18例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊治分析

目的探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(PHPT)的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析我院近15年间18例手术治疗的PHPT患者的临床资料。结果初诊病例术前核素99Tcm-sestamibi扫描和B超检查阳性定位诊断率分别为100%(9/9)和88%(15/17)。18例均经手术治疗,其中1例为再手术病例。术后病理诊断甲状旁腺腺瘤13例,其中1例为双腺瘤;甲状旁腺增生4例;甲状旁腺腺癌1例。首次手术治愈率为88%(15/17)。2例甲状旁腺增生病例未治愈。再手术1例因损伤了单侧喉返神经致术后声音嘶哑。结论术前核素99Tcm-sestamibi扫描和B超检查对制定手术方案有重要意义,大多数PHPT病例适合行单侧颈部探查术。甲状旁腺增生病例的手术治愈率低。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症73例诊治分析

目的 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(PHPT)的诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾分析我院2000年至2009年间收治的73例PHPT 患者的临床资料.结果 全组血钙均升高,均值(3.05±0.49)mmol/L,最高血钙值均值(3.28±0.62)mmol/L.69例测定甲状旁腺激素(PTH),全部增高(119.46～5000.00pg/ml).联合B超、99mTc-MIBI、CT、MIR定位准确率达91.78%.73例均行手术治疗,病理证实甲状旁腺腺瘤72例,甲状旁腺增生1例,部分患者合并甲状腺疾病.术后患者症状改善,血清钙、PTH恢复正常或明显下降.结论 应提高对PHPT的认识,确诊者应尽早手术.     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症临床分析（附138例报告）

目的 总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊治体会。方法 回顾性分析本院普通外科2015年1月至2017年11月经手术治疗的138例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症病人的临床资料。结果 138例病人,男30例,女108例,均行手术治疗,其中甲状旁腺危象5例,1例行急诊手术治疗。切除病变甲状旁腺150枚。术后病理检查显示：123枚（82.0%）为甲状旁腺腺瘤,9枚（6.0%）为甲状旁腺增生,4枚（2.7%）为甲状旁腺癌,10枚（6.6%）为甲状旁腺囊肿,4枚（2.7%）为甲状旁腺非典型腺瘤。术后第1天甲状旁腺素（parathyroid hormone, PTH）均降至正常,血钙下降。其中48例术后出现低血钙症状,经补充活性维生素D和葡萄糖酸钙,恢复正常。无喉返神经损伤等并发症发生。结论 血钙和PTH可作为原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的初步诊断方法。甲状旁腺切除术是有效治疗手段。术前准确定位有助于缩小探查范围。对于甲状旁腺危象,给予水化利尿及双膦酸盐降钙治疗、及时早期行甲状旁腺切除术,可取得良好治疗效果。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的治疗

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症在黄种人是少见病，国内仅几家大医院积累病例超过100例，北京协和医院自1980年到目前为止．诊治过250例。据我们的资料，85％是甲状旁腺腺瘤(其中98％是单侧腺瘤)．11％是甲状旁腺增生，4％是腺癌，这三种病变临床上均出现原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症．治疗的惟一方法是外科手术摘除．病理不同，手术方法不同，就我们的经验，结合国外文献报道．分述如下。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科诊治进展

在西方,原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症是一种常见疾病,90年代初对其手术治疗方案为全麻下探查双侧四个旁腺,摘除肿大腺瘤后冰冻证实。近年来,通过术前^99mTc-Sestamibi(MIBI)和B超的定位、术中MIBI的检测、术中PTH的快速测定,使微创甲状旁腺手术变为可能,包括局麻下局部甲状旁腺摘除术,内镜及内镜辅助的甲状旁腺切除术。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症9例诊治分析及文献复习

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症 (primary hyper-parathyroidism,PHPT) 是由于甲状旁腺肿瘤或增生引起甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)的过多分泌而导致体内钙磷代谢异常并累及多个器官系统的内分泌疾病.甲状旁腺功能亢进症(hyper-parathyroidism,HPT...     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科诊治进展

在西方 ,原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症是一种常见疾病 ,90年代初对其手术治疗方案为全麻下探查双侧四个旁腺 ,摘除肿大腺瘤后冰冻证实。近年来 ,通过术前 99m Tc- Sestamibi(MIBI)和 B超的定位、术中 MIBI的探测、术中 PTH的快速测定 ,使微创甲状旁腺手术变为可能 ,包括局麻下局部甲状旁腺摘除术 ,内镜及内镜辅助的甲状旁腺切除术。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗

目的　总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗经验。方法　回顾性分析 1985～2 0 0 2年在我科行外科手术治疗的 5 5例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料。全组病例均行甲状旁腺切除术。结果　 5 5例患者中无症状者 8例 ,骨、关节病变 2 4例 ,泌尿系结石病变 10例 ,骨和泌尿系结石病变 13例 ,病理性骨折 16例。全组血钙均升高 ,在 2 7～ 3 9mmol/L之间 ,平均 (3 1± 0 4 )mmol/L。 5 0例患者术前测定甲状旁腺激素升高在 10 2～ 2 0 0 0pg/ml之间 ,平均 (489 2±6 9 2 ) pg/ml。联合B超、CT、核素扫描术前定位诊断率达 90 9%。术后全组均随访 6个月～ 2年 ,术后临床表现缓解 ,骨质疏松改善 ,骨折愈合 ,有 39例患者出现短期低血钙 ,37例出现面部、手足麻木 ,10例出现手足抽搐。术后有 15例患者血钙正常 ,1例略高于正常值 ,低血钙者经骨化三醇和钙剂治疗 1～ 3周均可改善 ,血钙恢复正常。术后 4 7例患者甲状旁腺激素均在 2个月内恢复到正常 ,3例略高于正常值。结论　甲状旁腺切除术是治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的有效方法。经术前影像学定位后行小范围、小创伤的甲状旁腺切除术是可行的手术方法。及时将原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者转入内分泌外科治疗可达到早期治疗、减少骨关节和泌     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科诊治进展(文献综述)

在西方,原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症是一种常见疾病,90年代初对其手术治疗方案为全麻下探查双侧四个旁腺,摘除肿大腺瘤后冰冻证实.近年来,通过术前99mTc-Sestamibi(MIBI)和B超的定位、术中MIBI的探测、术中PTH的快速测定,使微创甲状旁腺手术变为可能,包括局麻下局部甲状旁腺摘除术,内镜及内镜辅助的甲状旁腺切除术.     

手术治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症11例分析

摘要：对我院近10年来收治的11例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。血钙大于2.62mmol/L，伴血PTH同步升高为定性诊断PHPT的主要依据。11例术前均诊断为PHPT。甲状腺旁腺治疗采用单侧小切口探查术，取得良好效果。PHPT诊断应结合临床表现、实验室检查、X线表现综合分析。B超，CT，核素扫描可作为定位有效方法。对于定位准确的单发腺瘤，单侧小切口探查术创伤性小，是很有前途的治疗方法。     

Apoptosis in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is defined by inappropriate elevation of parathormone, caused by parathyroid hyperplasia, also known as multi-gland disease (MGD), parathyroid adenoma (PA), or parathyroid carcinoma (PC). Although several studies have already been conducted, there is a lack of a definite diagnostic marker, which could unambiguously distinguish MGD from PA or PC. The accurate and prompt diagnosis has the key meaning for effective treatment and follow-up. This review paper presents the role of apoptosis in PHPT. The comparison of the expression of Fas, TRAIL, BCL-2 family members, p53 in MGD, PA, and PC, among others, was described. The expression of described factors varies among proliferative lesions of parathyroid gland; therefore, these could serve as additional markers to assist in the diagnosis.     

Hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism is defined by the presence of hypercalcaemia (>2.6 mmol/litre) in the presence of inappropriate (i.e. not inhibited) or high PTH levels. The cause remains unknown and most patients (>85%) have a single adenoma. In modern medical practice most patients are deemed asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. The traditional mnemonic of ‘bones/groans/stones/moans’ is rarely seen. A combination of neck ultrasound and Sestamibi scanning demonstrates the position of adenomas in some two thirds of patients and they can benefit from a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy done under general anaesthesia or under sedation/local anaesthesia. Patients with negative scans need bilateral neck exploration. Medical treatment is reserved for patients with failed surgical treatment or those with limited life expectancy considered too unwell for surgical intervention.Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a physiological response to a metabolic drive (e.g. chronic renal failure) that leads to four-gland hyperplasia. Medical treatment of patients on dialysis aims to reduce the biochemical abnormalities that promote parathyroid glands hyperplasia. Despite such measures some patients develop hypercalcaemia and PTH levels several times higher than normal range and develop symptoms, hence surgical treatment becomes indicated. Four-gland excision is currently preferred in many centres though alternative treatments include total parathyroidectomy plus autotransplantation or subtotal parathyroidectomy.     

Preoperative Imaging for Parathyroid Localization in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Background : We retrospectively studied the results of diagnostic imaging using 3 different modalities to determine their usefulness for preoperative localization of the parathyroid, and whether accurate preoperative localization information could be used to modify the surgical approach for parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
Methods : Images of 37 parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasias in 35 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were obtained using ultrasonography, computed tomography, and subtraction scintigraphy (using thallium 201 [thallous chloride] and either iodine 123 or technetium 99m pertechnetate [^99mTcO₄]).
Results : Approximately three fourths of the adenomas or hyperplasias were successfully identified by ultrasound (76.7%) and computed tomography (76.4%), even when the weight of the tumor was less than 500 mg. However, subtraction scintigraphy was of limited use (61.3% successfully identified). A combination of these modalities gave excellent results for detecting adenomas and hyperplasias, leading to an accurate prediction rate of 96.0%.
Conclusion : We conclude that using the combination of these 3 imaging modalities is very useful for the detection of parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasias, and that with such accurate localization information, the unilateral approach alone, or even simple excision of the parathyroid tumors might be feasible, enabling less invasive surgical treatment.     

In Vitro Parathyroid Hormone Release in Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the precise endocrim. characteristics of parathyroid function in secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT).
Methods: We examined the effects of extracellular ionized calcium (Ca²⁺) varying from 0.5 to 2.0 mM on parathyroid hormone (PTH) release in parathyroid cell suspensions using a mid-regional PTH assay. Cells were obtained from 26 patients with sHPT who were divided into two groups according to the type of hyperplasia they exhibited, either nodular (n=16) or diffuse [n= 10). For compdrison, we also analyzed data from nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT; adenomas).
Results: Significant in vitro suppression of PTH release by Ca²⁺ was observed in the majority of subjects, regardless of the histologic abnormality. The pHPT group exhibited no significant relationship between clinical and in vitro data. In contrast, in the sHPT group (taken as a whole), suppression of PTH release by Ca²⁺ exhibited a plateau at a total serum calcium concentration of 2.5 mmol/L, and a parathyroid gland weight of 2 g.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that there is a curvilinear relationship in sHPT, but not pHPT, between the in vitro calcium sensitivity of parathyroid cells and total serum calcium, as well as gland weight. The in vitro calcium sensitivity in sHPT remains constant when the total serum calcium concentration exceeds 2.5 mmol/L, or when the gland weight exceeds 2 g.     

73例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊治分析

目的总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊治体会。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2010年12月期间笔者所在医院施行手术治疗的73例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料。结果 73例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者中,腺体增生1例（1.4%）,腺瘤67例（91.8%）,腺癌5例（6.8%）。临床表现包括骨和关节疼痛63例（86.3%）、病理性骨折17例（23.3%）、骨质疏松59例（80.8%）、乏力28例（38.4%）、腹痛4例（5.5%）、泌尿系统结石17例（23.3%）、恶性高血压1例（1.4%,为多发性内分泌腺瘤病Ⅱa型）等。术前所有患者的全段甲状旁腺激素水平均升高,有80.8%（59/73）的患者血钙水平升高,有84.9%（62/73）的患者碱性磷酸酶水平升高。病灶检出率彩超为82.8%（53/64）,CT检查为83.3%（20/24）,99Tcm-司他比锝（MIBI）核素扫描为90.2%（46/51）,三者联合检查为91.8%（67/73）,余6例病灶术前未能明确定位。所有病例均行患侧甲状旁腺切除术,5例腺癌病例加行颈淋巴结清扫术。术后发生手足抽搐16例,声音嘶哑2例,急性胰腺炎1例,急性左心功能衰竭1例。术后69例患者获访,随访时间3～72个月,平均17.3个月。随访期间,大部分病例于术后1个月内其骨痛（43例）和乏力（18例）症状改善,但甲状旁腺激素和血钙水平的恢复则相对缓慢。1例腺瘤病例术后复发,1例腺癌病例术后发生肺转移,1例腺癌病例于术后37个月因肺和骨转移死亡,其余患者（1例腺癌病例由腺瘤恶变而来,行再次手术）至随访结束时均存活,无复发及转移。结论应深入理解和认识原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的临床特点,甲状旁腺功能和血钙水平的筛查有助于该病的检出。甲状旁腺切除术是该病的有效治疗手段,术前准确定位有助于缩小探查范围。     

Expression of TRAIL and Fas in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Aim: Differentiating between parathyroid lesions is still difficult and ambiguous. In cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, appropriate and prompt diagnosis is of great importance for effective treatment and follow-up. A great amount of mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of primary hyperparathyroidism, such as disturbance in balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors. Therefore, we examined whether immunohistochemical expression of apoptotic factors, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas, could have clinical utility as a marker of proliferative lesions of parathyroid gland. Materials and methods: Parathyroid specimens of 58 consecutive patients who had undertaken surgery due to primary hyperparathyroidism were incubated with purified mouse monoclonal antihuman antibodies: anti-TRAIL and anti-Fas. Staining was considered positive when at least 5% of the cells showed immunoreactivity. Results: The percentage of cells which were positively stained for TRAIL in parathyroid hyperplasia was 9.65%, in parathyroid adenoma 8.31%, and in normal controls 2.24%. Immunoreactivity for TRAIL was detected in 91.89% of parathyroid hyperplasias, 85.71% of parathyroid adenomas, and none in healthy glands. The percentage of cells with a positive reaction to Fas in parathyroid hyperplasia was 8.92%, in parathyroid adenoma 8.09%, and in normal tissue 1.9%. The expression of Fas was found in 94.59% of parathyroid hyperplasias, 90.48% of parathyroid adenomas, and none in healthy glands. Conclusions: In our study, hyperplasias demonstrated the highest expression of TRAIL and Fas, whereas in adenomas it was increased compared to normal tissue, but lower than in hyperplasias. These factors could be an additive tool in the differential diagnosis of parathyroid lesions.     

甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺结节34例临床分析

目的探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺结节的诊断及外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院收治的34例甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺结节的临床诊治经验。结果甲状旁腺腺瘤单侧单发多见(3l/34),单侧甲状旁腺腺瘤合并同侧甲状腺结节多见(25/31)。甲状腺结节病变性质主要为结节性甲状腺肿(27/34)。34例均行外科手术治疗。术后早期有8例患者出现短时的低钙血症,余无明显并发症。术后随访26例,全部患者甲状旁腺腺瘤均无明显复发迹象,结节性甲状腺肿患者有2例术后复查再次发现甲状腺结节,均予以动态观察,未行进一步手术切除,其余病例甲状腺结节均无复发。结论手术切除是治疗甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺结节的最有效的方法,最常用手术方式为单侧颈部探查术,术前定性及定位诊断结合术中诊断是手术成功的关键。     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症的诊断与手术治疗

目的：探讨原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症（PHPT）的诊断与治疗方法。方法：回顾性总结22例PHPT的临床诊断和手术治疗效果。结果：19例在确诊前均有病程不等的误诊治过程。21例行手术治疗，术后诊断甲状旁腺瘤16例，甲状旁腺增生2例，甲状旁腺癌3例。除1例术后并发多发性肋骨骨折致呼吸衰竭死亡外，20例术后恢复良好，甲状腺机能亢进症状完全得到控制。结论：需普及对PHPT的诊断技术，提高临床医生对该病的认识，一旦确诊并伴有临床征象，均需行手术治疗。     

Preoperative Localization of Parathyroid Adenomas Using 99mTc-MIBI Scintigraphy in Patients with Hyperparathyroidism

Background Technetium (Tc) 99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (_99mTc-MIBI) has recently been introduced for parathyroid imaging, as well as for myocardial imaging. We studied the usefulness of _99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy for preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid glands.
Methods The usefulness of _99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy for detection of hyperfunctional parathyroid lesions was evaluated in 5 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The results of localizing the abnormal glands by using _99mTc-MIBI were compared with those obtained by using thallium (Tl) 201-technetium (Tc) 99m (_2ulTI-_99mTc) subtraction scintigraphy, computed tomography, and ultrasonography.
Results The delayed (2 hours) imaging of _99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy was highly useful for accurate localization of the abnormal parathyroid lesions. The diseased glands were detected in all cases where _99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy was used, and using _99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy provided more information than did computed tomography, ultrasonography, or ₂₀₁Tl-_99mTc subtraction scintigraphy. Conclusion: This method is simple and essential for detecting hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands, especially those with small or ectopic lesions. This technique should be widely applied as a localizing diagnostic method for hyperparathyroidism.     

Water-Clear Cell Parathyroid Adenoma Causing Primary Hyperparathyroidism in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Report of a Case

Water-clear cell parathyroid adenoma is an exceedingly rare tumor, composed exclusively of tumor cells with abundant foamy cytoplasm. A combination of hyperparathyroidism and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is also a rare phenomenon. We report an 18-year-old woman with primary hyperparathyroidism caused by water-clear cell parathyroid adenoma in association with NF1. She had renal stones, hypercalcemia, and an elevated plasma level of intact parathyroid hormone. Physical examination revealed a palpable tumor in the right neck, and café-au-lait spots distributed over her entire body. An ultrasound examination showed an isoechoic mass in the right thyroid lobe. Thallium–technetium subtraction scintigraphy showed high thallium accumulation in the right thyroid lobe area. A surgical exploration revealed the palpable mass to be a parathyroid tumor. The pathological features were consistent with water-clear parathyroid adenoma. This is the first reported case of water-clear cell parathyroid adenoma associated with NF1.