临床分离343株细菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解我院临床分离细菌的分布和对抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法药物敏感性试验采用K—B纸片法,耐药性数据分析采用WHONET5．4软件。结果收集患者首次分离细菌343株,其中革兰氏阳性细菌130株、革兰氏阴性细菌213株,分离率最高的是金黄色葡萄球菌66株（19．2％）和大肠埃希菌33株（9．6％）。葡萄球菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和大环内酯类的耐药率均在70％以上,未发现万古霉素耐药株。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和肠杆菌对β-内酰胺类药物的耐药率均在60％以上,对碳青霉素类、阿米卡星以及含酶抑制剂的复合药物的敏感性较高。结论不同的菌种有不同的耐药特征,通过细菌的耐药性监测和分析指导早期经验性用药,为临床合理应用抗生素提供科学依据。     

基层医院大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌的分布及耐药分析

目的探讨基层医院大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌的分布和耐药性。方法采用常规方法进行菌株的分离和鉴定,根据美国临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）相关文件判断结果。结果246株大肠埃希氏菌和152株肺炎克雷伯杆菌对常用抗菌药物产生了不同的耐药性,大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLS）率分别为30．8％和18．4％,大肠埃希氏菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0．4％,对氨苄西林的耐药率为78．0％;而肺炎克雷伯杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0．0％,对氨苄西林的耐药率达96．1％。结论基层医院大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌耐药性已十分严重,应开展耐药性监测。     

糖尿病肾病并发尿路感染的临床与细菌学特点

对72例经清洁中段尿细菌培养阳性，细菌计数≥10^5／ml，确诊为UTI的DN病人的临床特点与细菌学进行分析。结果：72例DN并UTI病人中有症状者14例，占19．44％（14／72），有典型膀胱刺激征（尿急、尿频、尿痛）者仅5例，（6．94％），9例临床表现均不典型。其余58例无任何临床症状仅为无症状性菌尿（ASP），占80．55％，（58／72）。UTI的致病菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主，占81．33％，大肠埃希氏菌为优势菌株，占50．67％（38／75），其次为变形杆菌9．33％（7／75），枸橼酸杆菌5．34％（4／75），肺炎克雷白氏杆菌9．33％（7／75）。球菌占16．00％（12／75），其中肠球菌8．00％（6／75），表皮葡萄球菌4．00％（3／75）。白色念珠菌2．67％（2／75）。大肠埃希氏菌对氨苄青霉素、头孢唑林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素等抗生素的耐药率较高。结论：DN并UTI者的临床症状不典型，以无症状性菌尿（ASP）为多见。以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主．耐药率高。     

大肠埃希菌对含酶抑制剂药物耐药性分析

检测216株大肠埃希菌，超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）阳性68株，阳性率为31．5％。大肠埃希菌对含酶抑制剂复合剂的耐药性不同，非产生ESBLs菌株的耐药率均较低。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中质粒AmpCβ内酰胺酶基因型的检测

目的了解产质粒介导的AmpC酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性和基因型。方法收集2002年1月至2004年5月间呼吸科临床标本中分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共110株，用酶提取物三维试验检测AmpC酶；用等电聚焦电泳、耐药质粒电转化试验、聚合酶链反应（PCR）及测序确定AmpC酶基因型。结果大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中AmpC酶检出率分别为9．30％（4／43），4．48％（3／67）。药敏试验结果显示产酶株对头孢西丁全部耐药，对第三代头孢菌素、酶抑制剂、氨曲南、阿米卡星及环丙沙星均有不同程度耐药，对头孢吡肟及亚胺培南较敏感。7株产AmpC酶菌株中有5株通过电转化试验可将头孢西丁耐药性传递给受体菌，经PCR扩增和测序证实为质粒介导DHA-1型AmpC酶。结论临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中已经出现产质粒介导AmpC酶菌株，其耐药性能够水平传播，给临床抗感染治疗带来重大威胁。     

临床产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析及耐药基因和Ⅰ类整合子的检测

目的了解产超广谱B．内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及相关耐药基因之间的关系。方法采用K—B琼脂扩散法检测临床分离大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对18种抗生素的耐药性,用PCR技术检测相关耐药基因和Ⅰ类整合子并用DNA序列分析确认其所产生基因型。结果检测菌株中ESBLs阳性56株,阳性率为44．4％。所有检测菌株对亚胺培南全部敏感;56株ESBLs阳性的菌株有44株扩增到TEM基因（78．6％）,SHV型阳性的有2株（3．6％）,CTX-M型阳性的有48株（85．7％）,OXA型阳性的有1株（1．79％）,intl1阳性菌株有35株（62．5％）,占未检出PER和VEB型。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs较高,耐药显著,碳青霉烯类抗生素是目前治疗产ESBLs细菌最有效的药物;TEM型和CTX-M型ESBLs为我院临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的主要基因型,携带Ⅰ类整合子基因是导致细菌产ESBLs的重要原因。     

肺部感染常见细菌对抗生素的敏感性

目的通过痰液细菌培养及抗生素敏感性分析，为临床用药提供依据。方法对住院的肺部感染患者采集清晨痰，开展细菌学检测，对常见菌的组成和对抗生素的敏感性进行分析。结果在116株细菌中，革兰阳性菌88株，占75．9％，革兰阴性菌28株，占24．1％。金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌分别为33株、9株、6株、4株，各占28．4％、7．8％、5．2％、3．4％。结论菌株对抗生素的耐药现象严重，呈多重耐药性，应引起临床高度重视。     

医院重点科室住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及耐药性动态监测结果分析

目的通过动态监测医院重点科室住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及耐药特征,指导临床各科室合理应用抗菌药物。方法对2013~2014年医院重点科室住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及耐药率进行连续监测,采用WHO细菌耐药性监测网提供的WHONET5软件进行数据分析。结果 2013年在4个细菌监测重点科室的住院患者中,共检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌296株,占检出大肠埃希菌的51.8%;2014年共检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌640株,占检出大肠埃希菌的54.7%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率从高到低的科室依次为ICU、神经外科、血液科及呼吸科;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率呈上升趋势。各重点科室住院患者中检出的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对各种抗生素的耐药率呈上升趋势,神经外科、ICU和血液科住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药率较高,对大部分抗生素的耐药率均大于50%,而呼吸科住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对各抗生素的耐药率与其他科室比较相对较低。在各重点科室使用的抗生素中,耐药率10%的有哌拉西林/他唑巴唑、亚胺培南、头孢替坦、阿米卡星;耐药率在10%~40%范围的有头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、妥布霉素。结论医院不同科室住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的检出率及耐药性不同;对于不同科室感染产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的住院患者,在经验性选用抗菌药物治疗的同时,应进行病原菌检测及细菌耐药性试验,根据医院动态病原菌监测结果合理使用抗生素。     

96株大肠埃希菌耐药性及其产ESBLs、AmpC酶菌株基因型检测

目的 了解大肠埃希菌耐药现状及其及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和AmpCβ-内酰胺酶（AmpC酶）菌株基因型,以指导临床医师合理使用抗菌药物。方法自本院尿路感染患者标本中分离大肠埃希菌96株,采用确证试验和改良三维试验检测其ESBLs、AmpC酶表达情况,用K-B法测定其对亚胺培南等16种抗菌药物的敏感性,用PCR法检测TEM、SHV、PER、CTX-M-1群、CTX-M-2群、CTX—M-3群、DHA和ACT-1基因型分布情况,用接合转移试验了解耐药基因转移方式。结果96株大肠埃希菌单产ESBLs30株,同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶4株,单产AmpC酶2株;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟四种抗生素耐药率达到100％,而对左氧氟沙星、复方新诺明和呋喃妥因的耐药率亦〉80％,对亚胺培南和美罗培南均敏感;ESBLs基因型以CTX—M和TEM型为主,AmpC酶基因为DHA型,两酶能通过接合转移方式将质粒携带的耐药性传递至受体菌。结论大肠埃希菌所致感染对碳青霉烯类药物较为敏感;临床应及时了解本地区产ESBLs、AmpC酶大肠埃希菌的耐药表型和基因型,以指导临床合理使用抗生素、延缓细菌耐药性产生、控制耐药菌株播散和流行。     

2000年武汉地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌种的分布及药敏分析

目的 了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的细菌分离、分布及对抗生素的敏感性。方法 用APl或V1TEK-AMS系统(Bio’Merieux，法国)鉴定菌种，用NCCLS推荐的初筛和确证法检测产ESBLs的细菌，并用K-B法测定其对14种抗生素的敏感性。结果 2000年武汉地区的269株大肠埃希菌、202株肺炎克雷伯菌、149株阴沟肠杆菌、67株费劳地枸椽酸杆菌、43株产酸克雷伯菌中：ESBLs的检出率分别为40．9％、29．2％、20．1％、29．9％、和23．3％。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南全部敏感，产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌对阿米卡星的耐药率为22．4％，对其它抗生素有不同程度的耐药。结论 产ESBLs的菌株集中在肠杆菌科菌中，以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、费劳地枸椽酸杆菌的ESBLs产出最高。阴沟肠杆菌、产酸克雷伯菌ESBLs的产出应引起重视。治疗其感染时应首选亚胺培南。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.