中国社区卫生服务机构与医院协调发展战略

根据国务院要“构建城市医院与社区卫生服务机构分工合理、配合密切、互为补充、双向转诊的新型城市医疗服务体系”的意见，笔者在分析医疗机构为构建社会主义和谐社会作出了巨大的成就，主要表现在五大方面成绩的基础上，探讨了医疗卫生事业突出的问题。并就社区卫生服务的成绩和问题进行了讨论。认为中国卫生事业的发展要在医院和社区两个方面进行协同。笔者根据研究的结果创建了医院和社区改革可持续发展要考虑的模式一“54321”模式，基本含义是：5定：首诊医院（社区）、基本医疗项目质量和费用、公共卫生项目质量和费用、医疗保险费用（健康保险）、服务人群。4付：政府、保险、医院（社区）、个人方付费。3督：政府、居民、社会（第三方）。2转：首诊医院（社区）和医院双向转诊。1考：1年1次考核。     

双向转诊在分级医疗服务体系重构中的作用研究

双向转诊缺少激励与约束等相关政策、政府监督不力,这些反映了政府对双向转诊的作用和意义认识不足。双向转诊可以加快分级医疗服务体系重构的进程。其通过分流患者这一功能的发挥,增加社区医疗服务机构的下转患者,使社区医疗服务机构基于此获得医保等投入,也利于引导这些下转患者选择社区医疗机构作为首诊机构,还能增强社区医疗服务机构对医疗卫生服务人才的吸引力,进而加快社区医疗服务体系的构建。双向转诊也利于将三级医院和综合医院从常见病、小病诊治中解放,从而使其加快回归"高尖精"的医疗服务定位,进而加速"哑铃型"二级城市医疗服务体系的构建。     

中山市三乡镇社区居民双向转诊服务影响因素分析

目的：研究和分析中山市三乡镇实行双向转诊服务现状及其影响因素。方法：采用分层抽样法,抽取中山市三乡镇6间社区卫生服务站内就诊的居民进行匿名问卷调查。结果：高达90.2%的居民选择社区卫生服务机构作为首诊机构;居民双向转诊知晓率较低,高达76.9%的居民“没听说过”双向转诊制度;84.9%的居民不知道本地区社区卫生服务机构已与上级医院（二级及以上医院）间建立了双向转诊制度,但同时64.5%的居民赞成实行双向转诊制度,分别有69.2%和42.3%的居民对目前社区卫生服务机构实行的双向转诊制度和双向转诊流程感到满意。居民的年龄、职业、月收入、医疗费用支付方式和首诊机构选择是影响双向转诊服务满意的主要因素。结论：中山市三乡镇社区卫生服务机构与上级医院之间的双向转诊服务还有待进一步优化和完善,应加强其宣传力度。     

我院实施双向转诊的实践与探讨

新医改方案中明确提出了健全基层医疗卫生服务体系,建立城市医院与社区卫生服务机构的分工协作机制,引导一般诊疗下沉到基层,逐步实现社区首诊、分级医疗和双向转诊,缓解目前＂看病难、看病贵＂的就医矛盾。双向转诊是实施医疗卫生体制改革的突破方略。对双向转诊模式进行实践和研究,以期最终实现医疗资源的节约和人民群众的就医方便。     

贵州：推行“社区首诊”患者花费将减少50%

日前，从贵阳市卫生局获悉，作为贵州省社区医疗首个试点的贵阳市小河区，按照《贵阳市关于开展社区卫生双向转诊和首诊试点工作的实施意见》推行“社区首诊”和“双向转诊”医疗模式，参保人员选择社区医疗点首诊看病的个人花费将减少50％。     

二、三级医院支援社区卫生服务中心的模式探讨

探索二、三级医院支援社区卫生服务中心建设新模式,建立市、区两级医院与社区卫生服务机构的分工协作机制。市、区两级医院通过医疗质控标准整合、业务指导、信息化共建等方式,带动社区卫生服务的持续发展,引导一般诊疗下沉到基层,实现社区首诊、分级医疗和双向转诊,发展和完善社区卫生服务网络。     

基于全科医疗的“社区首诊和双向转诊责任制”政策框架及要素

社区首诊和双向转诊制度是合理配置卫生资源的核心制度之一,本质是关于病人在医疗服务体系中的进入点和流向的规则,背后隐含着众多利益相关方,其中各方权利、责任与利益分配复杂。因此,构建一个系统的政策框架,对顺利推进和不断完善社区首诊和双向转诊制度具有重要意义。本文给出以全科医疗为基础的社区首诊和双向转诊责任制(下简称"社区双诊责任制")的定义与内涵,揭示该政策的价值基础。建立包括十大要素在内的"社区双诊责任制"政策框架。描述了每一个要素所涵盖的组织,界定了政府、市场、社会和个人在其中的责任义务以及他们之间的互动关系模式,最终形成一个较为系统完整的政策框架。     

病人双向转诊意愿影响因素分析

目的：深入分析影响病人转诊意愿的影响因素，为完善双向转诊制度提供参考。方法：通过问卷调查的方式获取资料，采用logistic回归模型对资料进行分析。结果：单因素分析表明病人双向转诊意愿和通常首诊医疗机构、此次首诊医疗机构以及对首诊必须在社区的态度有关：多因素分析的结果表明病人的双向转诊意愿和病人此次首诊医疗机构以及病人对首诊，必须在社区的态度有关。结论：上转容易下转难也有需方的作用，病人有良好的首诊倾向对双向转诊实施有促进作用，加大对首诊在社区的宣传对双向转诊的推行有重要意义。     

关于推进基层公立医院分级诊疗体系的调查与思考——以湖南省湘潭市为例

介绍了湘潭市全面启动县级公立医院综合改革、创建湘潭市医疗联合体、开展分级医疗试点、推进二、三级医院对县级医院对口支援、加大基层公立医院分级诊疗体系的宣传力度、加强医疗卫生监督队伍与监督信息化建设等一系列措施。通过基层首诊、双向转诊、急慢分治、上下联动的分级诊疗模式的建立,在由单向就诊变双向转诊、建立医疗信息化、培养全科医生、破除以药补医传统、推进区域医疗资源共享、健全现代医院管理制度等方面取得了显著成效。同时对推进基层公立医院分级诊疗体系中存在的如医疗卫生资源分配不均、医院功能及定位不明确,双向转诊制度难以落实等问题提出了具体对策。     

分级分段医疗不能成为“空中楼阁”

卫生部副部长马晓伟强调,当前,我国医疗服务体系只看急性病,不看慢性病,只管手术,不管恢复,服务体系是一个“平面体系”不是“立体体系”。因此,应通过改革,县医院与基层医疗卫生机构必须形成“基层首诊、分级医疗、双向转诊”的医疗服务模式。     

健康公平性概述

健康公平性在国际上得到广泛关注,各国把消除健康不公平作为卫生改革与发展的主要目标。本文就健康公平性的内涵进行梳理,为我国健康公平性内涵和测量研究提供参考。     

The Communication Infrastructure as a Social Determinant of Health: Implications for Health Policymaking and Practice

Policy Points

• Persistent communication inequalities limit racial/ethnic minority access to life‐saving health information and make them more vulnerable to the effects of misinformation.
•  Establishing data collection systems that detect and track acute gaps in the supply and/or access of racial/ethnic minority groups to credible health information is long overdue.
• Public investments and support for minority‐serving media and community outlets are needed to close persistent gaps in access to credible health information.

     

The Impact of Medical Home on Selected Children's Health Outcome

Medical Home practice has been shown to deliver effective health care to children. This practice model calls for providing patient-centered care that is compassionate, culturally effective, coordinated, integrated, safe, of high quality, and accessible. This study shows that children in the states with a higher amount of Medical Home received childhood vaccinations at a higher rate than others. However, Medical Home had a limited effect on the rate of children receiving dental/medical services, mental health services, or number of overweight children.     

Policy Commercializing Nonprofits in Health: The History of a Paradox From the 19th Century to the ACA

Policy Points:

• Health policy in the United States has, for more than a century, simultaneously and paradoxically incentivized the growth as well as the commercialization of nonprofit organizations in the health sector.
• This policy paradox persists during the implementation of the Affordable Care Act of 2010.

Context

For more than a century, policy in the United States has incentivized both expansion in the number and size of tax-exempt nonprofit organizations in the health sector and their commercialization. The implementation of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) began yet another chapter in the history of this policy paradox.

Methods

This article explores the origin and persistence of the paradox using what many scholars call “interpretive social science.” This methodology prioritizes history and contingency over formal theory and methods in order to present coherent and plausible narratives of events and explanations for them. These narratives are grounded in documents generated by participants in particular events, as well as conversations with them, observing them in action, and analysis of pertinent secondary sources. The methodology achieves validity and reliability by gathering information from multiple sources and making disciplined judgments about its coherence and correspondence with reality.

Findings

A paradox with deep historical roots persists as a result of consensus about its value for both population health and the revenue of individuals and organizations in the health sector. Participants in this consensus include leaders of governance who have disagreed about many other issues. The paradox persists because of assumptions about the burden of disease and how to address it, as well as about the effects of biomedical science that is translated into professional education, practice, and the organization of services for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of illness.

Conclusions

The policy paradox that has incentivized the growth and commercialization of nonprofits in the health sector since the late 19th century remains influential in health policy, especially for the allocation of resources. However, aspects of the implementation of the ACA may constrain some of the effects of the paradox.     

Understanding population health terminology

Population health is a relatively new term, with no agreement about whether it refers to a concept of health or a field of study of health determinants. There is debate, sometimes heated, about whether population health and public health are identical or different. Discussions of population health involve many terms, such as outcomes, disparities, determinants, and risk factors, which may be used imprecisely, particularly across different disciplines, such as medicine, epidemiology, economics, and sociology. Nonetheless, thinking and communicating clearly about population health concepts are essential for public and private policymakers to improve the population's health and reduce disparities. This article defines and discusses many of the terms and concepts characterizing this emerging field.     

1994年全国学校卫生现状抽样调查──2000年学校卫生发展战略目标与对策研究之一

全国抽样调查561所城乡中小学校的学校卫生现状。结果表明,我国城乡中小学校的学校卫生现状具有两大特点:其一,学校卫生发展呈现出以经济发达地区城市中学领先、经济欠发达地区乡村小学明显滞后的总态势。其二,学校卫生三个维度发展不平衡,健康环境明显落后于健康服务和健康教育。     

Adolescent Health: Priorities for the Next Millennium

There have been dramatic changes in adolescent health status over the past decade that have resulted from successful interventions. Overall mortality rates are down 14%, and many morbidities have declined. Today we know many of the elements that reduce risk: parental caring and connectedness, parental expectations for school and parent availability all outweigh family structure, ethnicity, and income. Likewise, schools can be extremely protective when young people feel connectedness. Factors associated with successful interventions include: strengthening families; strengthening educational involvement; expanding economic opportunities; and supporting youth development, not just problem reduction. Priorities for the next decade include: establishing resiliency-building interventions; developing positive correlates of negative behaviors; establishing broader multisectorial interdisciplinary teams; and formulating a new, more inclusive framework for adolescent health and development.