医院医疗废物管理调查分析

目的 规范医院医疗废物的分类、收集、运送.方法根据国务院颁布的<医疗废物管理条例>制定医院<医疗废物管理办法>等制度,并予以现场调查、实施监督、管理,及时整改.结果各科室严格按照医疗废物分类、收集,锐器使用一次性锐器盒收集,修建了医院医疗废物贮存处并按要求进行交接登记,原来生活垃圾与医疗废物的混装的现象基本解决;在运送医疗废物时,使用密闭式医疗废物运送车运送,避免过去在运送过程中造成的医疗废物的洒落;由于措施实施到位,工作取得了成效.结论加强各级人员对医疗废物分类、收集、转运、贮存、处置的规范化培训,完善医疗废物处置设施,强化督导检查,持续整改,长抓不懈.     

15所医院医疗废物处理情况的调查研究

目的：对15所医院的医疗废物处理情况进行调查研究，以分析其存在的不足。方法：对菏泽市牡丹区辖区内的15所医院的医疗废物处理情况进行调查研究，根据医疗废物处理的相关文件对15所医院进行现场调查。结果：医疗废物处理情况存在一定的问题，15所医院中3所医院存在没有使用黄色包装袋处理医疗废物，1所医院医疗废物和生活垃圾没有进行分类，2所医院没有设置利器收集盒进行医疗废物处理。结论：辖区内医疗废物处理情况存在一定的问题，应给予进一步规范，并应加强对专职人员的相关规范培训，以规范医疗废物的管理，卫生监督部门也应加大监督力度，发挥应有的职能。     

镇原县县级医院医疗废物管理现状调查分析与对策

目的规范我县医疗废物的管理。方法对我县3所县级医院医疗废物管理相关制度、医疗废物的收集、转运、存储和终末处理进行了现场查询。结果医疗废物分类收集合格率为48%,锐器收集合格率为60%,医疗废物的收集、转运和储存存在很多问题。结论加大医疗废物的管理力度,建立健全并落实各项规章制度和流程,使医疗废物的管理规范化、法制化。     

医务人员锐器伤报告分析

目的了解医院锐器伤发生状况,查找影响因素,从而有针对性地加强预防职业暴露管理措施。方法对医院2005年1月-2010年6月报告的85名锐器伤备案资料进行统计分析。结果 85名锐器伤的人员分类中,62.4%为护理人员,工龄<5年者占42.4%;发生锐器伤的环节在诊疗操作中、操作结束后锐器弃置前、锐器弃置后的比例分别为60.0%、20.0%、20.0%。结论应把职业防护教育前移到岗前培训;对各种注射针头的正确使用和处置是防止锐器损伤的重要因素;对损伤性医疗废物处理应执行就近处置、使用良好性能锐器盒的管理策略。     

简易一次性锐器盒的制作与应用

按照《医疗废物管理办法》中医疗废物分类收集、分别处理的原则，医疗废物中的针头、刀片等能刺伤人体的各种锐器须装入锐器盒内处理。然而，在具体实践过程中，由于一次性锐器盒造价高、使用量大、推广相对困难。     

普外科损伤性废物管理成效

目的 提高普外科医护人员对损伤性医疗废物的管理,减少职业暴露的危险性.方法 对普外科全科护士进行问卷调查,针对薄弱项目进行培训、整改后,进行考核并总结.结果 普外科护士对损伤性废物的定义、种类、处置流程、高危操作种类的知晓率分别只有37.5％、50.0％、71.8％、43.8％,操作时锐器盒的携带率只有56.2％；通过培训后,以上项目的知晓率分别提高为87.5％、93.8％、100.0％、90.6％,高危操作锐器盒携带率为100.0％；普外科护士的损伤性废物月损伤率从14.91％降至4.28％.结论 普外科通过对科内人员的医院感染知识培训、锐器盒放置改进、规范操作行为、严格考核等方法有效地减少了损伤性医疗废物对医护人员的伤害,减少了职业暴露的危险性.     

湖北省121所医院医疗废物管理现状研究

目的了解湖北省二级以上医院医疗废物的管理状况,发现问题并提出改进措施。方法依据相关规范自行设计调查问卷,并通过分层随机抽样方法抽取医院进行调查,最终获有效问卷121份。结果医疗废物的总产生量为0.51 kg/床日;医疗废物管理制度与培训,以及医疗废物分类、收集和运送相关各指标合格率均在90%以上;99.17%的医院有暂存间,但暂存间消毒设施和流动水洗手设施配置率仅为58.68%和54.55%;所有医院的医疗废物均交由医疗废物集中处置单位,且其中88.43%能在两天内进行转移;特殊医疗废物中使用后的一次性输液瓶的合理处置率为76.03%,化学性废液和含汞体温计等医疗器具报废时的合理处置率为36.36%和18.18%;处理医疗废物时针刺伤发生数平均为7.04人次/年,防护用品配备齐全率为71.90%,74.38%的医院有定期对职工进行健康体检,且99.17%有建立针刺伤报告制度和开展相关培训。结论此次调查医院医疗废物管理相关指标大部分较为规范,但医疗废物暂存间的配置以及部分特殊医疗废物的处置还待进一步规范和严格管理。     

北京市大兴区医疗废物管理现状与对策

目的了解大兴区医疗机构医疗废物处置和管理现状,为规范医疗废物处置行为和加强医疗废物管理提供依据。方法制作检查表对32家医疗卫生机构的医疗废物管理情况进行监督检查并进行分析。结果 32医疗卫生机构均制定了相应的医疗废物管理制度及管理方法,设专兼职人员负责本单位医疗废物管理工作。医疗废物集中处置率达到100%,多数医疗机构使用符合要求的包装物和利器盒收集医疗废物、建立医疗废物暂时贮存所的占93.75%,医疗废物转运移交登记记录完整的占81.25%;交由医疗废物集中置单位的占100%,仍有15.63%医疗机构使用的医疗废物袋不符合要求。结论各级医疗机构应进一步规范和依法加强对医疗废物的安全管理,增强责任意识,规范医疗废物的收集、贮存、运输、处置等活动行为,确保医疗废物达到无害化处理。     

无菌台上医疗废物的规范化管理

目的规范手术间无菌台上医疗废物管理,防止污染扩散和传播感染性疾病,并提高手术室工作效率和护理质量。方法按照《医疗废物管理条例》及有关规定在我院手术室12个手术间无菌台上实行医疗废物分类收集,进一步规范手术间医疗废物的管理。结果①实验组手术伤口感染率、外科医院感染率以及锐器伤发生率分别为16.5%、8.9%、7%。②手术医生、麻醉医生、保洁员的满意度分别为:95%、98%、100%。结论无菌台上医疗废物的规范化管理是手术间医疗废物的管理的重要环节,不仅保证了手术间的干净整洁,减少了医疗废物在手术间的二次污染,防止了污染扩散,避免了手术台上产生医疗垃圾的混放,减少了医务人员的锐器伤率,防止了感染性疾病的传播。优化了手术间的保洁流程,提高了手术团队人员的工作效率和手术间的利用率。     

湖北省医疗机构医疗废物管理现状调查

目的调查湖北省医疗机构医疗废物的管理现状,并提出改进对策。方法依据相关规范自行设计调查问卷,采用随机分层抽样方法于2015年4月实地调查湖北省75所医院医疗废物管理情况,获得有效问卷73份。结果73所医院的医疗废物管理软硬件建设基本符合规范要求,组织与制度管理、科室分类处置情况各项合格率均在90%以上;83.56%（61/73）的医院开展了医疗废物最佳环境实践相关宣传;减少使用一次性医疗器械、用品品种达40余种;76.71%（56/73）的医院输液软袋都交由签约公司回收利用;医院病理科的化学性废液交危险废物处置中心处理的仅占21.54%（14/65）;骨科钢板处置方法不一, 56.16%（41/73）的医院将其作为医疗废物,仅35.62%（26/73）的医院告知患者处置方式,与患者签署知情同意书。结论湖北省医疗机构医疗废物管理已逐步得到重视,但对于特殊类别的医疗废物处置,如输液袋（瓶）、骨科钢板、病理科化学性废液处置均存在不同程度的问题,仍需加大培训,进一步规范医疗废物分类处置。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.