病毒性疫苗渗透压摩尔浓度的质量控制

目的  通过检测6种病毒性疫苗成品的渗透压摩尔浓度,比较不同疫苗检测均值的差异,并观察同种疫苗检测值的批间稳定性,为增加病毒性疫苗质量控制手段提供依据。方法  采用冰点下降法检测麻疹减毒活疫苗、风疹减毒活疫苗、麻疹腮腺炎联合减毒活疫苗、麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗、水痘减毒活疫苗、流感病毒裂解疫苗的渗透压摩尔浓度,对检测值进行统计学处理,计算变异系数。以麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗的渗透压摩尔浓度检测均值作为对照,进行方差齐性检验及假设检验,比较各疫苗检测均值的差异。结果  麻疹腮腺炎联合减毒活疫苗与对照相比,均值差异无统计学意义（t=1.66,P>0.05）;麻疹减毒活疫苗、风疹减毒活疫苗、水痘减毒活疫苗及流感病毒裂解疫苗与对照相比,均值差异均有统计学意义（Z>1.96,P<0.001）。同种疫苗批间渗透压摩尔浓度较为稳定,变异系数均<3%,变化幅度能控制在90%~110%均值范围内。结论  6种病毒性疫苗渗透压摩尔浓度存在一定差异,但同种疫苗检测值批间稳定性较好,因此,应根据不同疫苗的渗透压摩尔浓度,分别制定质量控制标准。     

国产重组人干扰素α2b注射剂渗透压摩尔浓度测定结果分析

摘 要 目的： 考察国产重组人干扰素α2b注射剂的渗透压摩尔浓度,为该品种渗透压摩尔浓度质量标准的完善提供依据。方法: 抽取9家企业的66批产品,根据《中国药典》2010年版三部测定其渗透压摩尔浓度,并对测定结果进行统计分析。结果: 渗透压摩尔浓度的合格率为98.5%,90%以上的批次渗透压摩尔浓度在企业规定的渗透压摩尔浓度中间值的85% ～ 115%之间。结论:对国产重组人干扰素α2b注射剂渗透压摩尔浓度的质控状况有了比较全面的了解,为渗透压摩尔浓度质量标准的完善提供了数据支持。     

吡诺克辛钠滴眼液渗透压测定

目的:探讨渗透压计测定吡诺克辛钠滴眼液渗透压摩尔浓度方法的可行性和准确性。方法:使用渗透压计测定吡诺克辛钠滴眼液的渗透压摩尔浓度,并对其渗透压摩尔浓度进行稳定性考察。结果:不同配方吡诺克辛钠滴眼液的渗透压摩尔浓度符合眼用制剂的要求。经过室温留样渗透压摩尔浓度没有明显变化,表明该制剂质量稳定。结论:该方法简便、快速、实用,可作为吡诺克辛钠滴眼液渗透压检测的方法。     

六种静脉输液品种渗透压摩尔浓度考察结果分析

目的：探讨静脉输液渗透压摩尔浓度存在的问题。方法：通过对6种静脉输液品种的渗透压摩尔浓度进行考察,对发现的问题进行分析。结果：大多数考察样品渗透压摩尔浓度测定结果偏低渗;不同生产企业的同一品种,渗透压摩尔浓度测定结果相差大;同一生产企业不同批次的同一品种,渗透压摩尔浓度测定结果也存在差异。结论：为确保临床用药安全、有效,企业应重视对静脉输液渗透压摩尔浓度的控制,并在质量标准中制订合理的渗透压摩尔浓度限度。     

国内外人血白蛋白产品的渗透压摩尔浓度抽验结果及质量分析

目的：采用冰点降低法考察国内外人血白蛋白产品的渗透压现状,为提高该品种的质量标准和工艺水平提供数据参考。方法：按照《中国药典》2015年版四部通则,采用冰点降低法测定抽样的33家国内外企业生产的153批人血白蛋白的渗透压摩尔浓度。结果：浓度为10%的人血白蛋白渗透压摩尔浓度范围在240～253 mOsmol·kg-1之间;浓度为20%的人血白蛋白渗透压摩尔浓度范围在218～337 mOsmol·kg-1之间;浓度为25%的人血白蛋白仅抽到1批,渗透压摩尔浓度为258 mOsmol·kg-1;国产人血白蛋白渗透压摩尔浓度范围在237~337 mOsmol·kg-1之间;进口人血白蛋白渗透压摩尔浓度范围在218~333 mOsmol·kg-1之间。结论：国内外企业生产的人血白蛋白均符合2015年版《中国药典》相关要求,国产人血白蛋白中渗透压摩尔浓度整体质量控制较好,接近正常人体液渗透压摩尔浓度平均水平;由于人血白蛋白中渗透压摩尔浓度与钠离子含量呈显著相关,而我国药典及企业注册标准均未规定钠离子含量下限,致使不同生产企业间的渗透压差别较大,有必要进一步调整人血白蛋白质量标准中渗透压摩尔浓度限度范围,促使企业进一步提高人血白蛋白生产工艺。     

流感病毒裂解疫苗无菌检查法的建立

目的建立流感病毒裂解疫苗的无菌检查法。方法采用薄膜过滤法进行该产品的无菌检查,以0．1mol/L的硫代硫酸钠溶液作为稀释剂,6种验证菌均能够生长良好,该方法可行。结果与结论采用硫代硫酸钠作为中和剂,该中和剂能够消除流感病毒裂解疫苗中硫柳汞防腐剂的抑菌作用,运用此方法成功的建立了流感病毒裂解疫苗的无菌检查法。     

流感病毒H7N9型裂解疫苗动物安全性评价

目的 对流感病毒H7N9型裂解疫苗进行动物局部安全性评价。方法 家兔肌肉刺激试验:家兔后肢股四头肌im 0.5 mL流感病毒H7N9型裂解疫苗,每天给药1次,连续给药2 d,末次给药后48 h和第25天对注射部位进行肉眼和病理组织学检查。豚鼠全身主动过敏试验:豚鼠后肢隔日im 0.5 mL流感病毒H7N9型裂解疫苗,连续注射3次,于末次致敏后第14天iv给予1.0 mL的流感病毒H7N9型裂解疫苗进行激发,观察豚鼠30 min内是否出现过敏反应。急性毒性试验:小鼠后肢im 0.2 mL流感病毒H7N9型裂解疫苗,给药1次后观察小鼠的不良反应情况。结果 流感病毒H7N9型裂解疫苗可导致注射部位肌肉出现局灶性炎细胞浸润,肌间质细胞增生,条索状化脓灶,停药25 d后,上述病变消失。流感病毒H7N9型裂解疫苗豚鼠过敏反应发生率为67%,25 min内恢复正常,过敏反应评价为弱阳性到阳性;小鼠急性毒性试验未见异常。结论 流感病毒H7N9型裂解疫苗安全性良好,不影响其临床使用。     

四价流感病毒裂解疫苗车间的工程设计探讨

针对国内外主流四价流感病毒裂解疫苗的生产工艺,结合案例对四价流感病毒裂解疫苗生产车间的工艺设计和工程设计特点进行分析。     

硫酸锌滴眼液的处方改进

目的:改进硫酸锌滴眼液处方,解决原处方制剂pH及渗透压摩尔浓度不合格的问题,保证产品质量。方法:调整处方中硼酸用量(17、16、15、14、13、12、11、10 g)以配制硫酸锌滴眼液,通过测定不同处方的pH及渗透压摩尔浓度比确定硼酸最佳用量,并观察该用量是否对处方中硫酸锌的含量有影响;通过初匀速试验和留样观察试验考察改进后处方在不同温度及放置时间下的稳定性。结果:确定硼酸用量为每1 000 ml滴眼液中加入13 g,所配制剂pH及渗透压摩尔浓度比均符合要求,且不同的硼酸用量对硫酸锌的含量未见影响,在考察期内各项稳定性指标未见明显变化。结论:改进后处方更能保证该制剂的质量。     

血液保存液Ⅱ（ACD-B）渗透压的冰点降低法考察

目的 利用冰点降低法考察血液保存液II(ACD-B)渗透压.方法 按照中国药典2005年版附录,采用冰点降低法测定7家企业生产的10批血液保存液II的渗透压摩尔浓度.结果 10批血液保存液II的渗透压摩尔浓度分布在240～270 mOsmol/kg,为等渗溶液.结论 血液保存液II的渗透压与与保存质量密切相关,建议在质量标准中增加渗透压检查项目.     

流感病毒裂解疫苗的稳定性观察

目的 观察国产流感病毒裂解疫苗（流感疫苗）的稳定性。方法 取58批上海生物制品研究所有限责任公司（上海公司）2011－2018年生产的流感疫苗,按照国家食品药品监督管理总局批准的流感疫苗注册标准和中国药典的要求进行各项检定,在0月和12个月做全项检定,在3、6、9个月进行血凝素含量检测。结果 流感疫苗在有效期内各项指标检定结果均符合注册标准和药典要求。各型流感病毒株血凝素含量均为配制量的80%~120%。结论 上海公司生产的流感疫苗质量稳定。     

人甲型H7N9禽流感全病毒灭活疫苗和裂解疫苗在小鼠中的免疫原性研究

 目的   比较人甲型H7N9禽流感全病毒灭活疫苗和裂解疫苗在小鼠中的免疫原性,为该疫苗的类型选择提供初步依据。 方法   采用相同血凝素含量（5 μg）的H7N9全病毒灭活和裂解疫苗（含或不含氢氧化铝佐剂共4种类型）,分别对BALB/c小鼠进行1针或2针免疫。免疫后,用血凝抑制（hemagglutination inhibition,HI）试验检测血清抗体滴度,比较不同类型疫苗的免疫效果。 结果   小鼠免疫1针全病毒灭活疫苗后,全部血清阳转,HI抗体几何平均滴度（geometric mean titer,GMT）为149;免疫2针后,抗体GMT为243。小鼠免疫1针裂解疫苗后无抗体阳转;免疫2针后全部抗体阳转,GMT为139。两种疫苗添加铝佐剂后,诱导的HI抗体GMT仅略有增加。 结论   H7N9全病毒灭活疫苗在小鼠中的免疫原性较强。在同样类型和剂量的情况下,裂解疫苗需要免疫两次才能达到与全病毒疫苗相同的效果。铝佐剂对免疫原性提升不明显。     

乙酰丙酮比色法在流感病毒裂解疫苗游离甲醛含量测定中的应用

 目的   验证乙酰丙酮比色法测定流感病毒裂解疫苗游离甲醛含量的可行性,并确认该法测定游离甲醛含量优于品红亚硫酸法。 方法   对乙酰丙酮比色法进行准确度、精密度、专属性、线性、耐用性验证,并将该法与品红亚硫酸法进行比较。结果 乙酰丙酮比色法的标准曲线具有可靠性,甲醛回收率均为100.3%~100.9%,相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation,RSD）为0.49%。该法的精密度和专属性良好,实验间和实验内RSD均＜5.0%,甲醛加样回收率均＞99.0%。与品红亚硫酸法相比,该法的线性更好,偏差更小。结论  乙酰丙酮比色法可用于流感病毒裂解疫苗游离甲醛含量测定。     

Phase I, randomized, controlled trial to study the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a nasal, inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine in healthy adults

We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated, split virion, trivalent, nasal influenza vaccine using lipid/polysaccharide molecules as carriers. A total of 64 adults (mean age 29; range 19-69 years) were randomly allocated to receive a mixture of lipid/polysaccharide carrier molecules and 7.5, 15, or 30 microg hemagglutinin antigen of each of the three influenza strains (A/Johannesburg/82/96 [H1N1], A/Nanchang/933/95 [H3N2], B/Harbin/07/94) or placebo via nasal spray on two occasions separated by 28 days. Adverse events were assessed immediately after immunization and for 14 days after each dose. Nasal and serum antibodies were measured before and two weeks after each dose. All but three participants completed the study; no withdrawals were because of adverse events. Adverse events were similar immediately after immunization except for anterior nasal dripping after the first dose which was more common in the combined vaccine groups (64.4%) than in the placebo group (31.3%; p < 0.05). A similar trend was observed after the second dose. Nasal dripping was also more common in the first two days after immunization in the vaccine groups than the placebo group (31.3%-50% vs. 0%) with no difference with increasing vaccine dose. The vaccine elicited a modest serum antibody response against all three viruses, with the highest dose eliciting the highest serum antibody levels. In contrast, significant nasal antibody rises were observed for all three viruses; again, the 30 microg group achieved the highest mucosal antibody levels at the earliest time points. We conclude that this trivalent, split virion, inactivated nasal influenza vaccine formulated with lipid/polysaccharide molecule carriers is well tolerated and modestly immunogenic in healthy adults.     

Development of Stable Influenza Vaccine Powder Formulations: Challenges and Possibilities

Influenza vaccination represents the cornerstone of influenza prevention. However, today all influenza vaccines are formulated as liquids that are unstable at ambient temperatures and have to be stored and distributed under refrigeration. In order to stabilize influenza vaccines, they can be brought into the dry state using suitable excipients, stabilizers and drying processes. The resulting stable influenza vaccine powder is independent of cold-chain facilities. This can be attractive for the integration of the vaccine logistics with general drug distribution in Western as well as developing countries. In addition, a stockpile of stable vaccine formulations of potential vaccines against pandemic viruses can provide an immediate availability and simple distribution of vaccine in a pandemic outbreak. Finally, in the development of new needle-free dosage forms, dry and stable influenza vaccine powder formulations can facilitate new or improved targeting strategies for the vaccine compound. This review represents the current status of dry stable inactivated influenza vaccine development. Attention is given to the different influenza vaccine types (i.e. whole inactivated virus, split, subunit or virosomal vaccine), the rationale and need for stabilized influenza vaccines, drying methods by which influenza vaccines can be stabilized (i.e. lyophilization, spray drying, spray-freeze drying, vacuum drying or supercritical fluid drying), the current status of dry influenza vaccine development and the challenges for ultimate market introduction of a stable and effective dry-powder influenza vaccine.     

Adsorbed subunit influenza vaccine: its isolation and characteristics

Experimental batches of adsorbed subunit influenza vaccine were prepared from the envelope of glycoprotein antigens separated from the influenza virion by treatment with a cationic detergent (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). Purified and concentrated influenza virus strains A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) were obtained by gradient centrifugation; additional purification, with a view to removing ovalbumin and structural components of the chorioallantoic membrane, was achieved by gelfiltration. The composition and biological properties of the vaccine are described.     

A/H5N1 prepandemic influenza vaccine (whole virion, vero cell-derived, inactivated) [Vepacel®

The influenza A subtype H5N1 virus is a likely causative agent for the next human influenza pandemic. Pandemic influenza vaccine production can begin only after a novel pandemic virus emerges. Cell-based vaccine production has advantages over conventional egg-based methods, allowing more rapid large-scale vaccine production. A reliable Vero cell culture system is available for pandemic and prepandemic influenza vaccine production. Prepandemic influenza vaccines are an important component of influenza pandemic preparedness plans, as their targeted use in the pandemic alert period or early in a pandemic is likely to mitigate the consequences of an influenza outbreak. Vepacel? is a prepandemic influenza vaccine (whole virion, Vero cell-derived, inactivated) containing antigen of H5N1 strain A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and is approved for use in the EU. Clinical immunogenicity studies with the vaccine have demonstrated good rates of functional neutralizing antibody responses against the vaccine strain (A/Vietnam/1203/2004), meeting established immunogenicity criteria for seasonal influenza vaccines, and cross-reactivity against H5N1 strains from other clades. In phase I/II and III studies, a heterologous (A/Indonesia/05/2005) booster vaccine administered to healthy adult and elderly volunteers 6-24 months after the two-dose priming vaccine (A/Vietnam/1203/2004) regimen induced good immunogenic responses against both H5N1 strains, demonstrating strong immunological memory. Broadly similar, albeit less robust, responses were observed in two special risk cohorts of immunocompromised and chronically ill patients. In general, adverse events observed in clinical immunogenicity studies with H5N1 vaccine (A/Vietnam/1203/2004) were similar to those reported with non-adjuvanted, inactivated, seasonal influenza vaccines.     

Green tea cultivar ‘Benifuuki’ potentiates split vaccine-induced immunoglobulin A production

Influenza is a widespread disease caused by infection with the influenza virus. Vaccination is considered to be the main countermeasure against influenza. A split vaccine is widely used to avoid severe adverse events, and it induces strong humoral immunity. However, the split vaccine alone cannot elicit mucosal immunity, including IgA production, and its preventative effects are limited. Here, we show that the green tea cultivar ‘Benifuuki’ extract enhanced the effect of a split vaccine on mucosal immunity. The frequency of IgA⁺ cells was increased in lung and Peyer’s patch that received Benifuuki diet. Secretion of hemagglutinin-specific mucosal IgA, which is closely linked to the prevention of viral infection, was significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of split vaccine-immunized BALB/c mice that were administered green tea Benifuuki extract. Our findings suggest that Benifuuki intake enhanced the effects of the split vaccine on mucosal immunity.     

Comparison of Serology and Reactogenicity between Influenza Subunit Vaccines and Whole Virus or Split Vaccines: A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature

Currently three different inactivated influenza vaccine types are available: whole virus (WV), split (SPL) and subunit (SU) vaccines. Physicians and patients at risk for influenza complications may wonder whether there are important differences between the vaccine types with respect to antibody induction (serology) and adverse effects (reactogenicity). A literature review (1975 to 1995) was performed to evaluate the serology and reactogenicity of SU vaccines in comparison with either split or whole virus vaccines. 22 publications with randomised allocation were identified describing a total of 5416 serological observations, 2858 observations of local reactions, and 2990 observations of systemic reactions. Subjects included those from all age groups from children to the elderly. Absolute protection and reaction rate differences (RD) were calculated for the comparisons SU vs SPL or SU vs WV vaccine. These were subjected to a method of meta-analysis, resulting in pooled rate differences and their 95% confidence intervals. With the exception of the comparison SU vs WV vaccine in subjects born after 1957 and unexposed to the reappearing H1N1 subtype after 1977, no evidence was found to suggest relevant differences in seroresponse among the three currently available inactivated influenza vaccine types. Although insufficient data were available in the meta-analysis for vaccines in children for whom specific recommendations concerning these vaccines exist, adverse events after administration of any of the three vaccine types were generally mild and transitory; however, SU vaccines were associated with a lower frequency of local and systemic reactions.