肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治指南

正1概述门静脉高压症是指由各种原因导致的门静脉系统压力升高所引起的一组临床综合征,其最常见病因为各种原因所致的肝硬化。门静脉高压症基本病理生理特征是门静脉系统血流受阻和(或)血流量增加,门静脉及其属支血管内静力压升高并伴侧支循环形成,临床主要表现为腹水、食管胃静脉曲张(gastroesophageal varices,GOV)、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding,EVB)和肝性脑病等,其中     

肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血防治指南(2015)

<正>门静脉高压症是指由各种原因导致的门静脉系统压力升高所引起的一组临床综合征,其最常见病因为各种原因所致的肝硬化。门静脉高压症基本病理生理特征是门静脉系统血流受阻和(或)血流量增加,门静脉及其属支血管内静力压升高并伴侧支循环形成,临床主要表现为腹水、食管胃静脉曲张(gastro-oesophageal varices,GOV)、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(esophag-ogastric variceal bleeding,EVB)和     

肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治指南

正目录一、概述二、基本概念三、GOV的发病机制、自然史和风险评估四、食管胃静脉曲张出血的一级预防五、急性食管胃底静脉曲张出血的治疗六、食管静脉曲张出血的二级预防七、特殊类型静脉曲张的处理八、原发疾病的治疗九、待解决的问题十、中英文缩略词表一、概述门静脉高压症是指由各种原因导致的门静脉系统压力升高所引起的一组临床综合征,其最常见病因为各种原因所致的肝硬化。门静脉高压症基本病理生理特征是门静脉系统血流受阻和(或)血流量增加,门静脉及其属支血管内静力压     

门脉高压的抗血管生成治疗研究进展

门脉高压症（portal hypertension）是各种原因导致门静脉系统压力升高引起的一组临床综合征,其基本病理生理特征是门静脉系统血流受阻和（或）血流量增加,门静脉及其属支血管内静压升高并伴侧支循环形成[1]。     

长期控制肝硬化门静脉高压症的策略

一、肝硬化门静脉高压症的自然史 门静脉高压症是指各种原因引起门静脉系统血流受阻和(或)血流量增加,导致门静脉及其属支血管内压力升高,伴侧支循环形成的一组临床综合征,包括腹水、食管胃底静脉曲张出血(EVB)、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征、肝肺综合征、门静脉高压性胃病等[1].     

肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治指南

正1概述门静脉高压症是指由各种原因导致的门静脉系统压力升高所引起的一组临床综合征,其最常见病因为各种原因所致的肝硬化。门静脉高压症基本病理生理特征是门静脉系统血流受阻和(或)血流量增加,门静脉及其属支血管内静力压升高并伴侧支循环形成,临床主要表现为腹水、食管胃静脉曲张     

高度重视门静脉高压症出血治疗中的几个关键问题

门静脉高压症是一种常见的临床综合征,在我国门静脉高压诸多病因中,肝硬化占90%左右,以肝炎后、血吸虫病及酒精性肝硬化为主要原因。门静脉高压症的并发症包括食管和(或)胃静脉曲张破裂出血、腹水、肝性脑病及肝癌等,这些并发症是患者死亡的主要原因,其中最严重的当属食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血。结合我国的临床实际,以下几个关键问题必须引起临床工作者的高度重视。慢性肝病和肝硬化患者的内镜定期检查问题     

肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治共识(2008,杭州)

一、概述 门静脉高压症是指由各种原因导致的门静脉系统压力升高所引起的一组临床综合征,其最常见病因为各种原因所致的肝硬化.其基本病理生理特征是门静脉系统血流受阻和(或)血流量增加,门静脉及其属支血管内静力压升高并伴侧支循环形成,临床主要表现为腹水、肝性脑病、食管胃静脉曲张出血等.其中食管胃静脉曲张出血病死率最高,是最常见的消化系统急症之一.中华医学会消化病学分会、肝病学分会、内镜学分会及从事该项工作的外科和放射介入科专家,参照国内、外有关资料,结合我国具体情况,就其基本概念、诊断治疗原则等,制定出我国肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治共识,旨在为临床诊断和治疗提供一个基本的规范.     

非肝硬化性门静脉高压症研究进展

正门静脉高压的定义为门静脉和下腔静脉压力梯度大于5 mm Hg。根据门静脉系统阻塞部位,可分为肝前性、肝性和肝后性。根据肝血窦累及情况,肝性门静脉高压又可以细分为窦前性、窦性和窦后性。继发于肝硬化的窦性门静脉高压是最常见的类型,表现为肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)升高,即肝静脉楔入压与肝静脉游离压的差值升高~([1,2])。有约20%门静脉高压继发于非肝硬化因素,统称为非肝硬化性门静脉高压症(NCPH),其中包括窦后性或窦性NCPH,临床上多为肝窦阻塞综合症(HSOS),     

儿童门静脉高压症研究进展

儿童门静脉高压症是指在多种病因作用下,门静脉系统的血流受阻和（或）血流量增加、血管舒缩功能障碍,引起门静脉及其属支的压力持续增高,门静脉压力＞5 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）,或门静脉、肝静脉压力梯度＞10 mmHg,最终导致脾大、门腔侧支循环形成和开放、腹水等临床表现,是一种血流动力学异常综合征。儿童门静脉高压症根据病因不同分为肝硬化性门静脉高压症和非肝硬化性门静脉高压症;根据压力来源的解剖部位,可将门静脉高压症分为肝前性、肝内性（窦前性、窦性、窦后性）及肝后性。治疗方法有药物治疗、曲张静脉套扎或硬化、手术治疗等。虽然儿童门静脉高压症发病率较低,但可以引起胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血、肝性脑病等严重并发症。为加强对本病的认识,减少并发症,提高治愈率,现将其病因分类、发病机制、诊断和治疗方面的研究进展作一综述。     

咽部吞咽的生理解剖学与吞咽障碍的失代偿

0引言吞咽是维持人体生存的重要功能活动.每人每天均必须进行无数次吞咽.对吞咽障碍(deglutitiondisoders,DD)进行有效的预防、诊断和治疗必须了解咽部有关的解剖和功能.1吞咽的生理解剖学“吞咽”不仅指口腔内食团(包括液、固体食物、药物和唾液等)在咽部的通过,而应将之定义为是在构成吞咽通道的唇、舌、腭、咽、喉、食管等各器官肌肉、神经的密切协同下,将吞咽物顺利、安全地运送至胃的全过程[1].食物在口腔内经过咀嚼、搅拌,由唾液润湿,变成食团,然后被吞咽经咽和食管入胃.咀嚼的作用是把大块食物分成小块,并经舌肌、颊肌、颌肌等的搅…     

Preparation and separation of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of thyroxine and triiodothyronine

An enzymatic method for synthesis of labelled thyroxine glucuronide (T4G) and triiodothyronine glucuronide (T3G) from labelled thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) is presented. The synthetic glucuronides are completely digested by beta-glucuronidase, with recovery of the parent T4 or T3. They have distinctive elution patterns on HPLC and on Sephadex G25 chromatography, and can be clearly separated from T4 and T3 as well as from synthetic T4 sulfate (T4S) and T3 sulfate (T3S). On LH 20 chromatography, elution of T4G and T3G is intermediate between that of T4 and T3 and that of T4S and T3S. T3G can be well separated from other thyronines by HPLC alone, but T4G coelutes with rT3 on HPLC; these are then separated by adding a Sephadex G25 chromatography step. Biosynthetic 131I-T3G and 125I-T4G from the bile of a cat given 131I-T3 and 125I-T4 had similar HPLC chromatographic patterns to those of synthetic T3G and T4G. That the identified peaks from analysis of the bile were indeed T3G and T4G was confirmed by recovery of the parent T3 and T4 after beta-glucuronidase digestion.     

我国骨关节结核诊治的回顾与展望

骨关节结核是危害人们健康的严重感染性疾病,近95％由他处结核病继发而来.罹患骨关节结核疾病后几乎均将致残,严重影响人们的健康、工作和生活.建国以来在党和国家的关心和支持下,骨关节结核的诊治水平取得了长足进步.时至今日,由于多种原因,学科发展和被重视程度受到一定的制约,同整个医疗行业的发展不相适应.回顾过去,展望未来,我们需要重新审视骨关节结核的诊治方法,努力推进骨关节结核诊疗技术的科学发展.     

妊娠时间与肺结核复发的相关性研究及诊治对策

目的 分析肺结核史患者妊娠时间和肺结核复发间相关性.方法 选取我院收治的有肺结核史的妊娠妇女576例作为研究对象,对其妊娠前肺结核治疗、治愈后妊娠时间、妊娠后复发肺结核等进行分析,总结有肺结核史育龄女性的妊娠时间和肺结核复发之间的关系.结果 肺结核治愈后不同时间段妊娠者的结核复发率比较,差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）,停药后间隔时间越久妊娠,肺结核复发的几率越小.结论 加强孕期痰菌检查,及早发现复发肺结核,提高母婴安全.     

血管通路的评价、选择及并发症防治

随着终末期肾衰竭患者的逐年增多，用于维持性血液透析患者的费用支出也逐年增加，其中相当比例的资金用于血管通路的建立及相关并发症的处理。据Lysaght估计，2001年全球维持性透析患者超过110万人，并以每年7％的速度增长，到2010年将达到200万人，今后10年医疗费用将超过1万亿美元。美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)估计，每年因血管通路建立和相     

Kinetics and persistence of cardiovascular and locomotor effects of immobilization stress and influence of ACTH treatment

Stress triggers crucial responses, including elevated blood pressure and heart rate (HR), to handle the emergency and restore homeostasis. However, continuation of these effects following cessation of the stress is implicated with many stress-related disorders. Here, we examine the kinetics and persistence of cardiovascular and locomotor responses to single and repeated immobilization stress (IMO), with and without prior treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Radiotelemetry probes were implanted into male Sprague-Dawley rats to continually monitor mean arterial pressure (MAP), HR and locomotor activity. Rats were subjected to IMO for 2 h daily (10 a.m. to noon, 6 consecutive days). The first IMO induced the greatest change in MAP (about 30 mm Hg) and HR (about 200 bpm). Following each IMO, MAP and HR were elevated during the remaining light phase and in the subsequent dark phase, HR was lower than prior to IMO. We further examined whether elevation of ACTH to a level similar to IMO will elicit similar effects, and if it will alter subsequent responses to IMO. Injection of ACTH (13 IU/kg, s.c.) triggered a short-lived rise in MAP, and decreased HR. After six daily injections of ACTH and recovery time (8 days), rats were immobilized as above. The cardiovascular responses were similar during the IMO, but the ACTH-pretreated group displayed differences following cessation of the IMO. In addition, IMO led to a large reduction of locomotor activity during the dark (normally active) phase to levels similar to the light phase. Following the IMOs, locomotor activity recovered more slowly in the ACTH-pretreated group. The study revealed that IMO-triggered cardiovascular and locomotor responses are evident after termination of the stress. In addition, prior exposure to ACTH delayed recovery in cardiovascular and locomotor functions following cessation of stress.