Stability of cefazolin sodium in polypropylene syringes and polyvinylchloride minibags

Background:

Cefazolin is a semisynthetic penicillin derivative with a narrow spectrum of activity covering some gram-positive organisms and a few gram-negative aerobic bacteria.

Objective:

To determine the physical and chemical stability of cefazolin sodium reconstituted with sterile water for injection and stored in polypropylene syringes or diluted with either 5% dextrose in water (D5W) or 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline [NS]) and stored in polyvinylchloride (PVC) minibags.

Methods:

Reconstituted solutions of cefazolin (100 or 200 mg/mL) were packaged in polypropylene syringes. More dilute solutions (20 or 40 mg/mL) were prepared in D5W or NS and packaged in PVC minibags. For each concentration–diluent–container combination, 3 containers were designated for each day of analysis (days 7, 14, 21, and 30). Containers were stored under refrigeration (5°C) with protection from light until the designated day of analysis, at which time one 5-mL sample was collected from each the designated container. The designated containers were then stored at room temperature (21°C to 25°C) with exposure to light for an additional 72 h, and additional samples were drawn. The samples were assayed using a validated, stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. The colour and clarity of the solutions, as well as their pH, were also monitored on each sampling day.

Results:

All samples remained clear for the duration of the study; they had a slight yellow colour that darkened over time, and there was an increase in pH. Solutions diluted with sterile water for injection and stored in polypropylene syringes retained at least 94.5% of the initial concentration after 30 days of refrigerated storage and at least 92.1% after an additional 72 h at room temperature with exposure to light. Samples diluted in D5W or NS and stored in PVC minibags retained at least 95.8% of the initial concentration after 30 days of refrigerated storage and at least 91.8% after an additional 72 h at room temperature with exposure to light.

Conclusions:

Cefazolin at various concentrations stored in polypropylene syringes or PVC minibags was stable for up to 30 days with storage at 5°C with protection from light, followed by an additional 72 h at 21°C to 25°C with exposure to light.     

Stability of ciprofloxacin in polyvinylchloride minibags

Background:

Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

Objective:

To determine the physical and chemical stability of ciprofloxacin diluted in 5% dextrose in water (D5W) or 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline [NS]) and stored in polyvinylchloride (PVC) minibags at various temperatures.

Methods:

Solutions of ciprofloxacin (1 and 2 mg/mL) were prepared by diluting a commercially available concentrate (10 mg/mL) with either D5W or NS. The prepared solutions were then packaged in PVC mini-bags. Three minibags of each concentration–diluent combination were stored at 2°C to 8°C with protection from light, at 21°C to 24°C with exposure to light, and at 29°C to 31°C with protection from light. Samples were collected from each minibag on days 0, 7, 14, and 30 and then analyzed. Colour, clarity, and pH were monitored when the samples were collected. On each day of analysis, the samples were accurately diluted before duplicate analysis with a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography assay. A solution was considered stable if the concentration remained above 90% of the initial values.

Results:

There were no changes in the physical characteristics of any of the solutions. At both concentrations (1 and 2 mg/mL), the ciprofloxacin solutions prepared in D5W remained above 93.9% of the initial concentration over the 30-day study period under all 3 storage conditions. Similarly, at both concentrations, solutions diluted in NS remained above 95.9% of the initial concentration over the 30-day study period under all 3 storage conditions.

Conclusions:

Ciprofloxacin prepared in either D5W or NS and stored in PVC minibags was stable for 30 days under 3 separate storage conditions: 2°C to 8°C with protection from light, 21°C to 24°C with exposure to light, and 29°C to 31°C with protection from light.     

Stability of aseptically prepared tazocin solutions in polyvinyl chloride bags

Background:

Tazocin, a mixture of piperacillin and tazobactam, has recently been reformulated to include edetate disodium (EDTA) and citric acid. Since the introduction of this new formulation, there have been no studies of stability in polyvinylchloride (PVC) bags.

Objective:

To complete a physical compatibility and chemical stability study of the new formulation of Tazocin, prepared at 2 concentrations in each of 2 diluents and stored in PVC bags.

Methods:

Tazocin, at 22.5 or 90 mg/mL, was compounded in dextrose 5% in water (D5W) or 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline [NS]) in PVC bags. The bags were stored at 5°C with protection from light for 14, 21, or 28 days, followed in each case by storage at 23°C with exposure to light for 72 h. Triplicate samples collected at each of the 7 time points were analyzed in duplicate using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. Physical compatibility was determined by monitoring the solutions for changes in colour, clarity, and pH.

Results:

The amount of each drug remaining for each concentration in each diluent was above 95% of the initial concentration after storage at 5°C with protection from light and above 94% of the initial concentration after an additional 72 h at 23°C with exposure to light. The pH of the solutions changed only slightly over the course of the study, and all solutions remained clear and colourless.

Conclusions:

Tazocin solutions at 22.5 and 90 mg/mL, prepared in PVC bags of either D5W or NS, were chemically stable after storage for up to 28 days at 5°C with protection from light followed by 72 h at 23°C with exposure to light.     

泮托拉唑钠在果糖氯化钠注射液中的稳定性

目的考察注射用泮托拉唑钠与果糖氯化钠注射液配伍稳定性。方法用HPLC法考察配伍前后泮托拉唑钠的含量变化,并观察配伍液的外观及pH变化。结果注射用泮托拉唑钠与果糖氯化钠注射液配伍后4h内含量、pH及溶液外观均无明显变化。结论注射用泮托钠与果糖氯化钠注射液配伍后在4h内稳定。     

Buffered lidocaine hydrochloride solution with and without epinephrine: stability in polypropylene syringes

Background:

Pain associated with infiltrating the skin with lidocaine can be reduced by buffering the solution with sodium bicarbonate.

Objectives:

To determine the physical compatibility and chemical stability of lidocaine hydrochloride solution buffered with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, with and without epinephrine, packaged in polypropylene syringes and stored at 5°C with protection from light.

Methods:

Lidocaine solutions (1% and 2%), with and without epinephrine 1:100 000, were diluted 10:1 with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, packaged in 3-mL polypropylene syringes, and stored at 5°C (range 3°C to 8°C). On each of days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28, the contents of 3 syringes for each solution of lidocaine combined with epinephrine were collected separately in glass vials and frozen at −70°C for subsequent analysis. In addition, on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, the contents of 3 syringes for each lidocaine solution without epinephrine were collected separately in glass vials and frozen at −70°C for subsequent analysis. Chemical stability was determined with a validated, stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. Changes in colour, clarity, and pH were used to determine physical compatibility of the solutions.

Results:

All buffered lidocaine solutions containing epinephrine (1:100 000) retained at least 93.3% of the original concentration of epinephrine and 97.5% of the lidocaine concentration for 7 days when stored at 5°C with protection from light. In contrast, the epinephrine-free solutions retained at least 94.7% of the initial concentration of lidocaine for the duration of the study (28 days). All samples remained clear, colourless, and free of precipitate throughout the study, and there were no significant changes in pH.

Conclusion:

Extemporaneously prepared buffered lidocaine (1% and 2%) packaged in polypropylene syringes remained stable for up to 28 days when properly refrigerated with protection from light. A 7-day expiry date was established for buffered lidocaine solutions containing epinephrine, packaged in polypropylene syringes, and stored with refrigeration and protection from light.     

头孢呋辛钠在果糖氯化钠注射液中的配伍稳定性考察简

目的：考察在室温25℃和4℃下,头孢呋辛钠与果糖氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性.方法：模拟临床用药浓度,将头孢呋辛钠0.75g加入到250 ml果糖氯化钠注射液中,混合均匀后,在25℃和4℃下考察24 h内配伍液的外观和pH值变化,并采用HPLC法测定头孢呋辛钠的含量.结果：在25℃下,0～4 h及4℃下,0～12 h内配伍液的外观、头孢呋辛钠的含量均无明显变化;pH值稍有升高.结论：头孢呋辛钠与果糖氯化钠注射液配伍,在25℃时4h内,以及在4℃时12h内相对稳定.建议该配伍液临用新配,若不能马上使用,应置4℃冰箱保存,保存时间不得超过12 h.     

Stability of trisodium citrate and gentamicin solution for catheter locks after storage in plastic syringes at room temperature

Background:

Catheter-related infections are a major problem for hemodialysis patients with central venous catheters for vascular access. Catheter lock solutions containing an anticoagulant are used to maintain the patency of the catheter between hemodialysis sessions. There is evidence that the use of lock solutions containing an antibiotic is associated with lower rates of infection but also that these solutions can kill microbes in colonized catheters and thus avoid the risks and costs associated with replacing the catheter.

Objective:

This stability study was conducted to determine whether an extemporaneously prepared gentamicin–citrate catheter lock solution would retain its potency over time, thus allowing for advance preparation of the solution.

Methods:

Catheter lock solutions containing gentamicin alone, citrate alone, and the combination of gentamicin and citrate were prepared aseptically and packaged in polyethylene syringes. The syringes were stored at room temperature. At timed intervals over 112 days, samples were withdrawn for analysis by means of validated high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results:

None of the 3 lock solutions showed any evidence of degradation during the 112-day observation period. In the formulation containing both gentamicin 2.5 mg/mL and sodium citrate 40 mg/mL (4%), there was no change in the concentration of either gentamicin (p = 0.34) or citrate (p = 0.55). Linear regression analysis of the concentration–time data for the combined formulation showed that 99.97% of the labelled amount of gentamicin and 101.30% of the labelled amount of citrate remained at day 112. The lower limit of the 95% confidence intervals indicated that more than 98.17% of the gentamicin and more than 99.57% of the citrate remained on day 112.

Conclusion:

The results of this study will allow pharmacies to extemporaneously compound the combined gentamicin–citrate catheter lock solution in advance of use. The method described here will yield a stable product for use in clinical applications.     

头孢地秦在5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液中的稳定性

目的 :观察注射用头孢地秦与葡萄糖氯化钠注射液配伍的稳定性。方法 :通过高效液相色谱法测定配伍后输液中头孢地秦的含量 ,并考察外观、pH的变化。结果 :室温 6h内头孢地秦在葡萄糖氯化钠注射液中含量仅有微小变化 ,基本保持稳定 ;外观、pH基本不变。结论 :室温 6h内头孢地秦与葡萄糖氯化钠注射液可以配伍使用。     

奥扎格雷钠在转化糖等三种注射液中的稳定性考察

目的考察注射用奥扎格雷钠在转化糖等三种注射液中的稳定性。方法采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定6 h内奥扎格雷钠在转化糖等三种注射液中的含量,并考察配伍液在不同时间的外观、pH值变化。结果奥扎格雷钠在转化糖等三种注射液中中的含量6 h内无明显变化,各配伍液的外观和PH值无明显变化。结论室温6 h内,注射用奥扎格雷钠可以在转化糖等三种注射液中配伍使用。     

丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液配伍稳定性考察

目的考察丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液分别与果糖注射液、果糖氯化钠注射液、转化糖注射液的配伍稳定性。方法分别观察及测定30E条件下,6h内各配伍液的外观、PH值变化．并采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定各配伍液中丹参酮ⅡA的含量变化。结果在30E条件下．丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液与果糖注射液等配伍后,6h内各配伍液的外观、PH值及丹参酮ⅡA的含量均无明显变化。结论丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液与果糖注射液等配伍6h内基本稳定。     

奥硝唑注射液与头孢噻肟钠的配伍稳定性考察

目的:采用RP-HPLC法考察4℃、25℃、37℃下24 h内奥硝唑注射液与注射用头孢噻肟钠的配伍稳定性。方法:采用Shimpack ODS色谱柱(4 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇∶水(60∶40),流速为0.5 mL/min,柱温25℃,检测波长为294 nm。结果:含奥硝唑50μg/mL和头孢噻肟钠100μg/mL的配伍液在4℃8 h、25℃4 h、37℃1 h内,外观及pH值无明显变化,奥硝唑的含量变化在5%以下,头孢噻肟钠的水解速率符合一级反应规律。结论:奥硝唑注射液与注射用头孢噻肟钠的配伍液在配伍后4℃8 h内、25℃4 h内、37℃1 h内可使用。     

尼扎替丁氯化钠注射液的制备、质量控制、稳定性及安全性考察

目的 制备尼扎替丁氯化钠注射液,建立质量控制方法并考察其稳定性和安全性。方法 优化处方组成与制备工艺,并进行性状、鉴别、检查等质量研究,采用高效液相色谱法测定尼扎替丁含量,滴定法测定氯化钠含量,影响因素试验、加速试验和长期试验考察其稳定性,并进行生物安全性评价。结果 尼扎替丁在0.55～1.31mg·mL^-1与峰面积线性关系良好,其平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为0.44%。恒温加速试验6个月和长期留样试验12个月,其性状、pH值、溶液颜色、有关物质、不溶性微粒、无菌、内毒素、主药含量等均未见明显改变,安全性良好。结论 该制剂处方合理,制备工艺简便可行,质量可控,稳定性良好,用药安全。     

注射用头孢噻肟钠与注射用氯诺昔康的配伍稳定性研究

目的 考察室温下注射用头孢噻肟钠与注射用氯诺昔康在0.9％氯化钠注射液中的配伍稳定性.方法 在(25±1)℃下,采用高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法同时测定头孢噻肟钠与氯诺昔康在0.9％氯化钠注射液中配伍后6h内各时间点的含量变化,并观察和检测配伍液的外观及pH变化.结果 配伍液6h内头孢噻肟钠与氯诺昔康的含量逐渐下降,pH随时间变化亦逐渐降低,溶液颜色随时间变化逐渐加深.结论 室温条件下,注射用头孢噻肟钠与注射用氯诺昔康在0.9％氯化钠注射液中不稳定,临床应用应单独给药.     

盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与卡络磺钠注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液中的稳定性研究

目的研究盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与卡络磺钠注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液中的稳定性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法在室温（25±1）℃下,采用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定左氧氟沙星与卡络磺钠配伍后各时间点的含量,并测定pH,观察外观及性状。结果6 h内混合液外观、pH及含量均无明显变化。结论在室温（25±1）℃下,盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与卡络磺钠注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液中6 h内可以配伍使用。     

头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与小儿电解质补给注射液配伍稳定性研究

目的：建立同时测定头孢哌酮钠与舒巴坦钠含量的高效液相色谱法,并考察头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与小儿电解质补给注射液的配伍稳定性。方法：室温下观察24 h内配伍溶液的外观、pH、不溶性微粒,采用高效液相色谱法测定配伍溶液中头孢哌酮钠和舒巴坦钠的含量。结果：头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与小儿电解质补给注射液配伍后,24 h内配伍溶液的外观、pH值均无显著变化,不溶性微粒符合《中国药典》2015版规定,药物含量无明显变化。结论：头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与小儿电解质补给注射液配伍后24 h内稳定,临床可配伍使用。     

Stability of Hydromorphone-Ketamine Solutions in Glass Bottles, Plastic Syringes, and IV Bags for Pediatric Use

Objectives:

To evaluate the stability of mixtures of hydromorphone and ketamine in 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline [NS]) after storage for up to 7 days at room temperature (25°C).

Methods:

The stability of 3 standard mixtures of hydromorphone and ketamine (hydromorphone 0.2 mg/mL + ketamine 0.2 mg/mL, hydromorphone 0.2 mg/mL + ketamine 0.6 mg/mL, and hydromorphone 0.2 mg/mL + ketamine 1.0 mg/mL) in NS was studied. Portions of each mixture were transferred to 3 brown glass bottles (100 mL), 3 plastic syringes (50 mL), and 3 IV bags (50 mL), which were then stored at room temperature (25°C). Physical characteristics, including pH, colour, and precipitation, were evaluated daily. Three 1.5-mL samples were collected from each bottle, syringe, and IV bag at baseline, at 24, 48, and 72 hours, and on day 7. Samples were analyzed in triplicate by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. Solutions were considered stable if they maintained 90% of the initial concentration of each drug. Samples from syringes and IV bags were subjected to standard sterility testing by incubation for 5 days in an enriched culture media.

Results:

No notable changes in pH or colour were observed, and no precipitation occurred in any of the solutions. All formulations maintained more than 90% of the initial concentration of each drug on day 7. No bacterial growth was observed in any of the samples tested.

Conclusions:

Mixtures of hydromorphone and ketamine were stable for up 7 days at 25°C, and the sterility of the preparations was maintained. Because stability alone does not guarantee efficacy, it is recommended that clinical studies be conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these formulations.     

Stability of 11 prevalent synthetic cannabinoids in authentic neat oral fluid samples: glass versus polypropylene containers at different temperatures

Although synthetic cannabinoids have been intensively investigated in recent years and oral fluid testing is becoming increasingly popular in suspected driving under the influence of drugs cases, only scarce data on their stability in authentic neat oral fluid (nOF) samples are yet available. However, especially for these new psychoactive drugs, investigations focusing on stability issues are necessary as inappropriate storage conditions may lead to considerable analytical problems. Since it has been shown for Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol that adsorption to plastic surfaces may lead to considerable drug loss, we aimed to evaluate whether adsorption also has to be taken into account for synthetic cannabinoids in nOF samples. In this paper, the results of investigations on the recovery of 11 prevalent synthetic cannabinoids from authentic nOF samples stored over 72 h in RapidEASE (high quality borosilicate glass) and Sciteck Saliva Split Collector (polypropylene) tubes at 4 and 25 °C are presented. Our findings clearly demonstrate that lipophilic synthetic cannabinoids present in nOF samples adsorb to the surface of polypropylene containers when stored at room temperature, leading to considerable drug loss. Hence, when using polypropylene tubes, samples should be shipped cooled in order to avoid a substantial decrease of the analyte concentration during transportation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability and sorption of FK 506 in 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection in glass, polyvinyl chloride, and polyolefin containers.

The effects of the diluent, the storage container, light, and infusion through various types of tubing on the stability and sorption of FK 506 were studied. Solutions of FK 506 in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection were stored at room temperature (24 +/- 2 degrees C) in glass i.v. bottles, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) minibags, and polyolefin containers. FK 506 solution in 0.9% sodium chloride injection was stored in plastic syringes at room temperature and either exposed to normal room light or stored in the dark. FK 506 solution in 5% dextrose injection was placed in plastic syringes and infused through PVC anesthesia extension tubing, PVC i.v. administration set tubing, and fat emulsion tubing over a two-hour period. The infused samples and samples collected from the containers and syringes at intervals up to 48 hours were analyzed for FK 506 concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography. FK 506 concentrations remained greater than 90% of initial concentration for admixtures in 5% dextrose injection stored in glass bottles for 48 hours and for admixtures in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection stored in polyolefin containers for 48 hours. No change in concentration was measured for admixtures in 0.9% sodium chloride injection stored in plastic syringes, and exposure to light did not affect the stability of FK 506 solution. No substantial change in concentration occurred in FK 506 solution in 5% dextrose injection infused through PVC anesthesia extension tubing, PVC i.v. administration set tubing, or fat emulsion tubing. FK 506 admixtures prepared with 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection should be stored in polyolefin containers. If polyolefin containers are not available, solutions should be prepared with 5% dextrose injection and stored in glass bottles.