上海市农村基层医疗机构诊疗技术使用现状及合理性评价

目的掌握2011年上海市农村基层医疗机构住院病例常见病诊疗技术使用情况,并提出需淘汰和更新的技术清单,为政府推广卫生适宜技术和规范临床诊疗提供依据。方法分层选取上海市郊区两家二乙医院,采用系统抽样法调查2011年15种常见病、多发病住院病例使用的药物、检验、影像、化验、手术、康复及其它治疗措施。选取各病种临床和管理专家,咨询卫生技术应用和配置的合理性,了解需要淘汰或增加的卫生技术。结果共调查600例,男女比例约为1.2:1;冠心病、高血压、脑梗塞及慢性阻塞性肺病平均年龄大、住院时间长;正常分娩平均年龄、住院天数、平均费用均为最低值;病例主要为自费病人。卫生技术利用主要表现为药物和化验;药物的应用比例平均约为50%。慢性肾炎、脑梗塞及冠心病应用的技术种类位居前3位;平均每种化验技术使用人数均高于检查。基本需要的卫生技术约占实际应用的50%。需淘汰的种类数量为13种,需增加的为64种。其中淘汰和增加的卫生技术主要为药物。结论基层医院使用的卫生技术基本合理,但应用种类和数量较多,部分卫生技术可能需要淘汰和增加。政府应进一步加强卫生适宜技术的推广和临床诊疗技术的规范管理。     

城乡基层医疗机构常见病卫生技术利用比较分析

目的了解城乡基层医疗机构住院病人常见病卫生技术利用情况,提出建议。方法根据预调研结果,确定城乡基层医疗机构住院病人前10位常见病为研究对象;运用多阶段分层随机抽样,抽取8家城乡基层医疗机构;通过系统抽样,抽取样本医疗机构样本病种住院病历,统计住院病人基本信息及卫生技术利用情况。结果社区卫生服务中心住院病人的住院天数、检查项目、化验项目及药物使用大部分高于乡镇卫生院。结论相关部门应加大农村卫生事业投入;基层医疗机构应加强适用性基础设施建设及常规设备的配置与更新,贯彻与落实基本药物制度;各级卫生行政部门及基层医疗机构应加强医务人员基本卫生技术培训等。     

广东省基层适宜卫生技术使用现状及筛选评价探讨

通过对广东省不同经济发展水平地区的基层医疗机构进行调查,了解其治疗常见病、多发病的卫生技术使用情况,探讨技术使用环境与卫生技术使用之间的关系,为开展适宜卫生技术遴选、推广和评估提供科学依据.     

深圳市2010-2012年250宗医疗行政处罚案件分析

目的 通过对医疗行政处罚案件分析,找出医疗机构的主要违法内容,为卫生监督部门提高卫生监督执法效能提供依据.方法 对2010-2012年深圳市卫生监督局查处的250宗有证医疗机构行政处罚案件,从案件来源、违法主体、案由种类及排行等方面进行分析.结果 日常监督为案件的主要来源;社会办医疗机构所占违法主体比例最高;案由种类不断上升;违法案由以“违法发布医疗广告”、“使用非卫生技术人员从事医疗卫生技术工作”、“使用未取得处方权的人员开具处方”以及“诊疗活动超出登记范围”等四种为主.结论 卫生监督部门要在日常监督的基础上,针对社会办医疗机构重点案由进行检查,进一步规范医疗行为,保障医疗安全,减少医疗机构违法行为的发生率.     

河南省农村适宜卫生技术需求调查

目的了解农村医疗机构适宜卫生技术的项目需求和培训需求,为适宜卫生技术的科学筛选、规范培训提供参考依据。方法采用典型抽样的方法,对河南省孟州、长葛2个项目县158名从事基层医疗工作的医生进行问卷调查。结果 93.04%(147/158)的调查对象赞成适宜卫生技术在本地区推广,98.73%(156/158)的调查对象非常愿意或愿意掌握新的适宜卫生技术;15.82%的调查对象首选适合基层医疗的高血压治疗方案的推广和高血压防治网的建立作为在农村推广的适宜卫生技术;调查对象的培训需求较强。结论农村适宜卫生技术的科学筛选是保证其推广应用的基础,适宜性是筛选适宜卫生技术的要点。     

基层卫生适宜技术推广影响因素分析

目的 对浙江省农村卫生技术人员推广应用卫生适宜技术的影响因素进行分析,为今后农村卫生适宜技术的推广使用提供借鉴经验.方法 采用问卷调查的方法对1957名县乡村卫生技术人员推广使用适宜技术情况开展随访调查.结果 农村卫生技术人员推广应用卫生适宜技术与业务水平、培训方式及技术类别等因素有关,学历高的医务人员推广情况好于学历低的;西医医师技术推广情况好于计生医师,计生医师好于中医医师;集中培训的医务人员推广情况好于分级培训的医务人员.结论 探讨有效的推广模式,发挥基层卫生技术人员在卫生适宜技术推广中的作用.

Abstract：

Objectives To analyze the influence factors for promoting appropriate health technologies to rural health workers in Zhejiang province. Methods 1957 health workers from county and township levels were surveyed by questionnaires, regarding their use of appropriate technologies. Results The influence factors for rural health workers to employ such technologies include their medical competency, training approach and technical categories. Those medical workers of higher education are     

农村卫生适宜技术推广应用的技术筛选与政策思考

加强面向农村卫生适宜技术的推广是提升基层医疗卫生水平与服务能力的主要措施。卫生适宜技术其实是指医药卫生成果中适用面比较广、实用性比较强,能够被农村基础医疗机构所接受的新型医疗卫生技术。     

急性单纯性阑尾炎住院临床路径遵循情况分析

利用2010年全国城镇基本医疗保险参保住院患者医疗服务利用调查数据,对急性单纯性阑尾炎住院手术患者临床诊疗措施的实际使用情况与该病的标准临床路径进行对比分析.平均住院日比临床路径要求的7天约高出1天,其中41.9％的手术病例的住院天数超出了标准住院日;约47.5％的患者未在入院当天行急诊手术;18个平均使用率在40％以上的检查项目中,有7个项目不在临床路径规定的范围内;99.8％的病例在手术中使用过全身抗感染类药,且67％的患者同时使用了2种及以上的抗菌素.急性单纯性阑尾炎的实际诊疗措施和标准临床路径存在着较大的差异,住院流程有待于进一步优化,住院检查检验项目和抗菌药物的使用需要制订更为细致且可操作的指导原则,并强化监管.     

一起医疗机构聘用持假护士执业证人员执业案引发的思考

随着打击非法行医工作的不断深入,医疗机构使用非卫生技术人员从事卫生技术工作的现象得到了有效遏制,但部分医疗机构及人员采取伪造、借用执业证书,蒙骗患者、不配合调查,模仿执业医师签名等手段逃避卫生监督检查,给卫生监督查处工作增加难度。作者通过一起医疗机构聘用持假护士执业证书人员从事卫生技术工作的行政处罚案例进行分析和讨论,为今后查处医疗机构使用非卫生技术人员从事卫生技术工作案件提供了处罚思路,并对如何做好医疗监督服务工作提出建议和对策。     

国家卫生健康委药事管理与药物治疗学委员会成立

为进一步加强医疗机构药事管理,促进合理用药,发挥专家技术支持作用,近日国家卫生健康委办公厅发出通知,决定成立国家卫生健康委药事管理与药物治疗学委员会.委员会主要职责包括:研究我国医疗机构药事管理的发展现状,提出政策建议;围绕建立完善医疗机构的药品遴选、采购、使用、评价等制度提供技术支持;推动药物治疗相关临床诊疗指南和药...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.