异位妊娠合并二尖瓣病变行同期手术1例的手术配合

总结1例异位妊娠合并二尖瓣瓣膜病变行同期手术的护理配合。术前做好患者、手术间、工作人员的准备,同时完善仪器及特殊物品准备;术中重视预防压疮、预防低体温及引流管等护理,右侧输卵管切除术器械护士及二尖瓣置换术器械护士根据手术进程做好护理配合;术后做好引流管护理及安全转运,以保证手术成功。本例患者手术顺利,手术时间4 h,其中主动脉阻断44 min,自动复跳,顺利脱机。     

机器人辅助同期行冠状动脉旁路移植及肺癌根治术的手术配合

总结1例达芬奇机器人辅助下同期行冠状动脉旁路移植及肺癌根治术的手术配合。主要手术配合:术前做好访视及物品准备;术中巡回护士加强患者安全护理,安置患者体位恰当,器械护士根据手术进程主动配合手术;术后重视患者护理及手术间、器械等处置。本例患者手术顺利,术后5d出院。     

微电极引导立体定向治疗帕金森病手术配合

对立体定向治疗帕金森氏病262例手术前后护理及手术中配合进行总结，强调术前术后做好病人心理护理，环境器械物品准备，术中做好手术配合，是手术成功的因素。结果表明：经过手术治疗后病人疗效显著，护理配合措施得当。     

腹腔镜下脾切除术的手术配合体会

[目的]探讨基层医院用普通腹腔镜器械进行腹腔镜下脾切除术手术的可行性及手术护理配合。[方法]对6例肝炎后肝硬化脾功能亢进、脾外伤、门脉高压伴脾脏肿大病人在无先进设备情况下用普通腹腔镜器械实施腹腔镜下脾切除,做好术前心理护理、器械准备、术中手术配合、术后护理。[结果]6例病人均顺利完成手术,显示基层医院用普通腹腔镜器械进行腹腔镜下脾切除手术的可行性。[结论]术前做好充分的准备,巡回护士、器械护士熟练默契的配合,手术医生良好的操作技能,术中医护的协调配合是手术成功的关键。     

腹腔镜下经腹膜后间隙行肾囊肿去顶术的手术配合

总结了18例应用腹腔镜技术治疗单纯性肾囊肿的手术配合,包括术前做好器械物品准备及对病人的访视与心理护理;术中配合熟练准确,密切监护病情;术后做好器械仪器的料理与保养。认为精心熟练的手术配合,对于手术的安全顺利进行起着非常重要的作用。     

50例膀胱浅表肿瘤+基底部注药后汽化电切术的手术配合

通过总结50例膀胱浅表肿瘤 基底部注药后汽化电切术的手术配合体会,提出做好护理配合应包括:术前做好患者心理护理,术中物品准备、齐全,灭菌严格,护士配合熟练,术后切实做好汽化电切镜特殊器械、仪器设备的保养及维护.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术的手术配合

总结了26例机器人辅助腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术的手术配合。认真术前访视,了解手术方案、手术间布局及流程,做好达芬奇机器人手术系统、腹腔镜下胰十二指肠切除术器械物品准备;术中巡回护士密切观察手术进程,规范体位安置,预防皮肤压疮,深静脉血栓及低体温发生,正确操作各仪器,做好腔镜和机器人手术衔接配合;洗手护士熟悉医师手术习惯,认真执行并督促无菌、无瘤操作,快速、正确更换机器人器械,及时和手术成员沟通,主动配合,及时排除机器人故障;术后妥善固定各导管,正确记录机器人器械使用次数,按规范处理腔镜及机器人器械。及时总结经验,不断完善护理准备,提升护理配合质量,熟悉团队技能,是提高手术配合效果及保证手术顺利进行的关键。     

胸腔镜肺癌根治术的手术配合

总结了28例胸腔镜下肺癌根治术的手术配合,即术前做好心理护理及手术间、器械、仪器的准备,术中配合麻醉师行双腔气管插管,根据需要正确摆放手术体位,熟悉手术步骤,密切配合手术医生,严格无菌操作及无瘤技术操作,以防止手术后感染及肿瘤细胞扩散;术后做好各种管道护理工作。结果病人手术顺利完成,术后康复出院     

自主式口腔种植机器人手术的护理配合

总结1例自主式口腔种植机器人手术的护理配合经验。护理要点包括做好术前数据采集及真机模拟演练配合,完善仪器设备及器械准备,合理空间布局,建立应急预案,做好患者体位管理,做好术中配合、术后器械管理及误差分析。患者手术在0.5 h内完成,手术过程顺利,植体精确植入规划位置,规避邻近重要解剖结构,术后3个月复诊显示种植体骨愈合良好。     

术中神经电生理监测下癫痫手术的护理配合

总结了6例术中神经电生理监测下癫痫手术的护理，主要包括术前准备、术中巡回护士及器械护士的配合，认为认真做好术前访视和准备紧密的术中配合能提高手术配合质量。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.