老年心脏手术患者术后急性肾损伤的发生率与预测因素研究

目的调查老年心脏手术患者术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的发生率,分析其危险因素并探讨血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)的早期预测价值。方法入选拟行择期心脏手术的患者(≥60岁)285例。根据AKI的发生情况将患者分为AKI组(n=81)及非AKI组(n=204)。分析术后2 h血清NGAL浓度对术后A KI的预测价值,筛选AKI的危险因素。结果老年患者择期心脏术后AKI的发生率为28.4%(81/285)。术后2 h血清NGAL水平预测AKI的接受者操作特性(ROC)曲线下面积为0.622。多因素logistic回归分析筛选出术前合并慢性肾病、术中应用体外循环、围术期输注人工胶体量多、术后次日急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHE)Ⅱ评分高和术后机械通气24 h是术后AKI的危险因素。结论老年患者心脏手术后AKI的发生率较高;术后早期血清NGAL预测AKI的作用有限;术前合并慢性肾病、术中应用体外循环、围术期输注人工胶体多、术后APACHEⅡ评分高和长时间机械通气伴随术后AKI风险增加。     

再次心脏瓣膜置换术后急性肾功能衰竭的危险因素分析

目的:探讨再次心脏瓣膜置换术后急性肾功能衰竭发生的危险因素。方法:回顾272例再次心脏瓣膜置换术患者的临床基本情况、术前肾功能、手术方式、体外循环参数等相关临床资料,通过多因素Logistic回顾分析术后发生急性肾功能损伤的危险因素。结果:272例患者中术后发生急性肾功能衰竭12例。多因素logistic回归分析显示术前合并其他系统疾病(OR=9.104,P=0.029)、急诊手术(OR=90.998,P=0.000)、女性患者(OR=46.449,P=0.016)、术前左心室内径60mm(OR=0.114,P=0.041)是导致患者术后急性肾功能衰竭发生的危险因素。结论:急性肾功能衰竭是再次心脏瓣膜术后最危险的并发症之一,术前积极治疗患者其他系统疾病、选择合理的手术时机,术中尽量缩短体外循环转流时间,术后加强对患者肾功能变化的监测有助于降低肾功能衰竭的发生率。     

急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者体外循环术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的 分析急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者体外循环术后发生急性肾损伤的相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年7月至2018年12月哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院心脏大血管外科收治的急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层手术患者的临床资料。根据KDIGO标准分为AKI组及非AKI组,将两组资料进行对比分析,探讨TA-AAD患者术后发生AKI的危险因素。结果 共入选患者134例,未发生AKI患者68例;发生AKI患者66例（49.3%）,其中24例患者需要肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）。AKI组死亡率明显高于非AKI组。单因素分析显示患者性别、术前血红蛋白以及高血压疾病史、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后ICU停留时间、术后气管插管时间及术后死亡率差异有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示女性患者、高血压疾病史、术后气管插管时间为TA-AAD患者体外循环术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。 结论 女性患者、高血压疾病史、术后气管插管时间为TA-AAD患者体外循环术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。     

中心静脉压在体外循环心脏术后急性肾损伤中的作用

目的:观察中心静脉压(CVP)对体外循环心脏手术后急性肾功能损伤(AKI)的影响。方法:前瞻性观察2013年7月1日至2014年5月30日期间,在安贞医院行体外循环心脏手术的患者。根据患者手术结束时的CVP是否10mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133k Pa)来分为高CVP组或低CVP组。收集手术类型、术前射血分数、术前血清肌酐水平、术后血清肌酐水平、术中体外循环时间、术后重症监护病房(ICU)停留时间、术后机械通气时间等围术期临床资料。患者出院后所有患者均进行电话随访。采用Cox回归模型分析预后相关影响因素。结果:共有1 941例患者纳入本研究,患者平均年龄为(51.97±13.62)岁。CVP组801例(41.3%),低CVP组1 140例。高CVP组347例(43.3%)患者发生AKI,低CVP组86例患者发生AKI,差异有统计学意义(P0.0001)。高CVP组每一期AKI的发病率均高于低CVP组。多因素分析显示,CVP与AKI相关(OR=1.416(1.346~1.489),P0.0001),而MAP与CO和AKI无相关性。高CVP组患者30天死亡30例(3.8%),低CVP组死亡6例(0.5%),两组病死率差异有统计学意义(P0.0001)。多因素回归分析发现CVP使患者病死率增加(HR:1.196,每增加1mm Hg,95%CI:1.114~1.285,P0.0001)。结论:CVP增高与体外循环心脏术后发生AKI有关,是患者死亡的独立危险因素。     

遂宁地区心脏瓣膜置换术后急性肾功能损伤相关因素分析

目的 分析遂宁地区心脏瓣膜置换术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的临床特点及导致AKI损伤的影响因素,更好地指导临床诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2017年12月在遂宁市中心医院接受心脏瓣膜置换手术184例患者的临床资料,观察心脏瓣膜置换术后AKI情况及肾脏受损的影响因素。结果 总共184例患者中,急性肾功能损伤25例,发生率为13.59%;单因素分析提示：性别、术前肌酐值、合并高血压、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、手术时间、输入红悬量为急性肾功能损伤的潜在危险因素（P<0.05）;输入红悬量（OR=1.001,95%CI1.000-1.002,P=0.001）为急性肾功能损伤的独立危险因素。结论 输入红悬量与心脏瓣膜置换术后发生AKI有关,减少红悬输入可以降低AKI的发生率。     

成人心脏术后急性肾损伤的影响因素分析

目的:探讨分析成人停跳浅低温体外循环下心脏手术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素,为术后急性肾损伤防治提供参考.方法:回顾性筛选2017年1月至2020年9月,于哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院于停跳、浅低温、体外循环下,需同时处理2个及以上瓣膜的成人心脏手术患者(n=433),收集患者的临床资料,依据术后48 h内是否发...     

心脏外科手术后急性肾损伤患者的临床特征

目的:观察心脏外科手术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的发生率、临床特点及危险因素,为临床更好地认识、早期干预提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2017年7月至2018年6月西安交通大学第一附属医院行心脏外科手术的患者,筛选出AKI患者及非AKI患者,记录病例资料、分析其危险因素。结果:行心脏外科手术的患者575例,术后发生AKI的患者177例(30.78%),AKI组病死率显著高于非AKI组(10.17%vs 0.5%,P0.001)。心脏术后AKI主要发生在术后24h内,且以AKI 1期为主。AKI 1期、2期及3期发生率分别为19.13%(110/575)、5.22%(30/575)、6.43%(37/575),各期死亡率分别为2.72%(3/110)、10.00%(3/30)、32.43%(12/37),三组间病死率差异有统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,体外循环手术(OR=1.436,95%CI1.168～1.765)、高龄(每增加10岁)(OR=1.623,95%CI 1.168～2.009)、既往心脏手术史(OR=7.807,95%CI 1.338～45.563)、术前胱抑素C高水平(OR=3.576,95%CI 1.39～9.197)、围术期感染(OR=1.436,95%CI 1.168～1.765)、心肺旁路时间(每增加30 min)(OR=1.457,95%CI 1.077～1.971)是心脏术后AKI发生的独立危险因素。结论:心脏外科手术后AKI发生率为30.78%,AKI组患者死亡率较非AKI组显著增加,应警惕其危险因素,做到早诊断早干预。     

心脏手术患者急性肾损伤危险因素及预后的前瞻性队列研究

  目的 观察心脏手术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发病危险因素及预后影响因素。 方法 前瞻性收集2009年4月至2011年5月住院接受心脏外科手术治疗患者资料,包括人口统计学资料、术前一般情况、手术类型、围手术期情况及预后等。结果 共纳入4007例心脏手术患者,死亡77例（1.9%）,术后发生AKI 1250例,发病率为31.2%,接受肾脏替代治疗（RRT）者104例,RRT治疗率2.6%;AKI组院内病死率显著高于非AKI组（5.4%比0.3%,P<0.01）;AKI后接受RRT(AKI-RRT)患者院内病死率36.5% (38/104)。心脏移植术后AKI发病率最高（73.0%）、院内病死率最高（18.9%）,其次为冠状动脉（冠脉）旁路移植术联合瓣膜手术（AKI发病率57.8%、院内病死率6.1%）、主动脉瘤手术（AKI发病率52.1%、院内病死率5.5%）。Logistic多因素回归分析显示：男性、年龄、BMI、高血压、慢性心力衰竭、术前血肌酐>106.0 μmol/L、术中心肺旁路时间、术中低血压、主动脉瘤手术为心脏手术后AKI发生的独立危险因素;术前血肌酐>106.0μmol/L、术中低血压是影响AKI后肾功能完全恢复的独立危险因素,而尿量恢复是肾功能完全恢复的有利因素。结论 心脏手术后AKI发病率高、预后较差,其发病与围手术期多种危险因素密切相关。心脏移植术、冠脉旁路移植术联合瓣膜手术及主动脉瘤手术为术后AKI发病的高危手术。     

肝移植术后患者急性肾损伤危险因素及严重程度分析

目的分析肝移植术后患者急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)的危险因素及AKI严重程度的影响因素。方法收集2005年1月—2015年8月在我中心进行肝移植手术患者,排除术前AKI患者,共入组469例,对该组患者术前、术中、术后影响AKI的危险因素及术后4周时的转归进行分析、研究。结果 469例患者中,术后发生AKI者274例(AKI组),无AKI者195例(非AKI组),发病率为58.4%。受体身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、术前肌酐水平、冷缺血时间、手术时间、下腔静脉阻断时间、术后乳酸峰值、术后AST峰值等均是发生AKI的危险因素。术后4周AKI组20.4%患者肾功能仍然异常,病死率为3.6%,较非AKI组明显升高(P=0.027)。结论肝移植术后发生AKI的影响因素较多,受体BMI、术前肌酐水平、阻断下腔静脉时间、手术时间、术后乳酸峰值、术后AST峰值均是发生AKI的独立危险因素。术后4周AKI组患者肾功能异常及病死率较非AKI组均明显升高。     

体外循环心脏手术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的探讨体外循环(CPB)心脏手术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2016年1月~6月于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心脏外科收治的1070例CPB心脏手术患者资料,其中男性570例,女性500例。依据术后是否发生急性肾损伤分为非AKI组(n=850)和AKI组(n=220)。翻阅患者病历资料,记录患者性别、年龄、体质指数、合并疾病、心功能分级(NYHA)、左室射血分数、术前血常规、肾功能、CPB及手术情况、机械通气辅助时间、术后24 h输血量等资料。结果与非AKI组比较,AKI组年龄、高血压比例、糖尿病比例、体质指数、心功能分级、肌酐、体外循环转机时间、主动脉阻断时间、术中输血量、术中出血量、使用羟乙基淀粉量、术后24 h输血量、机械通气时间等增加,左室射血分数和血红蛋白水平降低,使用右美托咪啶、主动脉球囊反搏、深低温停循环、CPB超滤的比例以及术后低血压比例减少,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥55岁(OR=1.823,95%CI:1.594~3.083)、高血压(OR=1.465,95%CI:1.254~1.762)、术前肌酐≥79.5μmol/L(OR=1.331,95%CI:1.160~3.249)、体外循环转机时间≥110 min(OR=2.104,95%CI:1.326~7.340)、术后低血压(OR=1.988,95%CI:1.358~2.947)是CPB术后发生AKI的独立危险因素,应用CPB超滤(OR=0.655,95%CI:0.512~0.871)、使用右美托咪啶(OR=0.573,95%CI:0.339~0.901)是保护性因素。结论年龄≥55岁、高血压、术前肌酐≥79.5μmol/L、体外循环转机时间≥110 min、术后低血压是CPB术后发生AKI的独立危险因素,应用CPB超滤和右美托咪啶是CPB术后发生AKI的保护因素,临床医生应予以重视。     

A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾损伤患者接受连续性肾脏替代治疗的预后因素

目的 分析Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后出现急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury, AKI）并接受连续性肾脏替代治疗（continuous renal replacement therapy, CRRT）的患者预后因素。 方法 筛选2015年4月 ~ 2018年3月西京医院收治A型主动脉夹层心脏手术后出现AKI并接受CRRT治疗的患者,记录患者术前、术中、术后临床资料,按患者是否存活分为2组:存活组(n = 32)和死亡组(n = 34)。 结果 最终纳入66例患者,年龄（49 ± 9）岁,男性占91%,术前血肌酐（144 ± 77）μmol/L。其中,34例患者死亡（52%）。多因素Logistic回归分析表明术中红细胞输注的量（HR = 3.169, 95% CI 1.180 -8.513;P < 0.05）和术后多脏器功能衰竭（HR = 3.575, 95% CI 1.196 -10.687;P < 0.05）是A型主动脉夹层术后出现AKI并接受CRRT的患者死亡独立危险因素。 结论 对于A型主动脉夹层术后需要CRRT治疗的AKI患者,术中输注红细胞量越多以及术后出现多脏器功能衰竭患者的死亡风险越大。     

Risk factors for acute kidney injury in overweight patients with acute type A aortic dissection: a retrospective study

Background

To identify risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in overweight patients who underwent surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (TAAD).

Methods

A retrospective study including 108 consecutive overweight patients [body mass index (BMI) ≥24] between December 2009 and April 2013 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital has been performed. AKI was defined by Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria, which is based on serum creatinine (sCr) or urine output.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 43.69±9.66 years. Seventy-two patients (66.7%) developed AKI during the postoperative period. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify two independent risk factors for AKI: elevated preoperative sCr level and 72-h drainage volume. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was required in 15 patients (13.9%). The overall postoperative mortality rate was 7.4%, 8.3% in AKI group and 5.6% in non-AKI group. There is no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.32).

Conclusions

A higher incidence of AKI (66.7%) in overweight patients with acute TAAD was confirmed. The logistic regression model identified elevated preoperative sCr level and 72-h drainage volume as independent risk factors for AKI in overweight patients. We should pay more attention to prevent AKI in overweight patients with TAAD.     

Nonoliguric acute renal failure complicated with tumor lysis syndrome in chronic myelocytic leukemia in lymphoid crisis

A case of nonoliguric acute renal failure complicated with tumor lysis syndrome is described. The patient is a 14-year-old boy who was diagnosed chronic myelocytic leukemia 17 months ago. On lymphoid crisis, he received vindesine-prednisolone therapy and acute renal failure occurred. Urine output was kept enough volume (2,500-4,000 ml/day), but blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels rose and hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia were observed. Tumor lysis syndrome in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia is rare, and acute renal failure with tumor lysis syndrome is oliguric or anuric in most patients. At therapy of lymphoproliferative disease, nonoliguric acute renal failure may occur. Physicians who treat patients with lymphoproliferative disease should pay attention to blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels even if urine output is satisfactory.     

先天性心脏病相关肺动脉高压患儿术后急性肾损伤影响因素分析

目的 探讨先天性心脏病相关肺动脉高压（congenital heart disease associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension, CHD-PAH）患儿在体外循环术后早期发生急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury, AKI）的影响因素。 方法 2016年6月至2020年12月于我科在体外循环（cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB）下行心脏手术的3岁以下患儿,所有患儿均诊断为CHD-PAH,共纳入299例患儿,根据术后是否发生AKI分为AKI组（n=62）和非AKI组(n=237),收集围术期资料进行统计学分析。 结果 单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示包括年龄、身高、体质量、肺部感染、术前血清肌酐SCr值、术中CPB时间、主动脉阻闭时间（aortic occlusion time, ACT）、CHD 手术风险调整-1评分与术后AKI发生密切相关（P<0.05）,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄、术前肺部感染、术前SCr值、ACT是AKI发生的独立危险因素（P<0.05）;AKI组患儿术后并发症包括二次插管、肾脏替代治疗和血液感染明显高于 非AKI组（P<0.05）,术后机械通气时间、ICU停留时间、总住院时间明显延长和死亡率明显增高（P<0.05）。 结论 低年龄、术前低SCr值、术前存在肺部感染和长ACT是术后AKI发生的独立危险因素,对高危人群制定积极预防措施,可能是减少术后AKI发生,改善临床预后的有效途径。     

Elevated blood urea nitrogen level as a predictor of mortality in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure

BACKGROUND: Hospitalization for decompensated heart failure is associated with high mortality after discharge. In heart failure, renal function involves both cardiovascular and hemodynamic properties. We studied the relation between renal dysfunction and mortality in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure. METHODS: The prognostic importance of four measures of renal function-blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio, and estimated creatinine clearance-was evaluated in 541 patients (mean [+/- SD] age, 63 +/- 14 years; 377 men [70%]) with a previous diagnosis of heart failure (96% with New York Heart Association class III or IV symptoms) who were admitted for clinical decompensation. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 343 +/- 185 days, 177 patients (33%) died. In multivariable Cox regression models, the risk of all-cause mortality increased with each quartile of blood urea nitrogen, with an adjusted relative risk of 2.3 in patients in the upper compared with the lower quartiles (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3 to 4.1; P = 0.005). Creatinine and estimated creatinine clearance were not significant predictors of mortality after adjustment for other covariates. Blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio yielded similar prognostic information as blood urea nitrogen (adjusted relative risk = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4 to 3.8; P = 0.0007 for patients in the upper compared with the lower quartiles). CONCLUSION: Blood urea nitrogen is a simple clinical variable that provides useful prognostic information in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure. In this setting, elevated blood urea nitrogen levels probably reflect the cumulative effects of hemodynamic and neurohormonal alterations that result in renal hypoperfusion.     

左西孟旦和肾上腺素对心脏术后低心排综合征治疗作用的比较

目的比较左西孟旦和肾上腺素对心脏术后低心排综合征（LCOS）的作用。方法将48例心脏术后LCOS患者随机分为两组,左西孟旦组（A组,n＝23）按0.05～0.2μg/（kg·min）持续24h,肾上腺素组（B组,n＝25）按0.01～0.04μg/（kg·min）持续1周,维持平均动脉压≥65mmHg。监测心率、平均动脉压、肺毛细血管楔压、中心静脉压、心输出量、心指数、全身血管阻力;用心脏超声分别评价用药前和用药后3和7d的心功能;监测用药前和用药后24和48h的血乳酸值、血肌酐、尿素氮、尿量。观察术后并发症及预后情况。结果两种药物均能显著增加心输出量和心指数（P＜0.05）。A组用药后各时间点全身血管阻力均较B组明显下降（P＜0.05）,且均较用药前明显下降（P＜0.05）。A组用药后24,48h平均动脉压与用药前相比均有显著下降（P＜0.05）。心脏超声结果显示两种药均能改善心功能（P＜0.05）。用药后血乳酸值均显著降低（P＜0.05）。A组用药后48h,尿素氮、血肌酐及尿量均较用药前变化显著（P＜0.05）,且该时间点尿素氮较B组显著降低（P＜0.05）。与B组相比,A组房颤发生率显著减少（P＜0.05）,术后并发症也有减少的趋势。结论两种药物均能明显提高心脏术后LCOS患者血流动力学及心功能指标,改善组织灌注,而左西孟旦对患者肾功能更有益。     

Hungry bone syndrome: clinical and biochemical predictors of its occurrence after parathyroid surgery

The hospital course of 218 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism admitted over a three-year period for parathyroidectomy at the Massachusetts General Hospital was reviewed to determine the incidence and identify the risk factors for the development of the hungry bone syndrome. Twenty-five patients with the hungry bone syndrome were identified (12.6 percent). Compared to patients with uncomplicated metabolic responses to parathyroid surgery, these patients were older by a mean of 10 years; they had higher preoperative serum levels of calcium, alkaline phosphatase, N-terminal parathyroid hormone, and blood urea nitrogen; and their resected parathyroid adenomata were larger. The mean duration of hospitalization averaged three days longer in the group with hungry bone disease. Stepwise multivariate analysis of preoperative variables enabled the development of a discriminant function for prediction of postoperative hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Identified predictive variables were volume of resected parathyroid adenoma, blood urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, and age. When validated on an independent patient population, these readily obtainable preoperative clinical and laboratory parameters will allow identification of a subgroup of patients who are at greater risk for the development of the hungry bone syndrome following parathyroid surgery.     

Prophylactic intravenous mannitol and normal saline in patients with poor renal function prior to cardiac surgery: time for a multicentre trial?

BACKGROUND: Postoperative acute renal failure requiring dialysis has a poor prognosis, which has remained unaltered for 50 years. Therefore, in cardiac surgical patients at increased risk of postoperative oliguric acute renal failure (preoperative serum creatinine >0.13 mmol/L), we assessed the use of prophylactic intravenous (i.v) 20% mannitol and normal saline therapy in addition to traditional methods of therapeutic renal support. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with a mean preoperative serum creatinine of 0.192 mmol/L received i.v. 20% mannitol and normal saline pre-, intra- and postoperatively. This treatment was continued postoperatively until serum creatinine returned to baseline. RESULTS: No patient required dialysis, no patient died, developed a myocardial infarction nor a stroke in the first 30 days post-surgery. Serum creatinine and urea increased to a mean peak on day 3 of 0.233 +/- 94 and 24.6 +/- 13 mmol/L, respectively. However, all patients maintained a high urine output (>2 L/day) and no patient required haemodialysis. CONCLUSION: Therapy with i.v. 20% mannitol and normal saline appears safe and effective in maintaining a diuresis and may avoid the need for dialysis. A randomised controlled trial of this treatment in patients at increased risk of postoperative acute renal failure is warranted.     

Effect of intrarenal furosemide on renal function and intrarenal hemodynamics in acute renal failure

The ability of short-term furosemide administration to alter intrarenal hemodynamics and to modify the clinical course of acute renal failure was assessed in six patients 2 to 9 days after the onset of acute renal failure. Following renal arterial catheterization, the intraarterial administration of furosemide at a dose of 9.6 mg/min for 30 minutes failed to improve renal function as assessed either by an increase in urine output or a decrease in serum creatinine during the 4 days after administration in the five oliguric patients. In a sixth patient with nonoliguric acute renal failure, urine volume increased with a gradual decrease in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine during the week after study. Furosemide failed to alter either mean renal blood flow or its intrarenal distribution as determined at intervals of 3 to 40 minutes after its infusion. These studies demonstrate that the short-term administration of furosemide in large doses does not improve renal hemodynamics or alter the clinical course of patients with established acute oliguric renal failure.