幼年特发性关节炎全身型并发巨噬细胞活化综合征13例临床分析

目的对13例幼年特发性关节炎全身型（SOJIA）合并巨噬细胞活化综合征（MAS）患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析,以期提高临床认识。方法回顾性分析13例SOJIA合并MAS患儿可能触发因素、临床表现、实验室检查结果以及治疗和预后。结果90例SOJIA患儿并发MAS13例（14．4％）,男10例,女3例。全部患儿处于SOJIA活动状态;3例可能为药物触发;8例MAS发生前存在感染。全部患儿均持续高热;肝大12例（92．3％）;凝血功能障碍10例（76．9％）;神经精神系统功能障碍8例（61．5％）。MAS发生时全部患儿白细胞（WBC）、血小板（PLT）和红细胞沉降率（ESR）较发生前显著下降;5例（62．5％）血清铁蛋白（SF）≥10000μg／L;8例（72．7％）血纤维蛋白原（Fib）≤2．5g／L;9例（69．2％）甘油三酯（TG）≥2．5mmol／L。结论MAS是SOJIA严重而致命的并发症,原发SOJIA活动性、药物以及感染是MAS的重要触发因素。肝脏显著增大、出血倾向和神经精神系统功能障碍是MAS最具鉴别意义的临床指标。血WBC、PIJT和ESR较基础值急剧下降、SF急剧升高、Fib减少以及TG升高是MAS重要的临床实验室指标。早期有力的干预治疗决定MAS的预后。     

川崎病并发巨噬细胞活化综合征二例及文献复习

巨噬细胞活化综合征（MAS）是风湿性疾病的一种严重并可威胁生命的并发症。MAS最多见并发于幼年特发性关节炎全身型（SOJIA）、川崎病（KD）、系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）、皮肌炎等其他风湿性疾病并发MAS的报道近年逐渐增多,因此应提高幼年特发性关节炎（JIA）之外的儿童风湿病并发MAS的认识和警惕。现将我院收治的KD并发MAS2例报道如下。     

幼年特发性关节炎全身型早期诊断标准探讨

目的通过回顾性分析与比较幼年特发性关节炎全身型(systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis,SOJIA)与其他疾病引起的发热待查患儿的临床特点及实验室检查结果,来获得鉴别诊断的临界值,以提高早期诊断SOJIA的准确性。方法收集不明原因发热患儿共124例,记录患儿持续发热达2~4周时的临床特点和实验室检查结果,并随访1年以上。对资料完整的病例采用SPSS16.0软件进行单因素分析,对有统计学意义的单因素进行受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析,然后对有意义的临床特点和实验室检查结果进行联合分析。结果诊断明确且资料完整者共96例,其中33例为SOJIA,19例为其他自身免疫性疾病,25例为血液/肿瘤疾病,19例为感染性疾病。当血清铁蛋白(SF)≥545.75 ng/ml时,可以将SOJIA与其他自身免疫性疾病区分的灵敏度为97.0%,特异度为100%,若以出现皮疹或关节肿/痛加上血小板计数≥217×109/L或C3≥1.275 g/L作为标准,其区分SOJIA和血液肿瘤疾病的灵敏度为100%,特异度为96%。若以SF≥441.7ng/ml加上出现皮疹或关节肿/痛,那么其区分SOJIA和感染性疾病的灵敏度和特异度均可达到100%。结论结合发热待查患儿的临床特点及实验室检查结果可提高早期诊断SOJIA的准确性。     

幼年特发性关节炎全身型并发巨噬细胞活化综合征24例临床分析

目的总结巨噬细胞活化综合征的临床特征、可能的诊断指标、治疗方法及转归,提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析2003年3月至2006年2月,我院收治的24例幼年特发性关节炎全身型（SOJIA）合并巨噬细胞活化综合征（MAS）患者的临床资料,分析其临床表现、早期特征、诊断标准、可能的诱因、治疗和转归。结果24例患者,男21例,女3例,平均年龄7岁。临床表现全部患者均有高热、肝脾或（和）淋巴结进行性增大、血液系统受累,12例有中枢神经系统功能障碍,9例有易出血现象,6例有呼吸系统受累（ARDS）,6例有消化系统表现,5例心脏受累。实验室检查均有血细胞减低、血清肝酶增高、乳酸脱氢酶增高、红细胞沉降率降低、高铁蛋白血症、钠离子减低、白蛋白减低及凝血功能异常,骨髓中发现吞噬血细胞,20例患者有甘油三酯增高。治疗应用甲泼尼龙加环孢素A可以达到较好的疗效。结论MAS是SOJIA的一个致死性并发症,可以造成全身各脏器的功能衰竭。提高认识、早期诊断并积极治疗是减少死亡率的关键。治疗给予甲泼尼龙冲击及环孢素A治疗往往能得到较好的疗效。     

全身型幼年特发性关节炎并发巨噬细胞活化综合征临床分析．

目的总结巨噬细胞活化综合征（MAS）的临床特征、治疗方法,以提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析我院2006年10月至2007年9月收治的全身型幼年特发性关节炎并发MAS3例患儿的临床资料。结果3例患儿平均年龄为8．92岁,男2例,女1例。主要临床特征是：2例有前驱感染（1例为上呼吸道感染,1例为水痘病毒感染）。3例患儿均有高热、中枢神经系统功能障碍表现,有白细胞、血小板减低,红细胞沉降率降低,高铁蛋白血症及凝血功能异常。2例肝脾和淋巴结肿大。虽经甲泼尼龙、地塞米松积极治疗,但3例患儿均因并发严重的中枢神经系统功能障碍而死亡。结论MAS是全身型幼年特发性关节炎的一种严重而复杂的并发症,病死率高,感染可能是主要的触发因素。     

串联质谱技术在脑发育落后病因诊断中的意义

目的探讨串联质谱技术（MS／MS）在脑发育落后病因诊断及疗效判断中的意义。方法应用串联质谱仪,对158例脑发育落后患儿进行血氨基酸谱和酰基肉碱谱定量检测,对检出的11例代谢性疾病患儿MS／MS结果、尿气相色谱／质谱检测（GC／MS）结果、临床表现及治疗后变化进行综合分析。结果158例中,11例（7．0％）患儿确诊为遗传代谢性疾病,其中甲基丙二酸血症5例,丙酸血症2例,鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶缺乏症1例,枫糖尿病1例,苯丙酮尿症1例,生物素酶缺乏症1例。临床表现为智能及运动发育落后或倒退（11例）、惊厥（5例）、昏迷（4例）、呕吐（4例）、营养不良（4例）、嗜睡（3例）、反复感染（3例）、肌张力降低（2例）等。实验室检查显示代谢性酸中毒、血氨及血乳酸增高、贫血等。MRI表现为脑萎缩、双侧脑白质T2w高信号或伴T1w低信号、多发性脑软化或囊样变等。起病早、伴严重酸中毒及昏迷的甲基丙二酸血症预后较差。患儿经维生素B12左旋肉碱、特殊奶方、低蛋白饮食及生物素等治疗后,好转8例,死亡3例。结论串联质谱技术有助于脑发育落后的病因诊断及疗效判断。早期诊断及合理治疗可避免脑组织进一步损害,并改善预后。     

儿童风湿性疾病相关巨噬细胞活化综合征的治疗进展及建议

巨噬细胞活化综合征（macrophage activation syndrome，MAS）是一种继发于风湿性疾病的具有潜在生命危险性的严重并发症，早期识别和强化治疗是成功救治的关键。然而，由于缺乏有效的临床对照试验研究，目前MAS尚无统一的治疗方案。该文综述国内外文献，推荐 MAS初始治疗首先大剂量糖皮质激素（glucocorticoid，GC）冲击；持续高热或MAS状态者，激素单药治疗不超过2周，首选联合环孢素A（cyclosporin A，CsA），或同时联合依托泊苷（etoposide，VP16），如仍有发热，必要时联合托珠单抗（tocilizumab，TCZ）或芦可替尼（ruxolitinib）；在某些地区，阿那白滞素（anakinra）已推荐为MAS一线治疗药物。     

风湿性疾病的一种严重并发症——巨噬细胞活化综合征

巨噬细胞活化综合征（MAS）是一种严重的有潜在生命危险的风湿性疾病的并发症,容易并发在幼年特发性关节炎全身型（SOJIA）。临床表现主要以发热、肝睥淋巴结增大、全血细胞减少、肝功能急剧恶化、凝血功能异常以及中枢神经系统表现为特征。实验室检查血沉降低、血清铁蛋白增高,骨髓穿刺活检可见吞噬血细胞。MAS可以突然急性发病,进展迅速,如未及时、有效治疗,死亡率极高,是风湿科及ICU遇到的急重症之一。上世纪90年代之后国外较广泛认识到MAS,国内对该病的认识则更少。     

儿童巨噬细胞活化综合征临床诊断的思考

巨噬细胞活化综合征（macrophage activation syndrome,MAS）是一种发生在风湿性疾病过程中的特殊并发症。由于其严重的、甚至是致死性的结果,以及在病因、诊断和治疗上还未形成统一的认识,因此,MAS成为近年风湿病学、血液病学和临床免疫学领域的热点话题。笔者借此谈一点对MAS诊断的认识,供同仁参考和交流。     

巨噬细胞活化综合征基因相关性研究及治疗构想

巨噬细胞活化综合征（MAS）是儿童全身性炎症性疾病（system icinflammatory disorders）的严重并发症,是一组以继发性或反应性噬血综合征（secondary or reactive hemophagocytic syndromes）为表现的症候群。MAS的临床表现与噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（HLH）非常相似,为持续高热、肝脾肿大、各类血细胞减少、肝功能不全、凝血病及中枢神经系统受累,在骨髓和淋巴结可发现明显的噬血现象。在儿科主要见于幼年特发性关节炎全身型（SOJIA）,又称类风湿病相关性噬血综合征。MAS的免疫病理表现为巨噬细胞的过度活化而不受控制,为儿童类风湿病的主要致死原因,虽然其发病机制并不清楚,但可能与机体NK细胞的功能紊乱及缺陷有关。NK细胞功能紊乱及缺陷可由NK细胞的相关基因突变所引起。基于MAS和HLH临床表现及免疫发病机制的高度相似性,我们认为机体NK细胞功能相关基因的多态性可能影响SOJIA及MAS的易感性及严重程度。现就HLH的分型、免疫病理、基因突变等问题进行回顾,并针对可能影响SOJIA及MASNK细胞功能的相关基因多态性研究和治疗构想作一阐述。     

Systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis-its unusual presentation

We report a case of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SOJIA), the manifestations of which started with fever and skin rash followed by arthritis within neonatal age. Such presentation is extremely rare in the newborn. After exclusion of closely mimicking conditions like congenital infections, neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), neonatal; lupus erythematosus (NLE) diagnosis of SOJIA may be entertained even in a neonate where arthritis, fever and rash are the presenting features.     

儿童风湿病相关巨噬细胞活化综合征单中心临床研究

目的 总结儿童风湿病相关巨噬细胞活化综合征(MAS)临床和实验室特征、治疗及转归.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2019年11月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院75例MAS患儿的临床和实验室特征、治疗及转归.结果 MAS的基础疾病包括全身型幼年特发性关节炎(SJIA) 32例、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE) 22例、川崎病(KD)...     

幼年特发性关节炎全身型合并巨噬细胞活化综合征4例报告并文献复习

目的 总结巨噬细胞活化综合征(macrophage activation syndrome,MAS)的临床特征及误诊原因,以提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析54例幼年特发性关节炎全身型(systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis,SO-JIA)合并MAS患儿的临床症状、体征、辅助检查及病情进展、诊断、治疗及预后.结果 54例SOJIA患儿中4例并发MAS(7.4%).临床特征有:持续高热、肝脾淋巴结增大、肝功能急剧恶化、皮肤黏膜易出血、外周血三系减少、中枢神经系统功能障碍、血沉进行性下降.结论 MAS是SOJIA的一个致死性并发症,起病突然,进展迅速,病死率高.在临床工作中需提高对其的认识,避免误诊.     

儿童期系统性红斑狼疮与巨噬细胞活化综合征

在儿童,巨噬细胞活化综合征是风湿性疾病(特别是全身型幼年特发性关节炎)或炎症性疾病严重的、有时是致死性的并发症。然而,系统性红斑狼疮合并巨噬细胞活化综合征的临床报告多见于成人。文章重点对巨噬细胞活化等相关概念、感染致病、临床识别和治疗予以介绍。     

Macrophage activation syndrome: a potentially fatal complication of rheumatic disorders.

AIMS: To review the precipitating events, clinical features, treatment, and outcome of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). METHODS: Retrospective review of cases of MAS from a prospectively collected database of children with rheumatic diseases from 1980 to 2000. RESULTS: Nine patients (eight girls) were considered to have evidence of MAS. The primary diagnosis was systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis in seven, enthesitis related arthritis in one, and chronic infantile neurological cutaneous articular syndrome in one. Mean age of onset was 5.7 years, and duration prior to MAS, 4.2 years. No medication was identified as a trigger. Eight had infections prior to MAS; specific infectious agents were identified in four. High grade fever, new onset hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy were common clinical features. Platelet counts fell dramatically, from an average of 346 to 99 x 10(9)/l. Mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate (in three patients) fell from 115 to 28 mm/h. Eight had abnormal liver function during the disease course, and six had coagulopathy. Bone marrow examination supported the diagnosis with definite haemophagocytosis in four of seven. All received high dose steroids (eight intravenous, one oral), five cyclosporin, two cyclophosphamide, and one antithymocyte globulin. Two of three patients with significant renal impairment died. CONCLUSION: MAS is a rare and potentially fatal complication of childhood rheumatic disorders. Most of our patients were female, and most cases were preceded by infection. Bone marrow studies support the diagnosis. Deranged renal function may be a poor prognostic sign. Aggressive early therapy is essential.     

Macrophage activation syndrome in 13 children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Background  Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a severe, potentially life-threatening condition induced by chronic rheumatic diseases, especially systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) in childhood. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and laboratory characteristics of systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) with macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in 13 patients. Methods  Clinical and laboratory data of 13 SoJIA patients with MAS treated in our hospital from January 2003 to October 2007 were analyzed. Results  In the 13 patients, 9 were boys and 4 girls aged from 5 months to 12 years. Clinical manifestations were of no typical characteristics including persistent fever, anemia, arthritis, hepatosplenomegaly, lymph-adenopathy, dysfunction of the liver, abnormal fat metabolism, and hemophagocytic cells in the bone marrow. Two patients experienced acute respiratory distress syndrome, two had mutiorgan failure, and three died. The perforin A91V (NCBI:SNP rs35947132) gene in 6 patients was normal. Glucocorticoid and immunoimpressive therapy were effective in all patients and plasmapheresis used in one severe patient was also effective. Conclusions  MAS is a serious complication of JIA, especially systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. It is essentially important to recognize and treat MAS earlier in order to lower the mortality.     

巨噬细胞活化综合征的临床和实验室特征分析

目的分析巨噬细胞活化综合征(MAS)患儿诊断初期的临床和实验室特征,探索早期识别MAS的方法。方法回顾性分析21例MAS患儿的临床、实验室特征,以及治疗和转归。结果 MAS患儿的原发病包括全身型幼年特发性关节炎(SJIA)14例、川崎病(KD)5例和结缔组织病(CTD)2例。发生MAS的中位时间为19 d,以KD-MAS发生最快,CTD-MAS发生最晚(P=0.009)。前10位的临床症状依次为发热(95%),皮疹(86%),淋巴结肿大(67%),骨髓吞噬现象(63%),肺部病变(62%),浆膜腔积液(62%),肝肿大(52%),脑脊液异常(50%),中枢神经系统损害(43%)和脾肿大(38%)。实验室特征方面,血红蛋白降低;超敏C反应蛋白、血沉升高、血清铁蛋白明显升高;谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶和甘油三酯升高;纤维蛋白原降低,D-二聚体明显升高;IL-6、IL-10和IFN-γ明显升高。21例患儿中20例好转出院。结论风湿性疾病患儿如出现持续发热,肝功能损害,凝血功能异常,甚至多脏器损害,以及IL-10、IFN-γ明显升高和血清铁蛋白持续升高,要高度警惕MAS发生。     

Macrophage activation syndrome: a potentially fatal complication of rheumatic disorders

AIMS—To review the precipitating events, clinical features, treatment, and outcome of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS).
METHODS—Retrospective review of cases of MAS from a prospectively collected database of children with rheumatic diseases from 1980to 2000.
RESULTS—Nine patients (eight girls) were considered to have evidence of MAS. The primary diagnosis was systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis in seven, enthesitis related arthritis in one, and chronic infantile neurological cutaneous articular syndrome in one. Mean age of onset was 5.7 years, and duration prior to MAS, 4.2 years. No medication was identified as a trigger. Eight had infections prior to MAS; specific infectious agents were identified in four. High grade fever, new onset hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy were common clinical features. Platelet counts fell dramatically, from an average of 346 to 99 × 10⁹/l. Mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate (in three patients) fell from 115 to 28 mm/h. Eight had abnormal liver function during the disease course, and six had coagulopathy. Bone marrow examination supported the diagnosis with definite haemophagocytosis in four of seven. All received high dose steroids (eight intravenous, one oral), five cyclosporin, two cyclophosphamide, and one antithymocyte globulin. Two of three patients with significant renal impairment died.
CONCLUSION—MAS is a rare and potentially fatal complication of childhood rheumatic disorders. Most of our patients were female, and most cases were preceded by infection. Bone marrow studies support the diagnosis. Deranged renal function may be a poor prognostic sign. Aggressive early therapy is essential.
     

Macrophage activation syndrome as the presenting manifestation of rheumatic diseases in childhood

We describe 3 patients who presented with features of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) at the time of presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and Kawasaki disease. Immunohistochemical studies in the patient with SLE demonstrated extensive expression of CD163 on hemophagocytic macrophages, suggesting a possible role as a marker of MAS.