudate lobe, especially the paracaval portion, partial or total caudate lobe resection with other types of hepatectomy contributes to safe, curative surgery if the liver functional reserve and complications associated with surgery are well understood.     

精准肝切除技术在治疗右侧肝胆管结石中的应用

目的:探讨精准肝切除治疗右侧肝内胆管结石的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2005年5月—2010年8月43例精准肝切除与32例非规则性肝切除治疗右肝内胆管结石的病例资料,比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、住院时间、结石清除率和住院时间等。结果:与非规则性肝切除组相比,精准肝切除组患者手术时间长(P<0.01),但术中出血量少(P<0.01),术后并发症少(P<0.01),结石清除率高(P<0.01),患者住院时间短(P<0.05)。结论:右肝叶(段)精准切除是提高右肝胆管结石手术治疗效果、减少并发症的有效途径。     

Infraportal bile duct of the caudate lobe: a troublesome anatomic variation in right-sided hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: We present our experiences with infraportal bile duct of the caudate lobe (B1) and discuss surgical implications of this rare variation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although various authors have investigated biliary anatomy at the hepatic hilum, an infraportal B1 (joining the hepatic duct caudally to the transverse portion of the left portal vein) has not been reported. METHODS: Between January 1981 and December 2005, 334 patients underwent hepatectomy combined with caudate lobectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Four of them (1.2%) had infraportal B1 and were investigated clinicoanatomically. RESULTS: All infraportal B1 were B1l, draining Spiegel's lobe; no infraportal B1r (draining the paracaval portion) or B1c ducts (draining the caudate process) were found. The infraportal B1l joined the common hepatic duct or the left hepatic duct. Three patients underwent right trisectionectomy with caudate lobectomy; for one, in whom preoperative diagnosis was possible, combined portal vein resection and reconstruction were performed before caudate lobectomy to resect the caudate lobe en bloc without division of infraportal B1. For the other 2 patients, the infraportal B1 was divided to preserve the portal vein, and then the caudate lobe was resected en bloc. The fourth patient underwent right hepatectomy with right caudate lobectomy; the cut end of the infraportal B1 showed no cancer by frozen section, so the bile duct was ligated and divided to preserve the left caudate lobe. CONCLUSION: Infraportal B1 can cause difficulties in performing right-sided hepatectomy with caudate lobectomy or harvesting the left side of the liver with the left caudate lobe for transplantation. Hepatobiliary and transplant surgeons should carefully evaluate biliary anatomy at the hepatic hilum, keeping this variation in mind.     

肝门上径路肝切除术

目的评价＂肝门上径路＂肝切除术在治疗肝胆管结石病中的价值。方法回顾性分析2007年8月至2010年8月3年期间,对28例右侧肝胆管结石病患者所行＂肝门上径路＂肝切除术治疗的临床资料。结果 28例患者手术成功,无手术死亡病例,术后3例患者存在残余结石,残余结石率为10.7%,随访3-24个月后,其他患者均未见胆管炎症发作和结石复发。结论 ＂肝门上径路＂肝切除术可以作为一种右侧肝内胆管结石有效的治疗方法。     

选择性肝血流控制下的解剖性肝叶切除在肝内胆管结石治疗中的应用

目的 总结采用选择性肝血流控制下的解剖性肝叶切除治疗肝内胆管结石的经验。方法 回顾性分析2002年5月至2005年3月采用解剖性肝叶切除治疗的53例单侧肝内胆管结石的临床资料和治疗效果。全组病例中结石局限分布于左外叶12例（23％）、左半肝26例（49％）、右后叶8例（15％）、右半肝7例（13％）。其中38例合并有相应肝叶的萎缩。有14例经历过1～4次以上的手术治疗（包括胆管空肠ROUX—Y吻合5例）。9例患者在术前合并有急性胆管炎的表现,4例合并有肝脓肿,3例术后病理诊断合并有胆管细胞癌。结果 全部患者均成功采用选择性肝血流隔离技术控制入肝和出肝血流,施行左外叶切除12例（23％）,左半肝切除26例（49％）,右后叶切除8例（15％）,右半肝切除7例（13％）。附加术式包括,肝门部胆管切开取石39例,胆管空肠ROUX—Y吻合5例。术中输血3例。全组无死亡病例。术后并发症包括结石残留2例（4％）,胆漏3例（6％）,膈下感染2例（4％）,胸腔积液5例（9％）,切口感染5例（9％）。结论 对单侧的肝内胆管结石,采用选择性肝血流控制下解剖性肝叶切除以最大限度的切除包括结石和以术中胆道造影为标准的病变胆管在内的病灶是治疗肝内胆管结石有效的手段;同时可减少术中出血量和术后并发症。     

肝切除配合纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石25例

目的 探讨肝胆管结石病人的最合理外科治疗。方法 回顾性分析1996年4月至2000年2月手术配合纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石25例。结果 25例肝胆管患者，左外叶切除21例，左半肝切除3例，右后叶切除1例，3例同时附加胆总管空肠Roux—en—Y端侧吻合，无手术死亡。术后结石残留3例，经纤维胆道镜均顺利取出。结论 在经济欠发达地区肝胆管结石病人就诊时结石分布并不按严格的叶段分布；术中纤维胆道镜可以发现切除肝以外的散在结石，可大大降低结石残留率；肝切除治疗肝胆管结石有可能预防迟发性肝胆管癌的发生。     

基层医院肝切除治疗原发性肝癌35例分析

目的探讨肝切除治疗原发性肝癌的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2003年4月至2005年4月35例原发性肝癌的手术治疗及随诊情况。其中右半肝切除6例,左半肝切除16例,肝中叶切除3例,单纯肝肿瘤切除10例。结果术后病理证实为肝细胞癌30例,胆管细胞癌5例。术后出血4例,再次手术出血1例,胆瘘1例,手术死亡1例,术后住院死亡1例,半年内死亡2例,1年内死亡6例,25例存活至今。结论严格掌握原发性肝癌切除手术指征及肝切除量,减少术中出血,正确处理肝创面及降低术后并发症发生率,才能保证提高手术治疗的效果。     

Limited Hepatic Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Caudate Lobe

The most appropriate approach to treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the caudate lobe has not yet been determined. A series of 197 patients who had undergone curative hepatic resection for HCC were analyzed. Fifteen patients had HCC in the caudate lobe: three in the Spiegel lobe (SP), three in the caudate process (CP), and nine in the paracaval portion (PC). Patients with HCCs in the SP and CP underwent partial hepatectomy. HCCs in the PC were approached in one of three ways: anterior approach and partial hepatectomy of the PC (Ant+PHx-PC), partial hepatectomy, or left lobectomy. Clinicopathologic variables, including the underlying liver disease, the mean tumor size, and the pathologic characteristics of HCC, did not differ between surgery of the caudate lobe and that of other segments. The overall survival was 88.9% at 3 years and 66.7% at 5 years after resection of HCC in the caudate lobe; the corresponding figures were 86.1% at 3 years and 68.6% at 5 years for the other segments. The recurrence-free survival rate was 51.9% at 3 years and 34.6% at 5 years for the caudate lobe, and it was 52.1% at 3 years and 32.8% at 5 years for the other segments. Clinicopathologic characteristics of HCCs originating in the caudate lobe were not different from those in the other segments. Limited resection of HCC in the caudate lobe confers a similar prognostic value as in other segments.     

肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤37例分析

目的 探讨肝血管瘤的诊断、手术指征及外科治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月至2008年7月我院肝切除术治疗的37例肝血管瘤患者临床资料.所有病例均通过B超、增强CT和(或)MRI明确诊断.手术指征包括:(1)血管瘤直径>5 cm,位于左外叶或边沿部,伴有较明显临床症状;(2)血管瘤直径>10 cm或短期生长迅速.瘤体位于左叶10例,右叶17例,尾叶3例,肝中叶2例,左右叶多发5例.所有病例术前肝功能Child评级均为A级.结果 右半肝切除5例,左半肝切除2例,左外叶切除10例,尾叶切除3例,肝中央叶段切除5例,肝段切除8例,联合肝段切除4例,预防性胆总管切开、T管外引流2例.术中第一肝门阻断28例,阻断时间8～36 min,平均(22.2±14.3)min;全肝血流阻断7例,阻断时间10～40 rain,平均(21.6±12.1)min.术中输血4例,输血量平均为400 ml.所有手术病例过程顺利,切除标本直径5～20 cm,无手术死亡.术后并发症:胸腔积液4例,膈下积液2例.术后病理:37例均为肝海绵状血管瘤.所有病例随访6个月～4年,无复发.结论 在严格把握手术指征的前提下,应用肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤是安全有效的.

Abstract：

Objective To study the diagnosis,surgical indications, and results of surgical treatment for hepatic hemangioma. Methods The data of 37 patients with hepatic hemangioma treated by hepatectomy in our department from July 2005 to July 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. The diagnoses were made by ultrasound, enhanced CT and MRI. Surgical indications included: (1) diameter >5 cm, located at the left lateral section or the lower edge of the liver with symptoms. (2) diameter >10 cm or recent rapid growth. The hemangioma were located in the left liver in 10 patients, right liver in 17, caudate lobe in 3, middle hepatic lobe in 2, multiple tumors in left and right livers in 5.The preoperative liver function was grade A in all patients. Results Five patients underwent right hepatectomy, 2 underwent left hepatectomy, 10 underwent left lateral sectionectomy, 3 underwent caudate lobectomy, 5 underwent central hepatectomy, 8 underwent right anterior sectionectomy, 4 underwent combined hepatic resections and 2 underwent prophylactic exploration of the common bile duct. Pringle's maneuver was applied in 28 patients, and total hepatic vascular exclusion in 7. The occlusion time ranged from 8-36 and 10-40 minutes (average: 22.2±14.3 min and 21.6±12.1 min),respectively. 400 ml of intraoperative blood transfusion was given to 4 patients each. All operations were successfully carried out. The specimens measured 5-20 cm. There was no peri-operative death.The postoperative complications were: pleural effusion (n=4); subphrenic (n=2). Histologic diagnosis confirmed hepatic cavernous hemangioma in all patients. All patients were regularly followed-up (ranged 6 months-4 years), and no recurrence was detected. Conclusion In carefully selected patients, liver resection for hepatic hemangioma is safe and effective.     

Surgical treatment of hepatic caudate lobe metastases originating from colorectal primaries

Malignant tumor resection of the hepatic caudate lobe has recently received attention. However, there are few reports about metastatic liver tumor in the caudate lobe from colorectal carcinoma, and its clinical features still remain unknown. In this paper, three patients operated on in our institute and 15 reported cases from the published literature were analyzed in order to reveal clinical features of this disease. Many cases had advanced liver tumors, such as invasion in to major vessels at the time of operation. Isolated complete caudate lobectomy was performed in 8 patients and major hepatectomy was carried out in 6 instances. Seven cases also underwent partial resection of the inferior vena cava. Recurrence of disease was observed in 11 patients: seven cases had relapse only in the residual liver, five of whom underwent another hepatectomy. The median survival time of those patients who died was 25 months, and that of seven cases with IVC resection, 18 months. Two patients out of five who received a second hepatectomy survived for longer than 90 months. It is suggested that aggressive surgical treatment including repeated hepatectomy results in the prolongation of survival. Earlier diagnosis and surgical treatment at a more appropriate stage of the disease may further improve the survival rate.