A case of cutaneous localized cryptococcosis

A 65-year-old Japanese male with cutaneous localized cryptococcosis, which was developed as an erythematous infiltrated plaque on the right side of the face, was reported. The biopsy specimen taken from the lesion showed a granulomatous change with many spores in the dermis. Culture of the biopsy specimen gave Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D. There were no cryptococcal infections in the other organs. The skin lesion was improved by a systemic administration of miconazole. This patient was unusual since the cryptococcal lesion was limited to the skin, nevertheless he was under a severe cellular immunity deficiency. The reason for this may be that the infected C. neoformans strain belonged to serotype D.     

新生隐球菌不同变种所致小鼠原发性皮肤感染的比较

目的：探讨新生隐球菌不同变种在原发性小鼠新生隐球菌皮肤感染中的作用。方法：按照我们建立的原发性皮肤隐球菌感染模型的方法，将新生隐球菌新生变种标准野生株B3501与格特变种标准株ATCC32609分别皮内接种于免疫抑制与非抑制的BALB／c小鼠，皮损真菌培养与组织病理检查确证感染。观察2种隐球菌感染的病程，比较皮损形成与消退的平均时间。结果：2种变种的新生隐球菌皮下接种于BALB／c小鼠后，可以在免疫抑制与非抑制的BALB／c小鼠皮肤上产生丘疹、结节、溃疡、传染性软疣样皮损，皮损可以自愈，真菌培养与病理确证为隐球菌感染。2种菌株只在免疫正常小鼠的皮损形成时间上存在差异。结论：新生变种与格特变种的新生隐球菌均可以造成BALB／c小鼠相似的皮肤感染。推测2种变种对原发性皮肤感染的致病力可能无差异，新生变种发病较多可能与其分布有关。     

Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent host: case report and review of the literature

We report a 46-year-old male who developed cellulitis of his third right finger after being injured with a metallic object. Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was isolated from both the skin and the metallic object. Systemic cryptococcosis and immunosuppression was excluded by appropriate tests. Complete healing was achieved after 10 months of itraconazole 100 mg/12 h and surgical excision of the remaining lesion. Our literature review shows another 16 cases of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in nonimmunocompromised hosts. The clinical, mycological and therapeutic characteristics of these patients are reviewed.     

传染性软疣样皮损表现的播散性隐球菌病2例

报告2例播散性隐球菌病。除系统累及表现外，皮损为传染性软疣样丘疹，组织液、血液及脑脊液检查找到隐球菌，皮损和淋巴结组织病理学检查见孢子。提示当发热性疾病伴传染性软疣样皮损时，应警惕隐球菌感染。避免误诊和延误诊断的关键是提高对本病的认识和对可疑病例做真菌检查。     

艾滋病并发播散性皮肤隐球菌病

报告1例艾滋病并发播散性皮肤隐球菌病。患者女,32岁。人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)抗体阳性,无系统感染症状,皮损表现为传染性软疣样。皮损组织病理示组织细胞内外可见大量有荚膜的孢子,PAS染色阳性。皮损真菌培养阳性,菌种鉴定为新生隐球菌。治疗给予氟康唑静脉滴注,半个月后原有皮损结痂愈合,但右背部又新发带状疱疹。     

新生隐球菌28S rDNA的基因型特征与序列分析

目的 探讨新生隐球菌各变种、血清型与基因型的关系。方法 新生隐球菌标准株10株、新生隐球菌荚膜缺陷株CAP10以及临床分离株19株,采用变性梯度胶电泳(DGGE)结合DNA序列分析,对以上菌株的28S rDNA片段进行研究。结果 经过DGGE和DNA序列分析,所有新生隐球菌新生变种(A、D型)具有一致的基因带型和序列,格特变种(B、C型)具有不同于新生变种的独特一致的带型和序列;AD型的基因型和序列与格特变种完全相同,新生隐球菌荚膜缺陷株CAP10(D型)的基因型类同于新生变种;19株临床分离菌在DGGE上可分为2型,17株与A、D型完全相同,2株与B、C型相同。结论 DGGE结合DNA序列分析,对于探讨新生隐球菌各变种、血清型的基因型特征、关系具有重要价值;我国非艾滋病隐球菌病感染以新生变种为主,AD型在系统发育上更类同于格特变种,而不是新生变种;本研究不支持A血清型为新生变种以外的新变种即grubii变种的观点。     

CUTANEOUS CRYPTOCOCCOSIS: RECURRENCE FOLLOWING ORAL FLUCONAZOLE TREATMENT

A case of recurrent cutaneous cryptococcosis in an immunocompromised patient is described. The patient presented with a non-healing cutaneous ulcer due to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. Extensive investigation failed to reveal any evidence of associated systemic cryptococcosis. Treatment with oral fluconazole resulted in complete resolution of the ulcer but after several months a second cutaneous cryptococcal lesion appeared, strongly suggesting dissemination from an underlying systemic focus. This case illustrates the hazards associated with making a diagnosis of isolated cutaneous cryptococcosis and the necessity for prolonged follow-up of patients who present in this way.     

新生隐球菌cap60荚膜缺陷株转化系统的构建

目的 构建新生隐球菌荚膜缺陷株ｃａｐ６０的转化系统。方法与结果：（１）在新生隐球菌的荚膜缺陷株ｃａｐ６０中利用５－氟乳清乳（５－ＦＯＡ）反选择法筛选到一个尿嘧啶合成基因突变株。（２）利用带有以新生隐球菌ｕｒａ５基因为选择标记的质粒载体ｐＣｎｔｅｌｌ－ｄ通过电转化法和化学转化法成功地转化该ｕｒａ５突变株。     

新生隐球菌生物膜体外抗真菌药物敏感性研究

目的了解新生隐球菌生物膜对氟康唑、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑和卡泊芬净的体外敏感性。方法采用标准微量稀释法测定上述4种抗真菌药物对20株新生隐球菌悬浮状态与生物膜状态的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),MIC结果判定采用四甲基偶氮唑盐[XTT,2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt]-降解法。结果悬浮新生隐球菌20株均对两性霉素B敏感(<1μg/mL),3株对氟康唑耐药(>64μg/mL);1株对伊曲康唑耐药;20株均对卡泊芬净耐药。而生物膜新生隐球菌显示:在20株中,除4株对两性霉素B敏感外,其余各株均对两性霉素B耐药。20株菌均对氟康唑和伊曲康唑耐药,远远高于耐药浓度。对卡泊芬净,均高于其耐药浓度。结论标准微量稀释法结合四甲基偶氮唑盐(XTT)-降解法测定新生隐球菌生物膜对抗真菌药物的敏感性其结果具有可重复性和一致性的特点;新生隐球菌生物膜的明显降低抗真菌药物的敏感性。     

新型隐球菌核型的脉冲电泳分析

用脉冲电泳技术分离了包括３个变种、５种血清型在内的２０株新型隐球菌染色体ＤＮＡ，发现其基因组由１０～１２条染色体组成，大小在０．４～２．１Ｍｂ之间，总长度约１５Ｍｂ。特别是注意到电泳核型与血清型之间有相关性，并观察到菌株间的带型也存在不同程度的差异，提示电泳核型分析可作为变种鉴别和种内分型的新的基因型方法。     

新生隐球菌格鲁比变种、新生变种和格特隐球菌的多重聚合酶链反应鉴定

目的 建立一种基于核糖体基因内间隔区（IGS）的多重聚合酶链反应（PCR）,用于快速鉴定新生隐球菌新生变种、格鲁比变种和格特隐球菌。方法 选取新生隐球菌和格特隐球菌IGS中变异度最高的Ⅰ区（IGS1）为靶点,经ClustalW2多重比对,并结合Oligo6软件在不同序列位点设计针对新生隐球菌新生变种、格鲁比变种和格特隐球菌的引物用于多重PCR分析。通过51株新生隐球菌（VNⅠ-VNⅣ和VNB基因型）和41株格特隐球菌（VGⅠ-VGⅣ基因型）对该方法进行验证,并将该方法与已报道的CGB显色培养和采用特异性引物GPA1A、CLA4D和SOD1gattii扩增格鲁比变种、新生变种和格特隐球菌的单一引物PCR方法进行比较。结果 基于IGS的多重PCR分析成功鉴定所有92株新生隐球菌和格特隐球菌,对其他常见致病酵母的扩增均阴性,显示所设计引物较高的特异性;已报道的基于GPA1A和CLA4D引物PCR分别在鉴定2株和1株格特隐球菌时出现假阳性结果;CGB培养基在鉴定1株格鲁比变种和1株新生变种时出现假阳性结果。上述方法在鉴定时均未出现假阴性结果。结论 建立的多重PCR可快速准确地鉴定新生隐球菌新生变种、格鲁比变种、AD杂合子和格特隐球菌,且优于已报道的单一引物PCR 或CGB显色培养法。     

新生隐球菌变种问ITS序列差异的研究

目的 利用真菌核糖体基L大1内转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析和系统进化学分析来研究新生隐球菌上海变种的地位及变种问ITS序列的差异.方法 采用真菌通用引物ITS1、ITS4对12株新生隐球菌不同变种标准株的ITS片段进行PCR扩增和测序,结合基因库等数据库中11株新生隐球菌标准株的ITS序列,用CLUSTAL W1.83软件多重比对分析序列的差别,MEGA3.1软件处理数据绘制系统进化树.结果 新生隐球菌变种之间ITS序列存在明显差异,存在6种亚型;gattii变种ITS序列存在4种亚型.中国发现的新生隐球菌上海变种S8012与gattii变种在表型及分子生物学研究均存在显著的差异,但仍属于变种内差异.结论 我国发现的上海变种S8012归入gattii变种的ITSC型,原gattii变种RV20186归人gattii变种的ITSF型.     

Large crusted ulceration of the scalp: first manifestation of cryptococcosis in an AIDS patient

BACKGROUND: Cryptococcosis is an infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. It primarily occurs in immunocompromised hosts. Crytptococcosis is usually a systemic disease and may be serious if the lungs or the central nervous system are involved. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of cutaneous cryptococcosis without systemic involvement occurring as the first manifestation of AIDS. The skin lesion in our patient consisted of a large crusted ulceration on the scalp. Fluconazole was successful. DISCUSSION: This case is a new observation of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in a patient with AIDS. Clinical appearance may be misleading; skin lesions may be the primary sign in immunocompromised patients. Rapid treatment and secondary prophylaxis are required.     

隐球菌与体外培养角质形成细胞的相互作用

目的：研究隐球菌与体外培养的角质形成细胞的相互作用。方法：检测新生隐球菌对体外培养的角质形成细胞HaCaT株（简称HaCaT细胞）的时间-浓度黏附率、通透率;检测新生隐球菌对细胞的损伤;透射电镜观察二者相互作用的超微结构。结果：新生隐球菌标准野生株B3501（简称B3501）可以对HaCaT细胞产生黏附与侵袭,黏附率与侵袭率呈现时间依赖性;同时,B3501还可以使HacaT细胞凋亡率升高,对其造成损伤,这与菌体的活力相关。超微结构可见新生隐球菌与角质形成细胞的黏附与侵袭过程。结论：活的隐球菌黏附与侵袭角质形成细胞是其感染皮肤的重要条件。进一步明确二者的相互作用对隐球菌发病机制的研究具有重要意义。     

Coexistent oral cryptococcosis and Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

As experience with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has grown during the last decade, it has become important to recognize interactions between the opportunistic infections and malignancies that complicate the course of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Our recent experience as described in this paper reveals that Kaposi's sarcoma and cryptococcal infection can associate in such a manner. The first reported case of oral Cryptococcus neoformans infection within a Kaposi's sarcoma lesion in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is described. Based on the clinical course of this patient, it is an important consideration that the sarcoma may have harbored and even protected the fungus during systemic amphotericin B therapy.     

荚膜在小鼠原发性皮肤新生隐球菌感染中的作用

目的探讨新生隐球菌多糖荚膜在小鼠原发性皮肤新生隐球菌感染中的作用。方法按照笔者建立的原发性皮肤隐球菌感染模型构建方法,将新生隐球菌标准野生株B3501与荚膜缺陷株cap64分别皮内接种于免疫抑制与非抑制的BALB/c小鼠,皮损真菌培养与组织病理检查确证感染。观察2种隐球菌感染的病程,比较皮损形成与消退的时间。结果野生株与荚膜缺陷株新生隐球菌皮下接种于BALB/c小鼠后,均可以在免疫抑制与非抑制的BALB/c小鼠皮肤上产生结节、丘疹、溃疡、传染性软疣样皮损,皮损可以自愈,真菌培养与病理确证为隐球菌感染。2种菌株感染的病程差异无显著性意义。结论野生株与荚膜缺陷株新生隐球菌均可以造成BALB/c小鼠相似的皮肤感染。荚膜可能不是小鼠皮肤隐球菌感染的主要毒力因子。     

首次从非AIDS患者中分离出尿素酶阴性新生隐球菌

最近，作者等从一非ＡＩＤＳ又无免疫缺陷的新生隐球菌脑膜炎患者脑脊液中有首次分离出一株尿素酶阴性新生隐球菌，经与尿素酶阳性的新生隐球菌和尿素酶阳性的白念珠菌反复对照，并经动物实验证明，经南京医科大学附属和线医院情报室联机检索，国际上未见类似报告。     

80株中国大陆新生隐球菌环境株表型和分子特征的初步研究

目的了解中国大陆地区新生隐球菌环境株的分布情况,及其表型和基因型特征。方法采用CACA培养基培养1372份来自中国大部分地区私人和公共养鸽场所的鸽粪标本,分离出新生隐球菌,并对其表型和基因型特征进行分析。结果共分离出80株新生隐球菌,分离阳性率约为5．5％,所有菌株37℃生长良好,有完整荚膜,尿素酶试验阳性。ITS序列分析证实分离出的新生隐球菌均属于血清型A。M13-PCR显示,其基因型为我国及东南亚地区特征性的VNIC型,显示了与临床株的高度一致性。结论中国大陆地区的新生隐球菌临床株与环境株显示了高度的同源性,提示对于易感人群,阻断与相应环境的接触可有效预防新生隐球菌的感染。     

Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis and Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D

We report a Healthy, 73-year-old Japanese woman who presented with primary cryptococcosis on the skin of both cheeks. She had initially developed an erythematous, partly ulcerated lesion on the right cheek 2 weeks earlier following an injury. There was no regional lymphadenopathy, and chest X-rays were normal. Histopathological findings showed granulomatous cell infiltration, Periodic acid Schiff staining revealed spores that were identified by the indirect immunoperoxidase staining method as Cryptococcus neoformans. The isolate was identified as C. neoformans var. neofarmans serotype D. The skin lesions healed in 1 month without antifungal therapy. A literature review indicates that this serotype tends to produce cutaneous lesions without systemic involvement.     

新生隐球菌毒力因子的信号调节

新生隐球菌为一种普遍存在的异宗交配的腐生担菌纲类真菌,是少数人类机会性致病真菌之一,其利用复杂的信号途径来感应生存环境、控制生殖及多种致病因素.已经被系统研究的信号途径包括G蛋白-环磷酸腺苷-蛋白激酶A、神经钙蛋白-钙调节蛋白、促分裂原激活蛋白激酶、Ras信号途径等.概述这4种主要信号途径的作用,以期通过对这些传导途径各个环节的了解,为寻找新的药物靶点,治疗新生隐球菌病提供帮助.

Abstract：

Cryptococcus neoformans, as a ubiquitous heterothallic basidiomycetous fungus,is also one of few opportunistic human fungal pathogen.It utilizes complex signaling pathways to sense environments and control reproduction and virulence factors.Well-studied signaling pathways in Cryptococcus neoformans include G protein-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A, calcineurin-calmodulin ,mitogen-activated protein kinase and Ras signaling pathway.This review mainly describes the role of these four signaling pathways,so as to provide clues to the search for new drug targets for the treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans infection by improving the understanding of these signaling transduction pathways.