2011年AASLD基因1型丙型肝炎诊疗指南要点简介

2011年10月Hepatology全文刊发了美国肝病研究学会的2011年版基因1型慢性丙型肝炎的诊疗指南。该指南是基于boceprevir和telaprevir在美国和欧洲相继上市而发布的,具有显著的时间特色。本文对该指南的有关要点进行介绍。     

丙型肝炎防治指南

丙型肝炎是一种主要经血液传播的疾病,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)慢性感染可导致肝脏慢性炎症坏死和纤维化,部分患者可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌(HCC),对患者的健康和生命危害极大,已成为严重的社会和公共卫生问题.在卫生部和中华医学会有关领导的支持下,中华医学会肝病学分会和传染病与寄生虫病学分会组织国内有关专家,按照循证医学的原则,并参照国内外最新研究成果,制订了我国丙型肝炎防治指南.必须指出,临床医学的精髓在于根据患者的具体情况及现有的医疗资源,采取最合理的诊疗措施.因此,任何临床诊疗指南都不应看作为一成不变的金科玉律.现代医学的发展日新月异,新理论、新观点、新的诊断技术和新的防治方法会不断出现,本指南将根据最新的临床医学证据定期进行修改和更新.     

丙型肝炎防治指南

丙型肝炎是一种主要经血液传播的疾病,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)慢性感染可导致肝脏慢性炎症坏死和纤维化,部分患者可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌(HCC),对患者的健康和生命危害极大,已成为严重的社会和公共卫生问题。在卫生部和中华医学会有关领导的支持下,中华医学会肝病学分会和传染病与寄生虫病学分会组织国内有关专家,按照循证医     

丙型肝炎防治指南

丙型肝炎是一种主要经血液传播的疾病，HCV慢性感染可导致肝脏慢性炎症坏死和纤维化，部分患者可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌(HCC)，对患者的健康和生命危害极大，已成为严重的社会和公共卫生问题。在卫生部和中华医学会有关领导的支持下，中华医学会肝病学分会和传染病与寄生虫病学分会组织国内有关专家，按照循证医学的原则，并     

丙型肝炎防治指南

内型肝炎是一种主要经血液传播的疾病，丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)慢性感染，导致肝脏慢性炎症坏死和纤维化，部分患者可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞痛(HCC)，对患者的健康和生命危害极大，已成为严重的社会和公共卫生问题。在卫生部和中华医学会有关领导的支持下，中华医学会肝病学分会和传染病与寄生虫病学分会组织国内有关专家，按照循证医学的原则，并参     

丙型肝炎防治指南

丙型肝炎是一种主要经血液传播的疾病,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)慢性感染可导致肝脏慢性炎症坏死和纤维化,部分患者可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌(HCC) ,对患者的健康和生命危害极大,已成为严重的社会和公共卫生问题。在卫生部和中华医学会有关领导的支持下,中华医学会肝病学分会和传染病与寄生虫病学分会组织国内有关专家,按照循证医学的原则,并参照国内外最新研究成果,制订了我国丙型肝炎防治指南。必须指出,临床医学的精髓在于根据患者的具体情况及现有的医疗资源,采取最合理的诊疗措施。因此,不应将本指南看作为一成不变的金科玉律。现代医学…     

丙型肝炎防治指南

丙型肝炎是一种主要经血液传播的疾病，丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)慢性感染可导致肝脏慢性炎症坏死和纤维化，部分患者可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌(HCC)，对患者的健康和生命危害极大，已成为严重的社会和公共卫生问题。在卫生部和中华医学会有关领导的支持下，中华医学会肝病学分会和传染病与寄生虫病学分会组织国内有关专家，按照循证医学的原则，并参照国内外最新研究成果，制订了我国丙型肝炎防治指南。必     

丙型肝炎治疗新进展（下）

对标准干扰素加利巴韦林治疗无效患的再治疗一直令人失望，这些患一个疗程的长效干扰素加利巴韦林再治疗的应答率低于15％。     

Status of hepatitis C virus vaccination:Recent update

Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection is still a major public health problem worldwide since its first identification in 1989. At the start, HCV infection was post-transfusion viral infection, particularly in developing countries. Recently, due to iv drug abuse, HCV infection became number one health problem in well-developed countries as well. Following acute HCV infection, the innateimmune response is triggered in the form of activated coordinated interaction of NK cells, dendritic cells and interferon α. The acquired immune response is then developed in the form of the antibody-mediated immune response(ABIR) and the cell-mediated immune response(CMIR). Both are responsible for clearance of HCV infection in about 15% of infected patients. However, HCV has several mechanisms to evade these antivirus immune reactions. The current review gives an overview of HCV structure, immune response and viral evasion mechanisms. It also evaluates the available preventive and therapeutic vaccines that induce innate, ABIR, CMIR. Moreover, this review highlights the progress in recent HCV vaccination studies either in preclinical or clinical phases. The unsatisfactory identification of HCV infection by the current screening system and the limitations of currently available treatments, including the ineligibility of some chronic HCV patients to such antiviral agents, mandate the development of an effective HCV vaccine.     

Is interferon-beta an alternative treatment for chronic hepatitis C？

The treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CMC) is still far from optimal, particularly for those subpopulations that do not respond to the standard combination therapy with Interferon-α(IFNα) plus ribavirin. Although in some cases the use of higher doses or longer treatment periods may be effective, these approaches are generally associated with a higher incidence of adverse events, which may either lead to a reduction in patient compliance or require drug withdrawal. IFNβcould represent an interesting alternative for treating CMC patients. Controversial data about IFNp efficacy in CMC exist, the main reason being that many results stem from pilot studies with small cohorts of patients. However, promising results have been obtained in some subgroups of patients that fail to respond to IFNa. Additionally, the good tolerability of IFNβrepresents an important advantage of the drug. The rates of dropouts in controlled clinical trials, as well as the need for dose reductions or treatment discontinuation are very low. It might be worth assessing the value of IFNβplus ribavirin in randomized studies with a larger cohort of patients, not eligible or not tolerating standard therapy, and for non-responders.     

Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: an up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes

AIM To review Hepatitis C virus(HCV) prevalence and genotypes distribution worldwide.METHODS We conducted a systematic study which represents one of the most comprehensive effort to quantify global HCV epidemiology,using the best available published data between 2000 and 2015 from 138 countries(about 90% of the global population),grouped in 20 geographical areas(with the exclusion of Oceania),as defined by the Global Burden of Diseases project(GBD). Countries for which we were unable to obtain HCV genotype prevalence data were excluded from calculations of regional proportions,although their populations were included in the total population size of each region when generating regional genotype prevalence estimates.RESULTS Total global HCV prevalence is estimated at 2.5%(177.5 million of HCV infected adults),ranging from 2.9% in Africa and 1.3% in Americas,with a global viraemic rate of 67%(118.9 million of HCV RNA positive cases),varying from 64.4% in Asia to 74.8% in Australasia. HCV genotype 1 is the most prevalent worldwide(49.1%),followed by genotype 3(17.9%),4(16.8%) and 2(11.0%). Genotypes 5 and 6 are responsible for the remaining 5%. While genotypes 1 and 3 are common worldwide,the largest proportion of genotypes 4 and 5 is in lower-income countries. Although HCV genotypes 1 and 3 infections are the most prevalent globally(67.0% if considered together),other genotypes are found more commonly in lowerincome countries where still account for a significant proportion of HCV cases.CONCLUSION A more precise knowledge of HCV genotype distribution will be helpful to best inform national healthcare models to improve access to new treatments.     

《2018年美国肝病学会乙型肝炎指导:慢性乙型肝炎预防、诊断和治疗(更新)》摘译

2018年美国肝病学会（AASLD）的乙型肝炎指导旨在补充2016年AASLD的慢性乙型肝炎治疗实践指南并更新2009年以来的HBV指南。2018年AASLD的乙型肝炎指导在乙型肝炎患者筛查、预防、诊断以及临床管理方面提供了数据支持性的策略。与2016年指南不同的是,2018年指导未行系统评价,     

Hepatitis C virus： Virology, diagnosis and management of antiviral therapy

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 170 million individuals worldwide. Prevention of HCV infection complications is based on antiviral therapy with the combination of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin. The use of serological and virological tests has become essential in the management of HCV infection in order to diagnose infection, guide treatment decisions and assess the virological response to antiviral therapy. Anti- HCV antibody testing and HCV RNA testing are used to diagnose acute and chronic hepatitis C. The HCV genotype should be systematically determined before treatment, as it determines the indication, the duration of treatment, the dose of ribavirin and the virological monitoring procedure. HCV RNA monitoring during therapy is used to tailor treatment duration in HCV genotype 1 infection, and molecular assays are used to assess the end-of-treatment and, most importantly the sustained virological response, i.e. the endpoint of therapy.     

Viral hepatitis update: Progress and perspectives

Viral hepatitis, secondary to infection with hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses, are a major public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite the huge medical advances achieved in recent years, there are still points of conflict concerning the pathogenesis, immune response, development of new and more effective vaccines, therapies, and treatment. This review focuses on the most important research topics that deal with issues that are currently being solved, those that remain to be solved, and future research directions. For hepatitis A virus we will address epidemiology, molecular surveillance, new susceptible populations as well as environmental and food detections. In the case of hepatitis B virus, we will discuss host factors related to disease, diagnosis, therapy, and vaccine improvement. On hepatitis C virus, we will focus on pathogenesis, immune response, direct action antivirals treatment in the context of solid organ transplantation, issues related to hepatocellular carcinoma development, direct action antivirals resistance due to selection of resistance-associated variants, and vaccination. Regarding hepatitis D virus, we describe diagnostic methodology, pathogenesis, and therapy. Finally, for hepatitis E virus, we will address epidemiology (including new emerging species), diagnosis, clinical aspects, treatment, the development of a vaccine, and environmental surveillance.     

干扰素在慢性丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗中的应用

自干扰素（IFN）进入临床以来，慢性丙型肝炎的治疗经过几次飞跃式的发展。2000年以前是普通IFN的时代。慢性丙型肝炎的治疗以IFN单药治疗为主，但24周的有效率只有约12％，48周的有效率为15％～22％。从1992年开始，IFN与利巴韦林的联合应用，将治疗48周的持续病毒学应答率（SVR）提高到了41％。但普通IFN血清浓度波动大，可能导致较重的不良反应或病毒重新复制和反跳，从而限制了其应用。2000年，聚乙二醇化干扰素（PEG-IFN）用于治疗慢性丙型肝炎，为慢性丙型肝炎患者的治疗提供了新的选择。[第一段]     

HBV/HCV重叠感染的抗病毒治疗

从全球范围看,乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)重叠感染估计约有700-2000万人口感染.重叠感染和单一HBV或HCV感染比较,更易发展为肝硬化、肝细胞癌甚至肝衰竭的比例也高,HBV和HCV重叠感染可有四种不同的临床模式,即HCV活动...     

Prevention of hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation: An update

Hepatitis C related liver failure and hepatocarcinoma are the most common indications for liver transplantation in Western countries.Recurrent hepatitis C infection of the allograft is universal and immediate following liver transplantation,being associated with accelerated progression to cirrhosis,graft loss and death.Graft and patient survival is reduced in liver transplant recipients with recurrent Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection compared to HCV-negative recipients.Many variables may impact on recurrent HCV liver disease.Overall,excess immunosuppression is believed to be a key factor;however,no immunosuppressive regimen has been identified to be more beneficial or less harmful.Donor age limitations,exclusion of moderately to severely steatotic livers and minimization of ischemic times could be a potential strategy to minimize the severity of HCV disease in transplanted subjects.After transplantation,antiviral therapy based on pegylated IFN alpha with or without ribavirin is associated with far less results than that reported for immunocompetent HCV-infected patients.New findings in the field of immunotherapy and genomic medicine applied to this context are promising.     

Hepatitis C virus core antigen testing: Role in diagnosis,disease monitoring and treatment

While hepatitis B virus(HBV)screening relies on hepatitis B surface antigen to confirm HBV infection since the early days of hepatitis B disease management,hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection screening is based on anti-HCV testing which does not discriminate active from past infection.Thus to confirm infection HCV RNA testing has been required;recently a HCV core antigen assay became widely commercially available which could serve to confirm infection.That assay is less sensitive than current HCV RNA assays,but as more than 50%of anti-HCV positive persons will be HCV core antigen positive,HCV core antigen testing can be a cost effective and reflex test to confirm HCV infection in anti-HCV positive individuals and will be easier as it can be applied on the same platform.For treatment monitoring,more data need to be generated,but the early data available at present suggest that HCV core antigen may be an alternative to HCV RNA monitoring.With direct antivirals,HCV core antigen could even be superior to HCV RNA testing,as direct antivirals might already prevent virus formation when HCV core antigen is still produced and thereby correlates better with eventual viral clearance.