鼻通气手术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的疗效

目的：探讨鼻通气手术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效。方法：71例OSAHS患者经多道睡眠图(PSG)监测确诊，同时应用纤维鼻咽喉镜及电视摄像系统检查确定存在鼻阻塞性病变并行鼻通气手术，分析术后Epworth 嗜睡(ESS)评分及PSG主要监测指标的变化。结果：ESS评分由术前的14.8±5.2下降为9.7±4.6（t=6.19, P=0.00）,差异有统计学意义。术后PSG监测显示，显效8例，有效29例，无效34例。睡眠结构分析表明，鼻通气手术后觉醒时间明显减少，浅睡眠〔非快速眼动睡眠(NREM)1期〕明显减少，中度睡眠（NREM 2期）明显增多， 快速眼动睡眠(REM)睡眠明显增多（P＜0.01）；深度睡眠（NREM 3+4期）差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。PSG主要指标呼吸暂停指数(AI)、低通气指数(HI)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)、微觉醒指数和鼾声指数术后均明显好转，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01），而呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)和体重指数(BMI)手术前后差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：鼻通气手术对存在鼻阻塞性病变的OSAHS患者有一定的治疗作用，应纳入整个OSAHS治疗计划中；OSAHS患者行鼻部手术后再行PSG监测对选择腭咽部术式有指导意义。     

体位改变对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者睡眠结构和呼吸事件的影响

目的：研究OSAHS患者体位改变对睡眠结构、呼吸事件的影响并进行相关分析。方法：对80例OSAHS患者行ESS嗜睡量表评分,并按AHI分为OSAHS轻度组（5≤AHI〈15）、中度组（15≤AHI〈30）和重度组（AHI≥30）,比较不同程度的OSAHS患者在不同体位时的睡眠结构、呼吸事件之间的差异。结果：体位发生改变时,OSAHS重度组与轻、中度组比较,REM%、NREM%、NREM LSaO2、RDI、仰卧位呼吸暂停指数（SAHI）及侧卧位呼吸暂停指数（L-AHI）差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。OSAHS重度组与轻度组比较,MSaO2、LSaO2差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。OSAHS中度组与轻度组比较,LSaO2、REM LSaO2及RDI差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。3组的LT%均高于ST%,但其差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。S-AHI、L-AHI与轻、中度组ESS评分无相关性（P〉0.05）,而L-AHI与重度ESS评分极显著性相关（r=0.551,P〈0.01）,REM L-AHI和NREM L-AHI与重度ESS评分极显著性相关（r分别为0.516、0.528,均P〈0.01）。结论：L-AHI、NREM LAHI、REM L-AHI和NREM LSaO2可作为监测重度OSAHS严重程度的稳定参数,而REM LSaO2主要反映轻、中度OSAHS患者的病情严重程度。     

不同年龄阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者的睡眠监测

目的：分析不同年龄阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS) 患者的多导睡眠监测特点。方法:比较青年组72例、中年组219例、老年组28例的多导睡眠监测(polysomnography, PSG) 资料。结果:青年组呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index, AHI) 平均(53.5±31.4) 次/h最高,中年组次之(44.1±25.9) 次/h,老年组最低（25.9±18.2）次/h,3组之间均存在差异有统计学意义（P＞0.05）。睡眠结构3组类似。最低血氧饱和度（SaO2）以青年组降低最为明显,中年组、老年组次之。3组之间在呼吸紊乱导致的微觉醒指数(arousal index, ArI)及一夜睡眠中总的微觉醒指数均差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而腿动性微觉醒指数和自发性微觉醒指数差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论: OSAHS患者以青年组呼吸紊乱及缺氧程度最严重,中年组次之,老年组病情最轻,但睡眠结构紊乱的程度基本接近。     

141例中年期阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压患者的睡眠监测分析

目的分析中年期阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS) 合并高血压患者的多导睡眠监测特点。方法对中年期OSAHS患者141例中并高血压者69例（高血压组）、血压正常者72例（对照组）,进行两组间多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)资料的比较。结果高血压组患者体块指数(body mass index,BMI)平均(30.67±3.46)kg/m2,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);高血压组呼吸暂停低通气指数 (apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)平均(54.59±26.48),明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);高血压组最低血氧饱和度明显低于对照组(P＜0.05)。睡眠结构比较显示,高血压组和对照组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论中年期高血压OSAHS患者呼吸暂停指数及最低血氧饱和度明显重于血压正常OSAHS患者,但睡眠结构紊乱的程度基本接近。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征快动眼与非快动眼分型的多道睡眠图分析

目的 通过比较阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)快动眼(REM)与非快动眼(NREM)分型的多道睡眠图(PSG)分析,探讨OSHAS的发生机制.方法 采用Siddiqui方法,将137例成年OSAHS患者根据不同睡眠期的呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分为REM型(REM期AHI/NREM期AHI>1)及NREM型(REM期AHI/NREM期AHI<1),比较两型间总体及各程度分组中PSG参数的差异.结果 REM型OSHAS患者72例(52.6%),NREM型65例(47.4%).REM型OSAHS患者的AHI和NREM期AHI较NREM型患者低,而最低血氧饱和度(lowest arterial oxygensaturation,LSaO_2)、REM期LSaO_2和NREM期LSaO_2均较NREM型高(t值分别为-6.466、-7.638、3.426、2.472和4.873,P值均<0.05);两型间的睡眠结构、REM期AHI的差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).OSAHS轻、中、重3组中,REM型的构成比呈下降趋势,分别为77.8%、61.5%、37.3%;NREM型的构成比则逐渐升高,分别为22.7%、38.5%、62.7%(x~2=16.996,P<0.01).轻度组与中度组中,NREM型OSAHS患者的REM期LSaO_2较REM型高,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.273和-2.136,P值均<0.05),两型间AHI、LSaO_2、NREM期LSaO_2的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).重度组中NREM型患者的AHI高于REM型,而LSaO_2、REM期LSaO_2及NREM期LSaO_2则低于REM型,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.943、2.574、1.996和3.571,P值均≤0.05).两型OSAHS患者的睡眠潜伏期、睡眠有效率差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 REM型主要分布于轻、中度OSAHS,而NREM型主要分布于重度OSAHS,NREM型患者的呼吸事件发生率、缺氧情况可能更重些.发生于不同睡眠分期的呼吸暂停可能对患者的睡眠结构、睡眠效率及睡眠潜伏期影响不大.     

不同睡眠期的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征严重程度

目的:普遍认为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者快动眼睡眠期(REM)病情严重程度要比慢动眼睡眠期(NREM)重,通过对OSAHS患者REM期和NREM期临床及睡眠监测指标的比较分析,探讨不同睡眠期对OSAHS病情严重程度的影响.方法:回顾进行睡眠监测并诊断为OSAHS的118例患者,比较REM期睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHIREM)和NREM期AHI(AHINREM)的差别.并根据AHIREM和AHINREM将其分为2组:一组为AHIREM≥AHINREM组,另一组为AHIREM＜AHINREM组.比较2组在性别、年龄、体质指数(BMI)、病情严重程度、最低血氧饱和度(Min SaO2)及平均呼吸暂停时间的差别.结果:AHIREM和AHINREM比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.0,P≥0.05);AHIREM/ AHINREM为1.0±0.5;118例OSAHS患者中,AHIREM＜AHINREM组占55.9%;2组在性别、年龄、BMI、 AHI、仰卧位时AHI(AHIsupine)、Min SaO2和平均呼吸暂停时间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论:不同睡眠期的OSAHS病情严重程度差异无统计学意义.     

不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的睡眠监测特点

目的：分析不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)和单纯鼾症的多导睡眠监测特点。方法:应用32导多导睡眠监测仪(PSG)对睡眠打鼾成人183例行整夜睡眠监测，并按照呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）对患者进行分组，分为单纯鼾症组(Ⅰ组)、轻度OSAHS组（Ⅱ组）、中度OSAHS组（Ⅲ组）和重度OSAHS组（Ⅳ组）。比较各组间的PSG检测结果。结果：4组患者的年龄、NREM2期、NREM4期、大于1.5?min的觉醒次数间无差异，NREM 1期、NREM 3期、REM期、最长呼吸暂停时间总体上有差异，差异表现在Ⅰ组与Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间，Ⅱ组与Ⅳ组之间，且REM期在各组中都与正常值间有明显差异，最低血氧饱和度和微觉醒指数在各组间均存在明显差异，与严重程度有相关关系。结论：患者的严重程度与睡眠结构的改变部分相关，而与缺氧和微觉醒成明显相关，疾病越严重，缺氧和微觉醒越明显     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者睡眠结构的研究

目的：研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHs)及单纯鼾症的睡眠结构,探讨患者白天嗜睡等症状的原因。方法：对46例OSAHs患者(OSAHs组)、16例单纯鼾症(鼾症组)及20例正常人(对照组)进行睡眠监测,对非快速眼动(NREM)、快速眼动(REM)睡眠各期所占比例计算其百分比,并统计呼吸紊乱指数(RDI)、呼吸暂停指数(AI)、低通气指数(HD．观察OSAHS患者和单纯鼾症患者在睡眠时总的微觉醒指数(MI,次／h)、伴呼吸紊乱的MI、伴腿动的MI、伴鼾声的MI、自发性MI的差别。结果：OSAHS患者有明显的睡眠结构紊乱,其浅睡眠明显增多,深睡眠明显减少,睡眠结构不全,有明显的REM睡眠剥夺现象,醒觉时间明显延长．OSAHS患者在其仅有的浅睡眠中伴有明显多的微觉醒,并且这种微觉醒伴有明显多的腿动和(或)呼吸紊乱,OSAHS患者的自发性微觉醒也明显增多。结论：OSAHS患者睡眠时的睡眠剥夺,特别是REM期睡眠剥夺、频繁唤醒、睡眠结构紊乱及呼吸紊乱引起的减血氧而导致的脑代谢紊乱,是其白天嗜睡、乏力、记忆力减退的直接原因。     

扁桃体腺样体肥大患儿睡眠变化相关因素及术后分析

目的探讨扁桃体腺样体肥大患儿的睡眠变化相关因素及术后分析。方法对在我院行睡眠监测并诊断为OSAHS的184例,将其数据分为2组,其中30≤AHI为71例,AHI>30为113例,患儿进行归纳总结:患儿术前两组的基本情况、睡眠参数(低通气指数,呼吸紊乱指数,平均血氧,最低血氧,体重指数,REM,NREM,深睡,浅睡),并在两组间进行统计学分析。术后所有入组患儿再次复查多导睡眠监测,比较术前及术后两组患儿的AHI结果。结果患儿的平均血氧、低通气指数(OAHI)、快动眼睡眠(REM)、NREM及深睡比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),且BMI与AHI呈相关性。结论肥胖是影响OSAHS严重程度的重要因素,患儿的低通气指数、呼吸紊乱指数、平均血氧、最低血氧、体重指数、REM、NREM、深睡、浅睡与病情严重程度明显相关,儿童睡眠时低氧血症的严重程度与AHI明显相关。且行扁桃体及(或)腺样体切除术后,患者呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)明显好转与术前对比,具有统计学意义,P<0.01。     

觉醒在儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征中的变化与意义

目的：探讨觉醒在儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）中的变化与意义。方法：采用32导PSG监测仪，Polysmith睡眠分析软件，按国际通用标准导联连接方法，对48例睡眠呼吸障碍儿童进行整夜监测。按国际通用标准，对比分析OSAHS患儿（OSAHS组）与单纯打鼾儿童（单纯打鼾组）的觉醒变化。结果：OSAHS组的学龄前亚组和学龄期亚组非快速眼动期（NREM）1、2、3期加4期和快速眼动期（REM）几项指标，分别与单纯打鼾组的学龄前亚组和学龄期亚组比较，差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）；而伴AHI觉醒指数（ArI）、伴腿动（LM）的ArI和总ArI指数OSAHS组的学龄前亚组均明显高于单纯打鼾组的学龄前亚组（均P〈0．05）；而伴鼾声ArI、自发性ArI分别与单纯打鼾组的学龄前亚组和学龄期亚组比较，差异均无统计学意义（均P〉O．05）。结论：OSAHS组患儿的睡眠为不安定睡眠，这种睡眠虽未造成睡眠结构的改变，但引起伴AHI的ArI、伴LM的ArI与总ArI数量的增加。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.