注意缺陷多动障碍儿童共患对立违抗性障碍与父母养育方式的相关性北大核心CSCD

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童共患对立违抗性障碍(oppositional defiant disorder,ODD)与父母养育方式的相关关系。方法采用病例对照研究方法纳入482例ADHD儿童作为研究对象,其中未共患ODD(单纯ADHD组)322例,ADHD共患ODD(ADHD共患ODD组)160例,收集两组患儿一般人口学资料和父母养育方式量表评估得分情况。采用多因素logistic回归分析法探究父母养育方式与ADHD患儿共患ODD的关系。结果单纯ADHD组和ADHD共患ODD组父母养育方式得分(含拒绝因子、情感温暖因子、过度保护因子和偏爱因子)和一般人口学资料差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在ADHD注意缺陷型患儿中,患儿年龄越大,父亲文化程度越低,共患ODD风险越大(P<0.05),而父母养育方式与共患ODD无显著关联(P>0.05)。结论ADHD患儿是否共患ODD与父母养育方式无明显相关性,临床工作中,应减少对ADHD共患ODD患儿父母都有养育方式不良的刻板印象,从多角度寻找共患ODD的原因,以提供合理的干预建议。     

Randomized controlled double‐blind trial of optimal dose methylphenidate in children and adolescents with severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is increased in children with intellectual disability. Previous research has suggested stimulants are less effective than in typically developing children but no studies have titrated medication for individual optimal dosing or tested the effects for longer than 4 weeks. Method: One hundred and twenty two drug‐free children aged 7–15 with hyperkinetic disorder and IQ 30–69 were recruited to a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial that randomized participants using minimization by probability, stratified by referral source and IQ level in a one to one ratio. Methylphenidate was compared with placebo. Dose titration comprised at least 1 week each of low (0.5 mg/kg/day), medium (1.0 mg/kg/day) and high dose (1.5 mg/kg/day). Parent and teacher Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) index of the Conners Rating Scale‐Short Version at 16 weeks provided the primary outcome measures. Clinical response was determined with the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI‐I). Adverse effects were evaluated by a parent‐rated questionnaire, weight, pulse and blood pressure. Analyses were by intention to treat. Trial registration: ISRCTN 68384912. Results: Methylphenidate was superior to placebo with effect sizes of 0.39 [95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.09, 0.70] and 0.52 (95% CIs 0.23, 0.82) for the parent and teacher Conners ADHD index. Four (7%) children on placebo versus 24 (40%) of those on methylphenidate were judged improved or much improved on the CGI. IQ and autistic symptoms did not affect treatment efficacy. Active medication was associated with sleep difficulty, loss of appetite and weight loss but there were no significant differences in pulse or blood pressure. Conclusions: Optimal dosing of methylphenidate is practical and effective in some children with hyperkinetic disorder and intellectual disability. Adverse effects typical of methylphenidate were seen and medication use may require close monitoring in this vulnerable group.     

Time to redefine the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a common and difficult problem that is regularly seen in general paediatric practice. Although classified as an independent diagnosis, ODD very commonly coexists with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but in contrast to the latter, there are few studies that deal specifically with ODD and there is a lack of formal management guidelines. However, if ODD was included as a subtype of ADHD, this exclusion would not be sustainable. This would make guidelines more helpful and relevant for Australian paediatricians who currently have little support beyond their own clinical experience in dealing with this often very disabling condition.     

家长培训合并哌醋甲酯治疗对注意缺陷多动症障碍患儿家庭关系的影响

目的 了解家长培训合并哌醋甲酯治疗对注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患儿家庭关系的干预效果。方法 对59 例ADHD 患儿家长进行为期5 周的家长培训,在培训前后使用Conners 儿童行为问卷（父母用）、ADHD 和对立违抗障碍（ODD）症状分级父母评量表、照料者压力问卷、亲子关系自评量表、儿童自我意识量表等进行评估。结果 和基线相比,培训后Conners 儿童行为问卷总分、品行问题及焦虑因子分下降,ADHD症状分级父母评量表各因子分（注意缺陷、多动、冲动）和对立违抗行为均有下降,照料者压力问卷总分下降,亲子关系自评量表总分、儿童自我意识量表总分以及躯体外貌属性、智力和学校行为因子分提高,以上差异均有统计学意义（P结论 ADHD 患儿家长培训能促进亲子间发展良好关系,减轻家长育儿压力。     

Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD/CD independently of ADHD

Background: Children with oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) have shown deficits in ‘cool’ abstract‐cognitive, and ‘hot’ reward‐related executive function (EF) tasks. However, it is currently unclear to what extent ODD/CD is associated with neuropsychological deficits, independently of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Fifty‐nine adolescents with a history of early‐onset oppositional problems, 28 with pure ODD/CD symptoms and 31 with ADHD with or without ODD/CD, and 34 healthy controls were administered a task battery measuring motor response inhibition, sustained attention, cognitive flexibility and reward‐related decision‐making. Findings were analysed using dimensional and group analyses. Results: In group analyses both groups with and without ADHD were impaired in EF measures. Dimensional analyses, however, showed that ODD/CD but not ADHD was related to hot EF based on increased risky decision‐making in the Iowa Gambling Task. ODD/CD was also independently related to aspects of cool EF independently of ADHD, namely slower speeds of inhibitory responding and increased intra‐subject variability. Conclusions: These findings show EF deficits associated with ODD/CD independently of ADHD, and implicate reward‐related abnormalities in theories of antisocial behaviour development.     

Emotional lability in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): clinical correlates and familial prevalence

Background: The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence, severity and clinical correlates of emotional lability (EL) in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to examine factors contributing to EL and familiality of EL in youth with ADHD. Methods: One thousand, one hundred and eighty‐six children with ADHD combined type and 1827 siblings (aged 6–18 years) were assessed for symptoms of EL, ADHD, associated psychopathology and comorbid psychiatric disorders with a structured diagnostic interview (PACS) as well as parent and teacher ratings of psychopathology (SDQ; CPRS‐R:L; CTRS‐R:L). Analyses of variance, regression analyses, χ²‐tests or loglinear models were applied. Results: Mean age and gender‐standardized ratings of EL in children with ADHD were >1.5 SD above the mean in normative samples. Severe EL (>75th percentile) was associated with more severe ADHD core symptoms, primarily hyperactive‐impulsive symptoms, and more comorbid oppositional defiant, affective and substance use disorders. Age, hyperactive‐impulsive, oppositional, and emotional symptoms accounted for 30% of EL variance; hyperactive‐impulsive symptoms did not account for EL variance when coexisting oppositional and emotional problems were taken into account, but oppositional symptoms explained 12% of EL variance specifically. Severity of EL in probands increased the severity of EL in siblings, but not the prevalence rates of ADHD or ODD. EL and ADHD does not co‐segregate within families. Conclusion: EL is a frequent clinical problem in children with ADHD. It is associated with increased severity of ADHD core symptoms, particularly hyperactivity‐impulsivity, and more symptoms of comorbid psychopathology, primarily symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), but also affective symptoms, and substance abuse. EL in ADHD seems to be more closely related to ODD than to ADHD core symptoms, and is only partly explainable by the severity of ADHD core symptoms and associated psychopathology. Although EL symptoms are transmitted within families, EL in children with ADHD does not increase the risk of ADHD and ODD in their siblings.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童父母养育方式调查

目的分析注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的行为特征及父母养育态度和行为特征,探讨其临床干预方式。方法采用Conners父母问卷(PSQ)和父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU),对146例6～15岁ADHD儿童及父母进行问卷调查分析。结果与常模对比,ADHD儿童在品行问题、学习问题、心身障碍、冲动-多动、焦虑和多动指数6个因子差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);ADHD家庭父亲在养育过程中的情感温暖、理解,惩罚、严厉,偏爱被试,拒绝、否认,过度保护5个因子差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);母亲在养育过程中情感温暖、理解,拒绝、否认,惩罚、严厉和偏爱被试4个因子差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 ADHD儿童的父母存在不恰当的养育态度和行为,提示对ADHD儿童应根据个体情况给予药物治疗、心理干预和父母不良教养方式纠正等临床综合治疗。     

心理行为干预联合生物反馈对学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的疗效分析

目的 探讨心理行为干预联合生物反馈治疗对学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患儿的疗效。方法 选择注意力缺陷型、多动-冲动型及复合型学龄前ADHD患儿各60例作为研究对象。按照干预措施前瞻性随机分为对照组、心理行为组、生物反馈组和综合组，治疗4个月后评估注意力集中时间及Conners父母量表（PSQ量表）的冲动-多动、多动指数评分。结果 治疗后心理行为组、生物反馈组和综合组中，三种类型患儿注意力集中时间均明显增加（P < 0.05）。对于三种类型的患儿，采用生物反馈及综合治疗均可降低冲动-多动评分（P < 0.05）；注意力缺陷型及复合型患儿采用心理行为及综合治疗可降低多动指数评分，多动-冲动型患儿采用心理行为、生物反馈及综合治疗均可降低多动指数评分（均P < 0.05）。结论 心理行为干预联合生物反馈治疗可提高ADHD患儿注意力集中水平，改善冲动-多动及多动的行为症状，不同ADHD类型患儿治疗效果略有不同。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍症状伴焦虑症状发生的调节中介因素研究

目的 探讨儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）症状伴焦虑症状发生的调节中介因素。方法 共纳入12 271名小学生,年龄8.9±1.9岁,其中男生6 743名,女生5 508名,性别缺失20名。采用心理创伤问卷（父母版）和Conners父母用量表收集学生相关资料,问卷由学生父母填写。采用单因素分析、多因素分析和调节中介分析法处理数据。结果 单因素分析结果显示,总样本及男性和女性儿童的多动指数因子和儿童期创伤分别与焦虑因子呈正相关（P < 0.01）,ADHD和儿童期创伤正向预测焦虑障碍（P < 0.001）。多因素分析结果显示,总样本、男性和女性儿童的多动指数因子（ADHD症状）和儿童期创伤正向预测焦虑因子得分（P < 0.001）,ADHD和儿童期创伤正向预测焦虑障碍（P < 0.001）。调节中介分析结果显示,男性和女性的儿童期创伤是多动指数因子与焦虑因子间的中介因素（P < 0.05）,性别在多动指数因子与焦虑因子之间起调节作用（P < 0.001）。结论 ADHD症状/ADHD与焦虑症状/焦虑障碍关系密切。儿童期创伤在ADHD症状与焦虑症状间起中介作用,性别在ADHD症状与焦虑症状间起调节作用。     

Medium-term outcomes are comparable with short-term outcomes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treated with stimulant medication

OBJECTIVE: To compare the short- and medium-term effects of psychostimulant medication in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Seventy-three children with ADHD participated in a double-blind crossover study of dextroamphetamine (DEX) and methylphenidate (MPH; results previously reported). At the completion of this study, subjects continued to take the preferred stimulant. Subjects were restudied 6-9 months later. The principal outcome measures were the Revised Conners' Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. RESULTS: Fifty-three families (73%) returned the follow-up surveys. At 6-9 months, mean T scores were still significantly lower than the mean at baseline for all factors of both the CPRS-R and CTRS-R (P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between scores at 6-9 months and scores at the completion of the corresponding medication period in the crossover trial. CONCLUSIONS: After 6-9 months treatment with stimulant medication, ratings remained significantly better than at baseline. This suggests that the early benefits of stimulants are sustained for at least 6 months.     

Homeopathic treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial

An increasing number of parents turn to homeopathy for treatment of their hyperactive child. Two publications, a randomised, partially blinded trial and a clinical observation study, conclude that homeopathy has positive effects in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to obtain scientific evidence of the effectiveness of homeopathy in ADHD. A total of 83 children aged 6–16 years, with ADHD diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria, were recruited. Prior to the randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover study, they were treated with individually prescribed homeopathic medications. 62 patients, who achieved an improvement of 50% in the Conners Global Index (CGI), participated in the trial. Thirteen patients did not fulfill this eligibility criterion (CGI). The responders were split into two groups and received either verum for 6 weeks followed by placebo for 6 weeks (arm A), or vice-versa (arm B). At the beginning of the trial and after each crossover period, parents reported the CGI and patients underwent neuropsychological testing. The CGI rating was evaluated again at the end of each crossover period and twice in long-term follow-up. At entry to the crossover trial, cognitive performance such as visual global perception , impulsivity and divided attention, had improved significantly under open label treatment ( P<0.0001). During the crossover trial, CGI parent–ratings were significantly lower under verum (average 1.67 points) than under placebo ( P =0.0479). Long-term CGI improvement reached 12 points (63%, P <0.0001). Conclusion:The trial suggests scientific evidence of the effectiveness of homeopathy in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, particularly in the areas of behavioural and cognitive functions.     

Poor utility of the age of onset criterion for DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: recommendations for DSM-V and ICD-11

Background:  To test whether the retrospective reporting of the age of onset impairment criterion for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) required in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – IV (DSM-IV) complicates identification of new and known child and adolescent cases later in life.
Methods:  A birth-records-based cohort of twins assessed at ages 7 to 19 years were blindly reassessed five years later using the MAGIC interview. Study outcome measures were differences in reported ages of onset for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD) and major depressive disorder (MDD).
Results:  For all age groups and respondents (parent on youth or youth self-report), later ages of ADHD onset were reported five years later. The same phenomenon was also present for the other diagnostic groups. Of the initial ADHD individuals who continued to meet all other ADHD criteria at follow-up, 46% failed the age of onset criterion five years later. When ignoring the age of onset criterion, late onsets of ages 7–16 years accounted for about 10% of all ADHD.
Conclusions:  Use of the DSM-IV age of onset criterion for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the assessment of adolescents and young adults results in under-identification of affected individuals. Consideration should be given to revising the current nomenclatures to reflect the reality of retrospective reporting errors in age of onset as well as the presence of late onset cases.     

父母的子女教育心理控制对伴或不伴对立违抗障碍的注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的影响

目的 从心理控制源的角度探讨父母教育对伴或不伴对立违抗障碍(ODD)的注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿的影响.方法 对湖南省长沙、益阳、娄底、郴州、水州、怀化6个城市5～17岁中小学生采用分层、随机、整群的抽样方法 进行抽样调查,共抽样9 495例儿童.采用二阶段流行病学调查方法 .第一阶段筛查,即由凋查儿童的父母、教师或抚养者填写儿童精神障碍调查筛查表(自编),凡父母或教师所填的症状筛查表有一条为"是"或ADHD、ODD诊断量表中任一个达到该疾病的诊断条目数者为筛查阳性;第二阶段为临床诊断,调查者对筛查阳性的中小学生用半定式诊断检查表和<美国精神疾病诊断与统计手册>4版进行临床诊断.确定单纯ADHD组247例,ADHD加ODD组138例,健康对照组217例.凡符合诊断标准的ADHD儿童和随机抽取的健康对照组儿童由父母填写一般情况调查表和子女教育心理控制源量表(PLOC).结果1.健康对照组与单纯ADHD组比较,母亲教育方式和父母教养态度比较差异均具有统计学意义(Pa＜0.01).健康对照组与ADHD加ODD组比较,父母亲教育方式和父母教养态度,差异均具有统计学意义(Pa＜0.01).2.单纯ADHD组与健康对照组比较,教育成效与子女对父母生活的控制因子评分较高,而父母对命运或机遇信念因子评分较低,差异均具有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).3.ADHD加ODD组与健康对照组比较,教育成效因子评分与父母对子女行为的控制因子评分较高,差异均具有统计学意义(Pa＜0.01).4.单纯ADHD组与ADHD加ODD组比较,父母对子女行为的控制因子评分较低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论父母负性心理控制源与伴或不伴ODD的ADHI)患儿的不良行为发生、发展有一定联系,应改变父母对孩子教育认知的偏差.     

功能性构音障碍的临床共患病调查及行为问题研究

目的：探讨功能性构音障碍患儿的临床共患病及行为问题。方法：对112例确诊为功能性构音障碍的患儿,采用临床调查方法及DSM-IV注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、口吃、抽动障碍及遗尿症诊断标准进行共患病调查,应用Conners父母问卷量表、儿童行为量表进行行为问题分析。结果：112例功能性构音障碍患儿中合并一种或一种以上共患病者占61.6%。中重度患儿共患病率高于轻度患儿。功能性构音障碍与语言障碍共患病率最高,为30.4%,其他依次为口吃18例(16.1%),遗尿症15例(13.4%),抽动障碍7例(6.3%)。学龄功能性构音障碍患儿与ADHD共患病率最高,达47.5%。儿童行为量表调查显示行为问题发生率为40.2%。Conners父母问卷量表调查结果显示57.1%存在一种或一种以上因子异常。结论：功能性构音障碍患儿合并共患病比例较高,且存在较多行为问题,在临床工作中应给予足够重视,注意检查及治疗。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（3）：225-228］     

Evidence for overlapping genetic influences on autistic and ADHD behaviours in a community twin sample

Background: High levels of clinical comorbidity have been reported between autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study takes an individual differences approach to determine the degree of phenotypic and aetiological overlap between autistic traits and ADHD behaviours in the general population. Methods: The Twins Early Development Study is a community sample born in England and Wales. Families with twins born in 1994–6 were invited to join; 6,771 families participated in the study when the twins were 8 years old. Parents completed the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test and the Conners’ DSM‐IV subscales. Teacher data were also collected on a sub‐sample. High scores on the Conners’ subscales were used to identify possible ADHD cases. Potential ASD cases were interviewed using the Development and Well‐Being Assessment. Multivariate structural equation model‐fitting was employed, as well as DeFries Fulker extremes analysis and liability threshold model‐fitting. Results: Significant correlations were found between autistic and ADHD traits in the general population (.54 for parent data, .51 for teacher data). In the bivariate models, all genetic correlations were >.50, indicating a moderate degree of overlap in genetic influences on autistic and ADHD traits, both throughout the general population and at the quantitative extreme. This phenotypic and genetic overlap still held when sex, IQ and conduct problems were controlled for, for both parent and teacher data. There was also substantial overlap in suspected cases (41% of children who met criteria for an ASD had suspected ADHD; 22% with suspected ADHD met criteria for an ASD). Conclusions: These results suggest there are some common genetic influences operating across autistic traits and ADHD behaviours throughout normal variation and at the extreme. This is relevant for molecular genetic research, as well as for psychiatrists and psychologists, who may have assumed these two sets of behaviours are independent.     

A comprehensive investigation of memory impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder

Background: We conducted a comprehensive and systematic assessment of memory functioning in drug‐naïve boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Methods: Boys performed verbal and spatial working memory (WM) component (storage and central executive) and verbal and spatial storage load tasks, and the spatial span, spatial executive WM, spatial recognition memory and verbal recognition memory tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Groups comprised: (a) ADHD only (N = 21); (b) ADHD+ODD (N = 27); (c) ODD only (N = 21); and (d) typically developing (TYP) boys (N = 26). Groups were matched for age (M = 9.7 years) and sex (all boys). Results: Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the presence of five factors: verbal functioning, spatial functioning, WM storage, WM central executive and long‐term memory (LTM). All three clinical groups demonstrated impaired memory performance. Boys with ODD and ODD+ADHD but not ADHD alone performed poorly on verbal memory tasks, whilst all three clinical groups showed impaired performance on spatial memory tasks. All three clinical groups performed poorly on the storage and central executive WM factors and the LTM factor. Conclusions: ADHD and ODD are characterised by impaired performance storage and central executive WM tasks and LTM tasks. This is, we believe, the first report of impaired WM and LTM performance in ODD. This study suggests that verbal memory difficulties are more closely associated with ODD than ADHD symptoms and that combined ADHD+ODD represents a true comorbidity. The data also support a small but growing number of suggestions in the literature of impaired LTM in ADHD.     

深圳市小学儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍流行病学调查

目的：调查深圳市小学儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的患病情况和行为问题。方法：采用Conners行为量表对深圳市小学1~6年级10553名学生的家长、教师进行问卷调查,对经问卷调查为ADHD行为阳性的儿童进一步采用美国精神病学会的精神障碍诊断和统计手册第 4版（DSM-Ⅳ）进行诊断。结果家长问卷和教师问卷均填写完整、合格的为 8193份。纳入研究对象年龄为7~13岁。由家长问卷量表得到ADHD行为发生率为 7.60%,由教师问卷量表得到ADHD行为发生率为5.59%。依据DSM-Ⅳ诊断ADHD 442例,总患病率为 5.39%;7～13岁各年龄组间患病率差异有统计学意义（χ2=21.613,P<0.05）,其中7～9岁各年龄组患病率较高,均在6%以上;男童患病率显著高于女童（6.65% vs 3.12%,P<0.05）。冲动多动问题（79.6%）、学习问题（60.6%）和品行问题（52.0%）是ADHD儿童较突出的行为问题,其中女童学习问题显著高于男童（83.5% vs 54.7%,P<0.01）。结论：深圳市小学儿童ADHD患病率为 5.39%,其中7~9岁儿童患病率较高;男童患病率显著高于女童;冲动多动问题、学习问题和品行问题是ADHD儿童常见的行为问题。     

Ablation of supraventricular tachycardia allows more liberal therapy in some children with attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder

Background: First‐line therapy for children with attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is stimulant medication, which may have potential cardiovascular side‐effects. In patients with supraventricular tachycardia or Wolf‐Parkinson‐White syndrome (WPW), therapy for ADHD could become challenging. The purpose of the present study was to review the authors' experience of performing electrophysiologic study (EPS) with or without ablation to determine how it affected ADHD therapy. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent EPS between 2002 and 2009 was carried out. All patients under 21 years of age who had prior diagnosis of ADHD were included. Results: Twenty patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 12.1 ± 2.7 years (range: 5.6–16.8 years). The patients were diagnosed with ADHD on average 3.9 ± 2.7 years (range: 6 months–9 years) prior to the EPS. All patients had a structurally normal heart. Sixteen patients had cardiac symptoms. Seventeen patients underwent ablation of the arrhythmia substrate (16/17, 94% successful). Three patients with asymptomatic WPW were at low risk for life‐threatening arrhythmias and did not have ablation. After the EPS, two patients had increased doses of their ADHD medications, and two patients whose health‐care providers stopped the stimulant medication prior to EPS because of recurrent tachycardia were restarted on medications. All other patients on ADHD medications continued therapy. Conclusions: EPS for risk stratification and ablation of arrhythmia substrate is safe and effective, allowing more liberal therapy in patients with ADHD and supraventricular tachycardia or WPW.     

A follow-up pilot study of objective measures in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

OBJECTIVES: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood problem requiring stimulant medications in a significant proportion of cases. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the effects of prolonged stimulant medication therapy on a continuous performance test, the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), which measures objectively features of ADHD. METHODS: Eighteen children aged 8 to 16 years who were diagnosed with ADHD, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn criteria, were included in the study. Assessment on a continuous performance test (TOVA) was performed initially and the children were administered stimulant medications for at least 12 months. The medications were stopped for 1 week, followed by a repeat TOVA assessment which was compared to the initial TOVA assessment. RESULTS: Follow up TOVA scores showed a significant improvement in mean commission errors (impulsivity) after the stimulant medication therapy. No significant improvement was found in omission errors (inattention), response time and variability. There was a significant positive correlation between commission and omission scores (P value 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study indicate that there is objective improvement in impulsivity in children with ADHD after a prolonged period of stimulant medication therapy. The study suggests that it would be useful to perform formal studies to investigate this further and also to assess the role of continuous performance test (TOVA) as a method for monitoring the need for ongoing therapy.     

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目的比较美国《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)中以注意障碍为主型(ADHD-I)、以多动/冲动为主型(ADHD-HI)和混合型(ADHD-C)的临床特点。方法将1999年9月至2004年4月北京大学精神卫生研究所门诊就诊的符合DSM-Ⅳ中的ADHD诊断标准者748例分为ADHD-I型398例,ADHD-C亚型307例和ADHD-HI亚型43例,比较3个亚型的共患疾病,以及Rutter和Conners儿童行为问卷(父母问卷)中的行为问题。结果ADHD-C亚型对立违抗性障碍、品行障碍、双相障碍-躁狂发作的共患率显著高于ADHD-I和ADHD-HI亚型(P<0·01);ADHD-I学习困难的共患率显著高于其它两组亚型(P<0·001)。Rutter儿童行为问卷中ADHD-C亚型伴有的总行为问题和A行为问题明显多于ADHD-I与ADHD-HI亚型;ADHD-I亚型伴有的M行为问题多于ADHD-C与ADHD-HI亚型(P≤0·001)。Conners儿童行为问卷中ADHD-C和ADHD-HI亚型出现品行问题、冲动和多动、多动指数问题的比例均高于ADHD-I亚型(P≤0·001)。结论ADHD-C亚型的破坏性行为问题突出,而ADHD-I亚型的学习困难问题明显。