The role of diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of oral diseases

Diet plays an important role in preventing oral diseases including dental caries, dental erosion, developmental defects, oral mucosal diseases and, to a lesser extent, periodontal disease. This paper is intended to provide an overview of the evidence for an association between diet, nutrition and oral diseases and to clarify areas of uncertainty. Undernutrition increases the severity of oral mucosal and periodontal diseases and is a contributing factor to life-threatening noma. Undernutrition is associated with developmental defects of the enamel which increase susceptibility to dental caries. Dental erosion is perceived to be increasing. Evidence suggests that soft drinks, a major source of acids in the diet in developed countries, are a significant causative factor. Convincing evidence from experimental, animal, human observational and human intervention studies shows that sugars are the main dietary factor associated with dental caries. Despite the indisputable role of fluoride in the prevention of caries, it has not eliminated dental caries and many communities are not exposed to optimal quantities of fluoride. Controlling the intake of sugars therefore remains important for caries prevention. Research has consistently shown that when the intake of free sugars is < 15 kg/person/year, the level of dental caries is low. Despite experimental and animal studies suggesting that some starch-containing foods and fruits are cariogenic, this is not supported by epidemiological data, which show that high intakes of starchy staple foods, fruits and vegetables are associated with low levels of dental caries. Following global recommendations that encourage a diet high in starchy staple foods, fruit and vegetables and low in free sugars and fat will protect both oral and general health.     

A review of hypersomolar hyperglycemic nonketotic dehydration (HHND): etiology, pathophysiology and prevention during intravenous hyperalimentation.

The records of 200 patients, nutritionally supported by synthetic means, were reviewed for evidence of clinical hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic dehydration (HHND). There was a 3% incidence of morbidity, with a single mortality. Laboratory values demonstrated a positive correlation between persistent glucosuria and HHND. The pathophysiology of HHND demonstrated a relative insulin lack with sufficient insulin to prevent lipolysis, but insufficient to prevent hyperglycemia, glucosuria and osmotic diuresis. The mechanism and management of the pseudodiabetes of stress is reviewed. It is concluded that HHND is an avoidable iatrogenic morbidity. Prevention of osmotic diuresis secondary to glucosuria and, therefore, prevention of HHND is achieved by providing exogenous insulin sufficient to prevent glucosuria.     

Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases

Background

Vegetables and fruit provide a significant part of human nutrition, as they are important sources of nutrients, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals. However, it is uncertain whether the risk of certain chronic diseases can be reduced by increased consumption of vegetables or fruit by the general public, and what strength of evidence has to be allocated to such an association.

Methods

Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the studies available in the literature and the respective study results has been performed and evaluated regarding obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, cancer, chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, osteoporosis, eye diseases, and dementia. For judgement, the strength of evidence for a risk association, the level of evidence, and the number of studies were considered, the quality of the studies and their estimated relevance based on study design and size.

Results

For hypertension, CHD, and stroke, there is convincing evidence that increasing the consumption of vegetables and fruit reduces the risk of disease. There is probable evidence that the risk of cancer in general is inversely associated with the consumption of vegetables and fruit. In addition, there is possible evidence that an increased consumption of vegetables and fruit may prevent body weight gain. As overweight is the most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, an increased consumption of vegetables and fruit therefore might indirectly reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Independent of overweight, there is probable evidence that there is no influence of increased consumption on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is possible evidence that increasing the consumption of vegetables and fruit lowers the risk of certain eye diseases, dementia and the risk of osteoporosis. Likewise, current data on asthma, COPD, and RA indicate that an increase in vegetable and fruit consumption may contribute to the prevention of these diseases. For IBD, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, there was insufficient evidence regarding an association with the consumption of vegetables and fruit.

Conclusions

This critical review on the associations between the intake of vegetables and fruit and the risk of several chronic diseases shows that a high daily intake of these foods promotes health. Therefore, from a scientific point of view, national campaigns to increase vegetable and fruit consumption are justified. The promotion of vegetable and fruit consumption by nutrition and health policies is a preferable strategy to decrease the burden of several chronic diseases in Western societies.     

Role of environmental factors of an industrial city in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases in children

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among 2840 children aged 6 to 15 years and 7000 neonates in two Orenburg districts was studied. High environmental pollution in one of the study districts promotes the high spread of cardiovascular diseases among children.     

Role of the family in the prevention of diseases of the oral cavity in children

Sociohygienic studies of hygienic knowledge with regard to prevention of dental diseases in children were carried out in 456 mothers and their 15-year-old schoolchildren in Ufa. The respondents were interviewed using specially designed questionnaires. The results allowed the authors characterize the performance of medical functions by parents from families differing by well-being and their role in hygienic upbringing of children.     

疾控专业机构做好慢性病防控的思考

2010年开始,原卫生部开展了慢性病综合防治示范区工作,已在全国建成多个慢性病综合防控示范区。2012年5月8日,原卫生部等15个部门联合印发《中国慢性病防治工作规划（2012—2015）》,提出“十二五”时期是加强慢性病防治的关键时期,要把加强慢性病防治工作作为改善民生、推进医改的重要内容。     

Integrated programme for noncommunicable diseases prevention and control (NCD)

In spite of the difference between developed and developing countries, health conditions change in a predictable pattern: the mortality and morbidity rates caused by infectious diseases decline while the rates related to non-infectious pathology increase. Taking into account the increasing importance of noncommunicable diseases, the majority of countries are developing a set of disease-oriented (cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc.) prevention and control programmes as well as factor-oriented programmes such as anti-smoking, alcohol abuse and nutrition. The Integrated Programme for Community Health in Noncommunicable Diseases, which is being developed both in WHO headquarters and in the Regional Offices, aims to amalgamate into one programme activities directed at influencing a group of risk factors common to several of the most important noncommunicable diseases. The four main directions being developed for the realization of this programme are: experimental testing, mathematical modelling, training activity and research development: At present WHO headquarters: has established 18 demonstration projects in 15 countries for experimental testing of different intervention programmes; is collecting mathematical models for prediction of efficacy and effectiveness of different alternatives and scenarios; is developing different types of training courses; is investigating the competing risk among noncommunicable diseases and time lag for different intervention programmes, etc. In order to develop all these directions many collaborating centres are participating, and close cooperation with some nongovernmental organizations has been established.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

硒的功能及其相关疾病

硒是人体必需的微量元素之一,在机体有广泛而重要的生理功能其最主要功能是抗氧化功能,此外还可以促进机体免疫功能、调控基因表达、促进机体基础代谢、减弱微量元素的毒性。参与多种疾病的发生发展,尤其与心血管疾病、糖尿病、肿瘤及艾滋病等密切相关。因此硒在人类健康中的重要地位开始被人们所重视。     

Health-enhancing physical activity and the prevention of chronic diseases — An epidemiological review

Objectives:  

To review the epidemiological evidence on the health-enhancing physical activity recommendation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American College for Sports Medicine (ACSM).