Effects of clonidine on myocardial β-adrenergic receptor-adenyl cyclase-cAMP system after scalds in rats

研究可乐定（Ｃｌｏ）对大鼠烫伤后心脏β肾上腺素受体（βＡＲ）腺苷酸环化酶（ＡＣ）环腺苷一磷酸（ｃＡＭＰ）系统的作用．方法：大鼠于９５℃水浴中烫９ｓ，造成背部３０％皮肤全层烫伤．用放射受体分析、间接方法、酶放射化学分析、放射免疫分析分别测定βＡＲ密度和亲和力，ＡＣ和磷酸二酯酶（ＰＤＨ）活性及ｃＡＭＰ生成量．结果：Ｃｌｏ（０３、１０和３０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）增加烫伤后１２ｈ心肌βＡＲ密度、ＡＣ活性及ｃＡＭＰ生成量（Ｐ＜００５或００１）；但Ｃｌｏ对烫伤大鼠心肌βＡＲ亲和力、ＰＤＨ活性及正常大鼠上述各项指标均无影响（Ｐ＞００５）．育亨宾００５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，部分逆转Ｃｌｏ对βＡＲ密度、ＡＣ活性和ｃＡＭＰ生成的作用；哌唑嗪００３ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，对Ｃｌｏ的作用无明显影响．结论：Ｃｌｏ抑制烫伤后大鼠心肌βＡＲＡＣｃＡＭＰ系统的变化．     

No functional β_3-adrenergic receptors expressed in rat skeletal muscle cells

目的：研究原代培养的大鼠骨骼肌细胞中是否存在功能性β３肾上腺素受体（β３ＡＲ）．方法：利用柱层析方法测定异丙肾上腺素（Ｉｓｏ），β３ＡＲ激动剂ＣＧＰ１２１７７Ａ和β３ＡＲ拮抗剂ＳＲ５９２３０Ａ对培养骨骼肌细胞环磷腺苷（ｃＡＭＰ）生成作用．结果：Ｉｓｏ剂量依赖性刺激骨骼肌细胞ｃＡＭＰ的生成，ＥＣ５０为１５１ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．普萘洛尔０．１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１抑制Ｉｓｏ刺激的ｃＡＭＰ的生成，ＫＢ值为３４７ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．ＣＧＰ１２１７７Ａ无刺激ｃＡＭＰ生成作用，但可抑制Ｉｓｏ的作用．ＳＲ５９２３０Ａ１０ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１不能抑制Ｉｓｏ刺激ｃＡＭＰ的产生．结论：大鼠骨骼肌细胞中不存在功能性β３ＡＲ或至少不与腺苷酸环化酶耦联     

6-取代苯基-4,5-二氢-3(2H)-哒嗪酮衍生物的合成及其抑制血小板聚集活性

共合成了１４个６取代苯基４，５二氢３（２Ｈ）哒嗪酮衍生物（Ⅱ１～１４），除化合物（Ⅱ１０）外均未见文献报道．对这些化合物及中间体（Ｅ１～３）进行了ＡＤＰ诱导的家兔体外抑制血小板聚集实验，结果表明：（Ｅ１～３），（Ⅱ４），（Ⅱ９），（Ⅱ１１）及（Ⅱ１４）有较强的活性     

含L-4-氧代赖氨酸和N3-(4-甲氧基富马酰)-L-2,3-二氨基丙酸寡肽类似物的合成及其抗白念珠菌活性

运用“违法传递”概念，根据白念珠菌对寡肽的传送特点，设计并合成了８个含Ｌ４氧代赖氨酸（以下称Ｉ６７７）和Ｎ３（４甲氧基富马酰）Ｌ２，３二氨基丙酸（以下称ＦＭＤＰ）的寡肽类似物，均系新化合物。体外抗白念珠菌试验表明：Ｉ６７７ＦＭＤＰ肽（Ｉ６７７ＦＭＤＰ，Ｉ６７７ＡＡＦＭＤＰ，其中ＡＡ＝Ｎｖａ，Ｖａｌ，Ｌｅｕ，Ｐｈｅ，Ｐｒｏ，Ｄ，ＬｐＣｌＰｈｅ，ＤＰｇｌｙ）是Ｉ６７７单体摩尔活性的４０～７７０倍，是ＦＭＤＰ的６０～１１３０倍，其摩尔最低抑菌浓度为６５６×１０－９～３５×１０－１０ｍｏｌ·ｄｉｓｋ－１。羧肽酶Ａ存在时化合物Ｉ６７７ＦＭＤＰ体外抗菌试验表明，含ＦＭＤＰ的化合物Ｉ６７７ＦＭＤＰ能抵抗羧肽酶Ａ的酶解。     

抗虫灵对大鼠脑组织及肝脏生物转化酶的影响

目的：研究抗虫灵对大鼠脑组织及肝脏某些生物转化酶的影响。方法：应用荧光分光光度法检测７乙氧基试卤灵Ｏ脱乙基酶（ＥＲＯＤ）活性;以二硝基苯肼比色法测定Ｂ型单胺氧化酶（ＭＡＯＢ）活性;应用Ｈａｂｉｇ法检测谷胱甘肽Ｓ转移酶（ＧＳＴ）活性。结果：体外实验中,抗虫灵对肝微粒体ＥＲＯＤ活性有明显抑制作用,并能明显抑制脑线粒体ＭＡＯＢ活性,但对脑组织胞浆ＧＳＴ活性没有明显影响。整体实验中,抗虫灵能明显抑制肝微粒体和脑线粒体ＥＲＯＤ活性,而且对多氯联苯诱导肝脏和脑组织ＥＲＯＤ的效应有明显抑制作用;抗虫灵…     

中药五味子中活性物质的化学研究-五味子醇甲的全合成

本文以没食子酸为原料进行还原偶合及脱水反应生成顺、反１，４二（３，４，５三甲氧基苯基）２，３二甲基２丁烯化合物（７）。将其进行硼氢化反应，然后分别与２，３二氯５，６二氰１，４苯醌（ＤＤＱ）和三氟醋酸铊（ＴＴＦＡ）在三氟醋酸（ＴＦＡ）中进行非酚氧化偶合反应合成了中药五味子中活性化学成分五味子醇甲外消旋体，即（αＲＳ）１，２，３，１０，１１，１２六甲氧基６，７二甲基６羟基５，６，７，８四氢二苯骈［ａ，ｃ］环辛烯（９）。元素分析，ＭＳ，ＵＶ，ＩＲ及ＮＭＲ光谱数据均与天然五味子醇甲相符。     

Effect of DL111-IT on progesterone biosynthesis and viability of rat luteal cells in vitro

目的：研究抗孕唑（ＤＬ１１１ＩＴ）对离体大鼠黄体细胞孕酮合成和存活率的影响．方法：体外培养大鼠黄体细胞，用细胞计数和放射免疫法．结果：ＤＬ１１１ＩＴ使黄体细胞存活率随剂量上升而下降，ＥＤ５０为７７（７１－８５）ｍｇ·Ｌ－１．ＤＬ１１１ＩＴ３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１使黄体细胞基础黄体酮分泌下降２５％，并可显著抑制弗司扣林（ｃＡＭＰ激动剂）１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和孕烯醇酮（可被３βＨＳＤ催化成黄体酮）１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１的促孕酮分泌作用，抑制率分别为４３％和１５５％，但不抑制ｈＣＧ１０ＩＵ·Ｌ－１的促黄体酮分泌作用．结论：ＤＬ１１１ＩＴ抗早孕作用是在ｃＡＭＰ和３βＨＳＤ水平上影响基础黄体酮分泌功能，并于高剂量降低黄体细胞成活率．     

三种阿片受体激动剂对突触传递的抑制作用

目的：比较不同浓度三种阿片受体激动剂对突触传递的抑制作用．方法：用细胞内记录和细胞外微电泳技术，于大鼠伏核脑片制备上记录神经元的兴奋性突触后电位和谷氨酸钠所致细胞膜去极化．结果：（ＤＡｌａ２，ＮＭｅＰｈｅ４，Ｇｌｙｏｌ）ｅｎｋｅｐｈａｌｉｎ（ＤＡＧＯ），（ＤＰｅｎ２，５）ｅｎｋｅｐｈａｌｉｎ（ＤＰＥＮ），ａｎｄｔｒａｎｓ（±）３，４ｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏＮｍｅｔｈｙｌＮ［２（１ｐｙｒｏｌｉｄｉｎｙｌ）ｃｙｃｌｏｈｅｘｙｌ］ｂｅｎｚｅｎｅａｃｅｔａｍｉｄｅｍｅｔｈａｎｅｓｕｌｆｏｎａｔｅ（Ｕ５０４８８Ｈ）（１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）均降低突触传递，尤以ＤＡＧＯ抑制作用最著．结论：三种阿片受体激动剂对突触传递的抑制作用均具有浓度依赖性，其作用机制与谷氨酸介导的突触传递受抑制有关．     

Characterization of subtype of α_1-adrenoceptor mediating vasoconstriction in perfused rat mesenteric vascular bed

目的：研究去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）介导大鼠肠系膜血管床（ＭＶＢ）收缩的α１肾上腺素受体（α１ＡＲ）亚型．方法：用灌流大鼠ＭＶＢ标本收缩功能实验和克隆细胞放射配体结合实验测定α１ＡＲ亚型选择性拮抗剂ｐＡ２和ｐＫｉ,并作相关分析．结果：α１ＡＡＲ选择性拮抗剂ＲＳ１７０５３、ＷＢ４１０１、５ＭＵ及α１ＤＡＲ选择性拮抗剂ＢＭＹ７３７８的ｐＡ２分别为８９８±０２８,９１６±０２０,８．６９±００２和６０３±０２６,Ｓｃｈｉｌｄ作图斜率值与１０差别无显著性．其ｐＡ２值与α１ＡＡＲ的ｐＫｉ相关系数为０９７,与α１Ｂ和α１ＤＡＲ的相关系数分别为０５２和００４．结论：介导外源性ＮＥ收缩大鼠ＭＶＢ的功能性受体为α１ＡＡＲ     

黄花远志根中两个新■酮化合物的结构鉴定

从黄花远志（ＰｏｌｙｇａｌａａｒｉｌａｔａＢｕｃｈＨａｍ．）根中分离得到两个新的酮化合物，根据理化性质和光谱（ＵＶ，ＩＲ，ＭＳ，１ＨＮＭＲ，ＤＩＦＮＯＥ和１３ＣＮＭＲ）分析，分别鉴定为１，３二羟基２甲氧基酮（Ｉ）和７羟基１甲氧基２，３亚甲二氧基酮（Ｉ）。药理试验表明Ｉ，Ｉ均具有抑制醛糖酶的作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.