Rapid whole blood lactate measurement in the fetus and mother during labour

Using a new rapid method, fetal and maternal whole blood lactate was measured before the onset of labour at elective Caesarean section in 8 patients, during labour in 34 normal patients, and in a further 28 patients whose babies showed varying degrees of clinical depression and/or acid base abnormality at birth. The mean (+/- SEM) umbilical venous and arterial and maternal venous lactate values in the 8 cases delivered by elective Caesarean section were 1.20 (+/- 0.16), 1.46 (+/- 0.22) and 1.14 (+/- 0.46) mmol/l, respectively. For the normal group the mean fetal lactates (+/- SEM) in the latent and active phases of labour, and in the umbilical vein and artery, were 1.91 (+/- 0.25), 2.42 (+/- 0.46), 2.71 (+/- 0.19) and 3.09 (+/- 0.20) mmol/l, respectively. The mean maternal venous lactate (+/- SEM) in the latent and active phases of labour and at delivery were 1.07 (+/- 0.09), 1.45 (+/- 0.12) and 2.69 (+/- 0.24) mmol/l. the rise in fetal lactate throughout labour was due in part to the rise in maternal lactate. Increasing neonatal depression was associated with increasing fetal lacticacidaemia. This associationachieved statistical significance at delivery.     

Fetal mediators of the relationships between increased pregnancy and labour blood pressure and newborn irritability

A prospective study of primiparous English women and their newborns failed to replicate previous findings that greater irritability was related to higher maternal blood pressure during pregnancy and labour. This apparent lack of replication prompted a search for fetal variables capable of mediating the blood pressure--irritability relationships. Relative fetal growth retardation was found in newborns of women whose peak antenatal blood pressure occurred from 20 to 32 wk gestation. Prenatal growth retardation and exposure to either oxytocin-stimulated labour or higher maternal blood pressure during spontaneous labour were associated with lower intrapartum fetal heart rate. Lower heart rate, in turn, was associated with greater crying and more frequent changes of state during behavioural assessments on the first and fifth days. It is suggested that intrapartum hypoxia is an immediate antecedent of newborn irritability. The blood pressure--irritability relationships may therefore reflect the influence of growth retardation, attributable to increased pregnancy blood pressure, and higher labour blood pressure, respectively, on the ability of the fetus to withstand hypoxia and the degree of hypoxia encountered during labour.     

新生儿脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关研究

本文探讨脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关性,为预测和诊断新生儿窒息及减低围产窒息的发生提供重要依据和帮助,对102例新生儿出生后立即采集脐静脉血进行血气分析,据其有无围产因素影响分为两组进行对照,并结合Apgar评分进行分析.结果显示在围产因素组60例中,Apgar评分≤7分者7例,占11.67%;对照组42例中,Apgar评分≤7分者2例,占4.76%.二者比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01).在脐血pH值＞7.10时,两组新生儿窒息发生率分别为5.56%及4.76%,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).脐血pH值＜7.10者,有围产因素组6例,占10%,且其中4例Apgar评分≤7分;对照组脐血pH值＜7.10者为0,二者有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结果提示,围产因素与新生儿窒息密切相关,并对脐血pH值的影响显著.当脐血pH值＜7.10时,新生儿窒息发生率为66.67%.脐血血气分析与Apgar评分互补,可作为诊断新生儿窒息的重要指标.     

Prenatal diagnosis of the fetus with cystic fibrosis and meconium ileus

The sonographic finding of hyperechoic or dilated fetal bowel raises suspicion of a number of prenatal disorders including meconium ileus (MI), meconium peritonitis, congenital infection, neoplasm, or chromosomal trisomy. These findings may also represent transient normal variants. The following case report details the evaluation of one pregnancy with abnormal intestinal echogenic findings on serial sonograms (US), to demonstrate inherent diagnostic difficulties in such a case. A diagnostic algorithm is presented to aid in the proper use of US and DNA mutation analysis for cystic fibrosis (CF), so that the cause of an abnormal abdominal US can be established earlier and more accurately than suggested by previous management schemes. Earlier fetal diagnosis may help to anticipate postnatal problems associated with CF/MI, and therefore provide more optimal clinical management of the affected fetus.     

肺表面活性物质和吸入一氧化氮治疗家兔胎粪吸入性肺损伤

目的　观察在应用肺表面活性物质 (Surf)和吸入一氧化氮 (NO)预防性治疗家兔胎粪吸入性急性肺损伤 (ALI)并机械通气时的疗效。方法　将 3 3只成年家兔随机分为 5组进行治疗 :即对照组 (C ,n =8)、NO组 (n =6)、Surf组 (n =7)、NO +Surf组 (SNO ,n =6)、正常组 (N ,n =6)。前四组用胎粪生理盐水混悬液滴入气道内经机械通气造成ALI并随机分四组治疗 ;N组气道内滴入生理盐水替代 ;NO组连续吸入NO 1× 10 - 6 、10× 10 - 6 、2 0× 10 - 6 、40× 10 - 6 各 1h ,间隔停用 3 0min ;Surf组气道内滴入猪肺Surf10 0mg/kg ;SNO组联合NO吸入及Surf组治疗 ,各组均治疗 6h ,同时测定血气、肺呼吸力学判断疗效。化学发光法检测吸入气NO浓度。结果　在C组胎粪滴入 3 0min后动脉血氧合 (PaO2 /FiO2 )及呼吸顺应性 (DynamicCompliance ,Cdyn)显著变差 ,治疗后血氧合、Cdyn在SNO组显著改善 ,Surf和NO组略有改善。在湿化器前持续接入NO可在供气管道“Y”近端测得较为稳定的吸入NO浓度 ,受呼出气的影响最小 ,( 10～ 2 0 )× 10 - 6 NO吸入有较好的效果。结论　Surf联合NO治疗在有效预防ALI上优于单独应用Surf或NO。从呼吸机供气管路持续接入NO测定到稳定NO浓度与接入气和监测部位有关     

Physiological development of a mixed metabolic and respiratory umbilical cord blood acidemia with advancing gestational age

OBJECTIVE: To investigate respiratory and metabolic components of gestational age-dependent umbilical cord blood gas changes. STUDY DESIGN: Cord blood gases were determined in 1336 vigorous singletons with uncomplicated cephalic vaginal delivery at 37-43 weeks. Linear regression analysis and non-parametric statistics were used with a P < 0.05 being significant. RESULTS: Gestational age correlated negatively with arterial pH and HCO3- and positively with pCO2 and base deficit. Venous blood showed corresponding changes except for pCO2, which was independent of gestational age. Arterial pCO2, but not venous, correlated positively with birthweight deviation from the mean. The fractional fetal CO2 production per birthweight unit and the fractional placental CO2 clearance per placental weight unit were not correlated with gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: A mixed respiratory and metabolic cord blood acidemia develops with advancing gestational age. The respiratory component depends on an increased 'CO2 load' from the growing fetus and not on deterioration of placental gas exchange. The etiology of the metabolic component is yet unknown.     

脐血采分和长期冻存后细菌培养的研究

目的 探讨脐血采分储存中细菌污染的种类、途径和规律性以及深低温冻存对细菌活力的影响.方法 在2000年至2007年脐血干细胞采分常规工作中,留取有核细胞分离后血浆-红细胞悬液10ml,分别注入需氧和厌氧细菌培养瓶,用BacT/ALERT 3D-480全自动血液培养系统培养7d,细菌培养阳性者作废弃处理.同时选取细菌阳性的新鲜脐血87份进一步培养24h,获得纯培养后,将革兰阳(阴)性菌鉴定卡放入全自动微生物分析系统读数孵育器,分别进行需氧菌与厌氧菌鉴定.另外,为观察深低温冻存对细菌的影响,取出冻存6～7年的细菌阳性脐血96份,37℃速融后,取有核细胞浓缩物10 ml,用上述方法做二次细菌培养检测.结果 2000年至2007年采集脐血19 062份,细菌培养阳性336份,细菌污染率为1.8％;作细菌鉴定87份,发现兼性生长58份(67％),专性需氧生长38份(43.7％),专性厌氧生长17份(19.5％);革兰阴性菌占68％,革兰阳性菌占32％.细菌种类:大肠埃希菌最常见,占25.3％,其次为中间链球菌占14.9％,紫色色杆菌占9.2％.96份细菌鉴测阳性并移至液氮保存6～7年的脐血标本中,经复检仍有83份(86％)保持细菌活性.结论 2000年至2007年脐血采分过程中细菌污染率为1.8％,污染菌在液氮冻存6～7年后86％细菌仍存活.故在产房采集脐血时应加强无菌措施,在临床使用冻存干细胞时应加强细菌复检.     

Bilirubin-IXalpha and -IXbeta pigments, coproporphyrins and bile acids in meconium and stools from full-term and preterm neonates during the first month of life

Individual bilirubin pigments in the excreta were quantitated by newly developed methods. In meconium, bilirubin-IXbeta predominated, whereas bilirubin-IXgamma and -IXdelta remained undetectable. The daily excretion of bilirubin-IXalpha plus -IXbeta was 0.03-1.00 and 0.04-2.00 micromoles kg(-1) of birthweight in preterm and full-term infants, respectively. The ratio of bilirubin-IXalpha to -IXbeta in meconium was 0.25 +/- 0.34, 0.32 +/- 0.30 and 0.46 +/- 0.55 in newborns of gestational ages below 30, from 31 to 36 and above 36 wk, respectively. The predominance of bilirubin-IXbeta disappeared within the first week in those with gestational age >31 wk but more slowly in the very preterm group. The ratio of monoconjugated to diconjugated bilirubin-IXalpha was 4 to 5 in full-term infants, whereas this ratio was only reached after 1 mo in preterm infants. The ratio of glucuronide or glucoside to xyloside varied widely, independent of gestational age. No correlation between faecal UCB-IXalpha and beta-glucuronidase was observed. The daily coproporphyrin excretion fell from a median of 500 microg on day 1 to below 20 microg from day 7 onwards; this decrease correlated with that of bilirubin-IXbeta. The daily 3alpha-hydroxylated bile acid loss in the excreta was two- to fivefold higher than in the adult; this, together with the higher neonatal serum levels (12-90 nmoles ml(-1)), indicates an immature intestinal reabsorption and an enhanced bile acid synthesis. CONCLUSION: Both zinc coproporphyrin and bilirubin-lXbeta are characteristic compounds of human meconium, diconjugated bilirubin-IXalpha is low or absent in meconium of very preterm infants, and faecal and serum bile acids are high.     

人脐血及脐带间充质干细胞的分离培养及表面标记分析

目的探讨从人脐带血及脐带分离和培养间充质干细胞(MSCs)的方法,并分析MSCs的表面标记。方法人脐带血按常规方法制备单个核细胞,利用MSCs贴壁生长的特性,经培养、换液、传代纯化MSCs;分离脐带华尔通胶(Wharton’s jelly),采用组织块贴壁法获得脐带MSCs并传代。将传代的MSCs冻存,1个月后再复苏,观察复苏后MSCs的生长情况。利用FACScan流式细胞仪检测脐带血及脐带细胞表面抗原。结果经过传代后,贴壁细胞形态趋于同一。人脐血及脐带MSCs体外生长形态相似,类似成纤维细胞,可以稳定增殖和传代。经冷冻保存,复苏后仍能较好生长。人脐血及脐带来源的MSCs表面标记CD29、CD44、CD59高表达,而表面标记CD14、CD33、CD34和CD45低表达。结论人脐带血及脐带均可分离出MSCs,在体外能扩增纯化及冻存复苏,为组织工程提供丰富的细胞来源。     

加温湿化高流量鼻导管通气在胎粪吸入综合征并肺动脉高压机械通气撤机中的应用研究

目的比较湿化高流量鼻导管通气(HHFNC)和经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)两种无创通气模式在胎粪吸入综合征(MAS)并持续肺动脉高压(PPHN)患儿机械通气撤机中的应用,探讨HHFNC的临床价值。方法选取78例胎粪吸入综合征合并持续肺动脉高压的患儿,机械通气撤机后随机分为HHFNC组和NCPAP组,分别行HHFNC和NCPAP呼吸支持,比较两组无创通气后的血气、无创通气时间、撤机失败率及鼻部损伤、腹胀和脑室内出血(IVH)等并发症发生情况的差异。结果两组患儿的撤机失败率、应用NCPAP/HHFNC后1 h的PaO_2和PCO_2值、PaO_2/PaO_2、无创通气时间、达全肠道喂养时间、住院时间以及IVH发生率的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。HHFNC组鼻损伤发生率(5.0%)低于NCPAP组(31.6%),P0.05;腹胀发生率(7.5%)低于NCPAP组(34.2%),P0.05。结论NCPAP和HHFNC均可在新生儿MAS并PPHN经机械通气撤机后序贯使用,具有确定的效果;但HHFNC更易使患儿耐受,副作用较少、安全性较高。     

脐血造血细胞含量与白血病脐血移植疗效分析

目的分析4711份库存脐血造血细胞含量及探讨脐血造血细胞含量与白血病脐血移植疗效的关系。方法分析4711例库存脐血总有核细胞数(TNC)和CD34+细胞数分布情况,探讨不同的造血细胞输入量、供受者HLA不相合数、受者性别、年龄、体重和疾病类型间植入率和生存率的差异。结果 4711例库存脐血TNC和CD34+细胞中位数分别为1.14×109/kg和4.06×106/kg,按3.7×107/kg有效TNC输入量计算,93.2%脐血可供体重50 kg以下受者移植。89例白血病患者移植后植入75例,植入率为84.3%。中性粒细胞绝对值≥0.5×109/L、血小板≥20×109/L和≥50×109/L的时间分别为移植后17、34和46 d。75例植入病例中,长期无病存活47例,死亡26例,2例复发;急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)Ⅰ～Ⅱ度、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度和慢性GVHD发生率分别为54.7%、20.0%、9.3%。影响移植植入率的因素包括受者年龄、TNC和CD34+细胞输入量;影响生存率的因素包括受者年龄、体重和输入CD34+细胞数。结论在无法找到HLA全相合骨髓供者时,可选择脐血作为替代骨髓的造血干细胞来源治疗儿童与成人白血病,TNC和CD34+细胞数仍是选择脐血移植物的参考指标。     

Value of absent or retrograde end-diastolic flow in fetal aorta and umbilical artery as a predictor of perinatal outcome in pregnancy-induced hypertension

There is insufficient data on the value of absent or retrograde end-diastolic flow (AREDF) in the fetal umbilical artery, descending aorta and aortic arch to predict perinatal outcome. In this prospective investigation, 65 pregnant women between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation with pregnancy-induced hypertension were studied by color Doppler echocardiography. Pregnancies leading to birth at or before 34.0 gestational weeks (23 with and 19 without AREDF) were included in the outcome analysis. Fetuses with AREDF were delivered at earlier gestational ages ( p = 0.006). They had a higher incidence of gastrointestinal complications ( p = 0.01), bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( p = 0.03), intraventricular hemorrhage ( p = 0.03) and vascular hypotension ( p = 0.03) than those without AREDF. The presence of AREDF was associated with a mortality rate of 30%, whereas in fetuses without AREDF there was no mortality ( p = 0.61). Using logistic regression and taking into consideration various perinatal factors, the presence of AREDF ( p = 0.03) and early gestational age ( p = 0.0001) were associated with serious neonatal diseases or death. A reverse diastolic flow in the aortic isthmus was registered in five fetuses; three died during the perinatal period and one was severely damaged. According to our results, AREDF, particularly with the appearance of reverse diastolic flow in the isthmus of the aortic arch, is a predictor of poor neonatal outcome.     

脐血和外周血来源的巨核细胞体外扩增差异的研究

目的建立外周血(peripheral blood,PB)和脐血(cord blood,CB)来源的CD3+4细胞体外定向诱导扩增巨核细胞(megakaryocyte,MK)的最佳体系,探讨两种来源巨核细胞的扩增差异。方法以Ficoll-Hapaque分离“动员”的外周血和脐血单个核细胞,免疫磁珠分离纯化CD3+4细胞,在含胎牛血清的液体培养体系中,以不同细胞因子组合诱导两种来源的CD3+4细胞,定时进行细胞计数和流式细胞术检测培养体系中CD4+1细胞的含量;同时采用甲基纤维素半固体培养法进行巨核细胞集落培养,测定巨核细胞集落形成单位的数量。结果在血小板生成素(thrombopoietin,TPO)+胎肝酪氨酸激酶配体(FLT-3ligand,FL)+白介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)+IL-3组合中,外周血来源的CD4+1细胞第10天扩增了131±18倍,脐血来源的CD4+1细胞在培养的第14天扩增了193±25倍,为增殖高峰。均明显高于同来源的其他3组(P<0.05),随着时间的推移两者的CD4+1细胞扩增倍数均呈下降趋势。结论TPO+FL+IL-6+IL-3组合均为CB和PB体外诱导扩增巨核细胞的最佳组合。CB来源的巨核细胞较PB来源的巨核细胞有更强的增生能力,而PB来源的CD3+4细胞产生巨核细胞的时间较CB来源的短,与临床上外周血造血干细胞移植的血小板造血重建快于脐血移植相一致。     

Metabolomics analysis of umbilical cord blood clarifies changes in saccharides associated with delivery method

Background

A metabolomic approach using umbilical cord blood from infants at birth has not been studied widely yet.

Aim

We examined changes in metabolite levels in umbilical cord blood at birth via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based metabolomics, with the aim of achieving a detailed understanding of fetal stress during labor.

Study design

All procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kobe University School of Medicine. This was a cohort study of pregnant women based in Palmore Hospital, which is located in an urban area of Japan, and was carried out between December 2010 and May 2011.

Subject

Umbilical cord arterial blood samples were obtained from 41 infants immediately after delivery.

Outcome measures

Metabolites in the blood samples were measured using GC/MS to investigate whether the delivery method (spontaneous onset of labor, induction of labor or elective cesarean section) affected the metabolite profile in umbilical cord blood.

Results

Elective cesarean section without labor led to lower levels of isoleucine, fructose, mannose, glucose, allose, glucuronic acid, inositol and cysteine in comparison with vaginal delivery following spontaneous labor and without medication.

Conclusion

It is proposed that the stress associated with labor be involved in alterations in the levels of metabolites, particularly saccharides such as glucose, in umbilical cord blood.