295例肺上叶阴影病变纤维支气管镜检查与临床分析

目的：探讨上叶肺部阴影性质与肺段分布的关系。方法：复习该院1981－1999年295例纤维支气管镜检查的肺上叶部阴影住院病例,对病变的具体部位与患者年龄,性别以及病理诊断之间的关系等进行回顾性分析。结果：295例病人中肺癌194人,其中鳞癌105例,肺结核66例,肺结核并肺癌2例,肺部肿瘤所占比重随年龄增大由30％到80．25％,男性肺癌所占比率为女性1．46倍,上叶尖,后阴影病变134例中肺癌93例（69．48％）,结核29（21．66％）,94例上叶前段阴影病例中,肺部肿瘤53例（61．70％）,结核20例（21．30％）,结论．肺上叶阴影中肿瘤居多,且随年龄增大所占比率上升,鳞癌占首位,男性肺癌所占比率高于女性;病变性质与所处肺段相关性不似文献所述明显。结核性病变在纤维支气管镜下具有校特异性表现;肺结核可以与肿癌并存。     

196例老年人肺癌纤维支气管镜检查分析

目的 探讨老年肺癌纤维支气管镜下的特点，评价老年肺癌患者纤维支气管镜检查的诊断价值及安全性。方法回顾性分析196例60岁以上老年肺癌临床特点和纤维支气管镜下改变。结果该组老年肺癌病理组织学明确者129例中鳞癌居首位（73．6％）．其次为小细胞癌（8．5％）和腺癌（5．4％）：纤维支气管镜下以直接征象为主（87．2％），间接征象占12．2％．病变部位右肺多于左肺。双上叶最常见；刷检细胞学诊断阳性率77．0％（151／196），病理组织学诊断阳性率为83．2％（129／155）。X线表现以肺部团块影为主，占69．9％（137／196）。结论纤维支气管镜检查是诊断老年肺癌安全而可靠的重要手段。     

纤维支气管镜检查在提高肺结核诊断率中的意义

１５年内共进行纤维支气管镜检查６０１８例，确诊为肺结核１３２例占２．１９％。此１３２例患者纤维支气管镜检查前临床诊断肺结核１８例占１３．６％。纤维支气管镜肉眼诊断仅２２例占１６．７％，但最后均通过纤支镜刷片找到抗酸菌及活检病理证实，刷检（５７／１３２）占４３％，活检占（６６／１３２）５０％，提示刷检与活检同时进行可提高阳性率。该组胸部Ｘ线表现下叶病变占（３８／１３２）３４．７％，空洞占（１７／１３２）１３％，肺不张占（３３／１３２）２５％，均属不典型Ｘ线表现，常被误诊为肺炎、肺脓肿、或肿瘤，对临床可疑肺结核或与肺结核、肺癌难以鉴别时纤维支气管镜有重要价值。     

经纤维支气管镜确诊肺癌83例分析

目的：通过对经纤维支气管镜（简称纤支镜）确诊的肺癌患者进行分析，探讨肺癌的发病规律。方法：收集2002年1月至2004年12月经纤支镜确诊的83例肺癌患者的临床资料，主要分析指标包括发病年龄、发病部位、病理类型、镜下表现。结果：总体发病情况为男女患者比例3．6：1；平均年龄为58．9岁；左肺占49．4％，其中左上叶支气管占28．9％；右肺占50、6％，其中右上叶支气管占25，3％；双肺上叶支气管占54．2％。各种病理类型中鳞癌所占比例最高．为44．6％。镜下表现最多见的是肉芽形成，占42．2％。男性患者平均年龄为60．5岁，左肺占46．2％．其中左上叶支气管占27．7％，右肺占53．8％，其中右上叶支气管占24．6％，双肺上叶支气管占52．3％．各种病理类型中鳞癌占比例最高，为50．8％，镜下表现最多见的是肉芽形成，占46．2％。女性患者平均年龄为53．3岁，左肺占61．1％，其中左上叶支气管占33．3％，右肺占38．9％，其中右上叶支气管占27．8％，双肺上叶支气管占61．1％，各种病理类型中鳞癌、腺癌和小细胞癌所占比例均为22．2％．镜下表现最多见的是管腔狭窄，占55．6％。结论：男性肺癌所占比例远高于女性；男性肺癌的好发年龄为60岁左右，女性肺癌患者的发病与年龄无明显关系；双肺上叶支气管不仅是男性肺癌的好发部位，也是女性肺癌的好发部位；鳞癌是男性肺癌患者最常见的病理类型．而女性患者鳞癌、小细胞癌和腺癌的发生率相似；男性肺癌的镜下表现以内芽形成最多见，而女性肺癌镜下表现以管腔狭窄最多见。     

经纤维支气管镜确诊的567例中心性肺癌分析

对经纤维支气管镜确诊的567例中心性肺癌分析如下：病变分布于双肺,以左侧偏多,占50．8％,右侧为47．4％,气管隆突部位占1．8％;镜下可见病变以肿块和浸润性生长者占多数,病理类型中鳞癌最多,占46．7％,小细胞未分化癌次之,占34．2％,腺癌占17．5％;该组肺癌患者以男性居多、占81．7％,女性占18．3％,男性患者中鳞癌占多数,共258例,占男性患者的55．8％,其次为小细胞未分化癌,占31．1％;女性患者以小细胞未分化癌和腺癌为主,分别占女性患者的45．2％和32．7％,40－69岁之间的肺癌高发年龄,占患者总数的82．4％,鳞癌患者年龄偏高,以50－60岁居多,占鳞癌总数的72．2％,小细胞未分化癌患者年龄偏低,39岁以下者共29例,占该年龄段肺癌总数的63．0％。     

284例40岁以上肺不张患者纤维支气管镜检查结果分析

目的：探讨40岁以上肺涨患者病因特点及纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）检查在病因诊断中的价值和应用。方法：对临床及X线诊断为肺不张的患者进行纤维支气管镜检查，并对其病因、镜下特点、部位分布等进行分析，结果肺不张以肺癌最多见，共208例，占73．2％，其中又以鳞为最多，141例，占67．8％，其次是未分化癌和腺癌；炎症59例，占20．7％，居第二位，结核10例（3．5％）；支气管扩张并血块阻塞2例，异物1例，转移癌2例，外伤后血块及分泌物阻塞2例，各叶肺不张的病因除中叶外，均以肺癌为首位，中叶不张炎症占56．25％，肺癌占37．5％，结核多见于上叶不张。结论：纤维支气 检查是确定肺不张病因最主要的手段，并能指导肺不张治疗，临床上对原因不明肺不张均应及时进行纤维支气管镜检查。     

舌段支气管是肺癌的高发部位

该文报告经纤维支气管镜检查和活检病理证实的左肺上叶舌段支气管病变１７３例，占同期纤维支气管镜检查４３００例的４％。其中１０６例确诊为支气管癌，占总数的６１．３％，占同期经纤维支气管镜确诊肺癌１１０５例的９．６％。与右肺中叶相比．癌的发生率高一倍多，疾细胞类型的构成也有差别。但在纤维支气管镜下能见到新生肿物和粘膜结节状突起者只占癌病例的４２．５％，而支气管粘膜呈炎症样充血水肿者；半数以上活检病理证实为支气管癌。由此可见，纤维支气管镜检查对舌段肺癌的诊断无疑是很有价值的。     

左肺上叶上支及右肺上叶病变的纤维支气管镜检查

目的 :探讨纤维支气管镜检查对左肺上叶上支及右肺上叶块状阴影的诊断价值。方法 :对 85例左肺上叶上支及右肺上叶块状阴影病变的患者行纤维支气管镜检查 ,行刷片、钳检送标本行细胞学、抗酸染色及病理学检查。结果 :85例患者中肺癌 5 9例 ,纤支镜检阳性 5 2例 ,占 88.1% ;肺结核 2 5例 ,纤支镜检阳性 17例 ,占 6 8%。结论 :左肺上叶上支及右肺上叶块状阴影病变以及肺癌及肺结核多见 ,行纤支镜检查有助于明确诊断     

中叶病变156例纤维支气管镜检查结果分析

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜检查对中叶病变病因的诊断价值。方法：对156例中叶病变纤维支气管镜检查结果进行临床和病理分析。结果；通过纤维支气管镜可窥视病灶并活检刷检，进行病理学诊断，156例中叶病变患者经纤维支气管镜检查可确诊病因者129例，占82．7％。结论：各种病因的中叶病变患者临床应尽早进行支气管镜检查。     

支气管内膜结核临床及支气管镜下特点及分析

目的 总结支气管内膜结核(EBTB)的临床特点、支气管镜下特性。方法 分析通过支气管镜检查，并经刷片、病理活检、结核分支杆菌抗体测定等确诊的114例EBT8患者的临床和镜下表现。结果 EBTB男女发病比例为1:1．15。35岁以下年龄发病占43％，65岁以上占11．4％。病变发生于肺结核非好发部位占51．8％。镜下表现浸润型31．6％，溃疡型30．7％，肉芽型28．1％，纤维狭窄型1．7％，镜下轻度水肿、大致正常者7．9％.活检阳性率88％，合并肺癌4例；刷检发现抗酸杆菌阳性率76．3％；结核杆菌TB-IgM、TB-IgG强阳性率56．1％.结论 EBTB仍好发于青年，男女发病率较以前接近。老年人发病率有增加趋势。EBTB多发生在肺结核非好发部位。对镜下有明确病灶，活检联合刷检是最佳选择，对镜下表现不典型者也不放弃刷检行分泌物抗酸杆菌染色检查。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.