生理脱毒者药物渴求的理论维度构建和量表编制

目的：生理脱毒者药物渴求的理论维度构建和量表编制。方法：参考国内外文献,采用了访谈法和初始问卷调查法,提出了生理脱毒者药物渴求的维度结构理论假设,编制出了34个项目的预测问卷,选择符合生理脱毒标准的戒毒机构内的432人为调查对象,进行了信效度考察。结果：使用主成分分析法进行探索性因素分析,提取出五个因子,分别是奖赏性药物渴求、消极性药物渴求、反射性药物渴求、社会性药物渴求和消除性药物渴求,解释了项目总方差的56．490％,未去掉一个题项,符合理论假设;量表的α系数为0．96,折半信度为0．85,各因子的α系数为0．75-0．90,均在P〈0．01的条件下显著;验证性因素分析表明指标拟合度良好。结论：该量表理论构建合理,具有良好的信、效度,进一步完善后能成为生理脱毒者药物渴求良好的评鉴工具。     

青少年吸烟环境问卷的修订及信效度检验

目的 修订青少年吸烟环境问卷并检验其信效度。方法 以1764名中学生为被试对青少年吸烟环境问卷进行项目分析、探索性因素分析及效度分析和内部一致性分析；以1702名中学生为被试对问卷进行验证性因素分析，随机抽取200份重测样本对问卷进行重测信度分析。结果 青少年吸烟环境问卷共包含19个项目，划分为公共烟草环境、烟草获得、反烟草信息、直接吸烟环境和烟草宣传五个维度，方差的总解释率为51.798%;验证性因素分析表明，问卷具有良好的结构效度、区分效度和效标效度。总问卷内部一致性信度为0.633,各维度的内部一致性信度在0.561～0.735之间，间隔一个月后总问卷的重测信度为0.829,各维度的重测信度在0.719～0.841之间。结论 修订的青少年吸烟环境问卷信效度良好，可以作为测量青少年吸烟环境的有效工具。     

戒毒动机的结构与量表编制

目的:编制戒毒动机测量工具,并检验其信效度。方法:通过文献检索、个人访谈、专家访谈等方法,构建了戒毒动机理论的维度,形成初始量表,对200名戒毒人群初步预测并分析后,形成戒毒动机正式量表。对1380例戒毒人员进行测试(测试后有效样本为1294例),然后对量表进行项目分析、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析及信度分析。结果:戒毒动机量表包括36个条目,由5个因素组成,即趋戒-内部动机、趋戒-外部动机、避吸-内部动机、避吸-外部动机、戒毒信心,探索性因素分析各因子条目的载荷均在0.40以上,验证性因素分析各拟合指标较好,全问卷同质性信度为0.922,分半信度为0.837,重测信度为0.881,强制与自愿戒毒者、男女不同性别的戒毒动机总分与各因子得分比较,差别均有统计学意义,表明该量表区分效度好。结论:该量表具有良好的信效度,可作为戒毒动机的测量工具。     

生理脱毒者药物渴求的影响因素和特点

目的：调查了解生理脱毒者药物渴求的影响因素和特点,为戒毒工作提供实证依据。方法：使用自编的具有良好信、效度的生理脱毒者药物渴求量表,选择符合生理脱毒标准的戒毒机构内的400人为调查对象。结果：通过对不同变量在各因子和总量表上的不同表现,显示生理脱毒者的药物渴求是普遍存在的。结论：受教育程度、性别、吸食方式、年龄、吸毒时长等5个变量影响着生理脱毒者的药物渴求;与传统观点有别的是戒毒时间的长短、戒毒次数的多少、日用药量的大小均不对生理脱毒者的药物渴求形成有效影响。     

强制戒毒人员戒毒动机量表的编制

目的:基于自我决定动机理论,编制"强制戒毒人员戒毒动机量表",为戒毒工作提供科学工具.方法:招募800名强制戒毒人员参与问卷编制调查;采用文献分析、访谈、专家评议等方法编制题目,对量表进行项目分析、探索和验证性因素分析;并开展信效度检验.结果:戒毒动机量表共23个条目,分为4个维度:戒毒认同感、自责内疚、外部压力、求助...     

离退休干部主观幸福感问卷的编制及实践

目的编制军队离退休人员主观幸福感调查问卷。方法在文献回顾和半结构式访谈的基础上,结合专家意见初步编制问卷,对189名军队离退休人员进行调查,根据探索性因子分析的结果修订问卷,最后对245名军队离退休人员进行调查,分析问卷的结构、信度和效度。结果军队离退休人员主观幸福感调查问卷包括正性情感、负性情感、家庭氛围、婚姻质量、社会交往和自身健康等6个维度;问卷的内部一致性信度系数为0.842,结构效度良好。结论军队离退休人员主观幸福感调查问卷具有良好的信度和效度,可用于军队离退休人员主观幸福感状况的测量和研究。     

戒断结果期待量表的修订与信效度检验

目的 对国外成熟的有关于戒断结果期待的量表进行初步筛选，修订适用于中国戒毒人员的戒断结果期待量表，并检验其信效度。方法 通过查阅文献，选取戒烟问卷作为修订的基本量表，通过访谈法，形成初步的戒断结果期待量表。以某戒毒所的288名戒毒人员为初测对象，对获取数据进行条目分析和筛选，以及信效度检验。结果 进行探索性因素分析获得四因素结构，累计解释57.331%的总方差，结构清晰。量表总分在不同婚姻状态下差异显著。量表内部一致性系数为0.740,因子1为0.808,因子2为0.759,因子3为0.742,因子4为0.840,信度良好；重测信度系数为0.672。结论 该量表可作为中国戒毒人员评估戒断结果期待的工具。     

戒毒人员复吸倾向性量表的编制

目的:编制戒毒人员复吸倾向性量表,并对其进行信、效度检验。方法:该研究基于文献回顾、个别访谈及半开放式问卷调查,进行理论构建,编制了戒毒人员复吸倾向性问卷并正式施测于501名戒毒人员,用SPSS 19.0社会统计软件对数据进行分析。结果:探索性因素分析结果表明,戒毒人员复吸倾向性量表可解构为生理唤醒、戒毒行动、家庭关系、情绪管理、戒毒效能感5个因子。经分析,该问卷具有较好的同质性信度(α=0.951)和分半信度(0.946),其结构效度达到了心理测量学可接受的水平。结论:该问卷适用于戒毒人员复吸倾向的个体评定。     

甲基苯丙胺渴求量表在戒毒人员中应用的信效度

目的:探讨修订版甲基苯丙胺渴求量表(MA craving scale)在甲基苯丙胺成瘾戒毒人员中的适用性.方法:以460名甲基苯丙胺类成瘾的戒毒人员为施测对象,对数据进行项目分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析.结果:修订版甲基苯丙胺渴求量表共包含5个因子,总量表与分量表的内部一致性系数0.62～0.73之间,重测信度...     

戒毒人员的社会认同状况与心理健康的调查

目的：探讨戒毒人员社会认同状况与心理健康之间的关系。方法：采用社会认同量表和SCL-90症状自评量表对280名强制戒毒人员和280名非吸毒人员进行问卷调查,并进行数据分析。结果：强制戒毒人员SCL-90各因子得分均高于非吸毒人员,并存在显著性差异;戒毒人员的社会认同水平明显低于非吸毒人员（t=6．88,P〈0．001）,但在成员身份维度上,戒毒人员得分高于非吸毒人员（t=-3．587,P〈0．001）;戒毒人员的社会认同水平与SCL-90得分之间存在显著负相关（r=-0．198,P〈0．001）。结论：戒毒人员的社会认同水平与其心理健康水平存在显著负相关,可通过改善强制戒毒人员的社会认同状况提高其心理健康水平,从而巩固戒毒成效。     

美沙酮维持治疗150例海洛因依赖者对海洛因渴求度的变化及影响因素分析

目的:了解哈密市美沙酮治疗对药物成瘾者海洛因渴求度的控制情况,探讨美沙酮维持治疗患者接受治疗6个月后对海洛因渴求程度的改变情况以及影响渴求改变的可能因素。方法:采用《海洛因渴求问卷》分别在患者入组治疗时和治疗6个月后随访调查,分析美沙酮维持治疗前后患者对海洛因等毒品的渴求程度以及影响渴求程度改变的因素。结獉果獉:MMT患者治疗6个月后的海洛因渴求水平比基线时普遍下降,除"自我控制"外其他各因子得分差异均有统计学意义。150例MMT患者中有70例患者在治疗6个月后渴求总分得到改善,改善率为46.7%。结论:美沙酮维持治疗能够减少海洛因成瘾者对海洛因的渴求感,患者吸毒年限、文化程度和是否戒过毒是影响渴求的主要因素。     

强制戒毒者的成瘾程度与抑郁状况和自杀意念的相关分析

目的：探讨抑郁情绪与吸毒人群自杀意念和成瘾程度之间的关系,并为进一步认识该人群的自杀行为提供依据。方法：对甘肃省兰州市榆中县强制戒毒所中的强制戒毒人员,采用随机抽样,使用阿片成瘾严重程度量表及自杀意念自评量表和抑郁量表,采取各大队各班抽测方式进行调查。结果：共157名调查对象的问卷有效,抑郁状况为成瘾程度和自杀意念产生的中介变量。结论：强制戒毒者的抑郁程度、自杀意念的发生率都远高于一般人群。成瘾和抑郁情绪的严重程度都可作为强制戒毒者自杀意念出现的重要评定因子。     

Animal models of drug craving

Drug craving, the desire to experience the effect(s) of a previously experienced psychoactive substance, has been hypothesized to contribute significantly to continued drug use and relapse after a period of abstinence in humans. In more theoretical terms, drug craving can be conceptualized within the framework of incentive motivational theories of behavior and be defined as the incentive motivation to self-administer a psychoactive substance. The incentive-motivational value of drugs is hypothesized to be determined by a continuous interaction between the hedonic rewarding properties of drugs (incentive) and the motivational state of the organism (organismic state). In drug-dependent individuals, the incentive-motivational value of drugs (i.e., drug craving) is greater compared to non-drug-dependent individuals due to the motivational state (i.e., withdrawal) developed with repeated drug administration. In this conceptual framework, animal models of drug craving would reflect two aspects of the incentive motivation to self-administer a psychoactive substance. One aspect would be the unconditioned incentive (reinforcing) value of the drug itself. The other aspect would be relatively independent of the direct (unconditioned) incentive value of the drug itself and could be reflected in the ability of previously neutral stimuli to acquire conditioned incentive properties that could elicit drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. Animal models of drug craving that permit the investigation of the behavioral and neurobiological components of these two aspects of drug craving are reviewed and evaluated. The models reviewed are the progressive ratio, choice, extinction, conditioned reinforcement and second-order schedule paradigms. These animal models are evaluated according to two criteria that are established herein as necessary and sufficient criteria for the evaluation of animal models of human psychopathology: reliability and predictive validity. The development of animal models of drug craving will have heuristic value and allow a systematic investigation of the neurobiological mechanisms of craving.     

An integral approach to drug craving

Drug craving is thought to be a critical factor in compulsive drug use and relapse after treatment; yet there has been little attempt to integrate the disparate research and theoretical writing on the topic from neurobiology, pharmacology, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and religious/spiritual traditions into a cohesive theory of craving. As a result, the field lacks clear definitions from which to develop useful assessment tools and effective treatment interventions for craving. This article selectively reviews the current scientific literature on drug craving, and proposes a comprehensive theoretical framework that integrates western science with eastern and indigenous philosophical perspectives that have the potential to add rich texture to our understandings of craving.     

Craving-induced effects of different drug cues on persons abstaining from heroin

Background: The key factors of inducing drug cravings in persons abstaining from drug use remain a focus of addictions research. Given the accumulating evidences, the scope of cues investigated in the cue-reactivity paradigm has increased considerably. Yet, few studies have examined the effects of the intensity and endurance of different types of cues on their ability to induce craving. This study investigated differences among drug-cue words, negative physiological-cue words, and negative social-cue words in the induction of drug cravings among persons abstaining from heroin.

Methods: The sample consisted of 149 male abstinent heroin abusers from four addiction rehabilitation centers in China. Based on their abstinence lengths, they were labeled as short-term, medium-term, and long-term abstainer participants respectively. All participants completed a stress-imagery task and rated craving by visual analog scale.

Results: There was a significant interaction of cue type and abstinence length. There was no difference on the craving induced by three types of cue words in the short-term group. In the medium-term group, craving induced by negative social-cue words was significantly stronger than that by negative physiological-cue words, but not that by drug-cue words. In the long-term group, the craving induced by negative social-cue words remained the strongest, significantly stronger than that by both drug-cue words and negative physiological-cue words.

Conclusion: Negative social-cue words presented in the current study retain the ability to induce craving in heroin abstainers; this finding suggests that negative social cues encountered under more general circumstances could be a risk factor for relapse.     

海洛因依赖者医学应对方式及相关因素

目的:了解海洛因依赖者医学应对特点及其相关影响因素。方法:对186名自愿戒毒者,在脱毒治疗完成后5-15d进行调查。调查工具有自编基本项目调查表、医学应对问卷、稽延性戒断症状评定量表以及心理渴求程度Likert型分级法,将其医学应对因子得分与其他非吸毒患者进行比较,并对相关因素进行分析。结果:海洛因依赖者医学应对的“面对”因子得分较低;“回避”、“屈服”因子得分较高(P<0·001);不同性别、年龄、文化程度及职业的海洛因依赖者在医学应对方式上差异无显著性;“屈服”因子分与稽延性戒断症状及心理渴求程度呈正相关(P<0·05)。结论:缺乏面对及过多的屈服、回避是海洛因依赖者医学应对的特点,提示提高康复信心、减少稽延性戒断症状是康复的重要手段。     

Initial validation of two opiate craving questionnaires the obsessive compulsive drug use scale and the desires for drug questionnaire

In the present study, the factor structure, internal consistency, and the concurrent validity of two heroin craving questionnaires are examined. The Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) measures three factors: desire and intention, negative reinforcement, and control. The Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS) also measures three factors: thoughts about heroin and interference, desire and control, and resistance to thoughts and intention. Subjects were 102 Dutch patients who were currently in treatment for drug dependency. All proposed scales have good reliability and concurrent validity. Implementation of these instruments in both clinical and research field is advocated.