临床药师对围手术期预防应用抗菌药物干预后的分析评价

目的评价临床药师对围手术期预防应用抗菌药物干预后用药情况。方法抽取围手术住院病历360份,其中临床药师干预前(2010年10-12月)180份,干预后(2012年10-12月)180份,根据抗菌药品合理使用标准进行评价。结果临床药师干预后,我院围手术期预防性抗菌药物使用率显著下降,抗菌药品用药时机、疗程的合理性明显提高。结论通过临床药师对围手术抗菌药品使用的干预,我院围手术期用药合理性有所提高,临床药师对规范抗菌药品的使用有所成效。     

抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌药物的药学干预评估

目的:评价我院临床药师干预抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)抗菌药物应用的效果。方法:采用回顾性方法,选取我院2011年1-3月(干预前)和7-9月(干预后)应用抗MRSA抗菌药物的患者病历各160份进行统计、分析。结果:经过药学方面的系统干预和个体干预,我院抗MRSA抗菌药物的用药合理性得到了较大提高,用药不合理比例由干预前的36.88%下降到了干预后的23.13%。结论:我院临床药师在短期内干预抗MRSA抗菌药物的应用已初见成效;临床需规范应用抗MRSA类抗菌药物,以免出现难以控制的耐药局面。     

临床药师促进临床合理用药的效果评价

目的:评价我院临床药师通过处方点评、临床药学干预等手段,促进临床合理用药和提高医疗质量的效果。方法:回顾性比较我院临床药师干预前、后门诊处方合格率和住院患者抗菌药物应用情况变化。结果:经临床药师干预后,我院平均住院时间下降1.09d,处方不合格率下降62.09%,抗菌药物应用更趋规范、合理。结论:临床药师通过积极干预临床用药,提高了医院的合理用药水平。     

临床药师参与腹股沟疝修补术围术期抗菌药物合理应用干预研究

目的:考察临床药师干预腹股沟疝修补术患者围术期抗菌药物应用的效果。方法:分别抽取我院2009年8-12月(干预前)和2010年8-12月(干预后)的腹股沟疝修补术出院患者病历各60份。对围术期预防性应用抗菌药物适应证、药物选择、用法用量、给药时机与疗程、联合用药、通用名书写等方面合理性进行比较。结果:经临床药师干预,腹股沟疝修补术患者围术期预防性应用抗菌药物在药物选择、用法用量、联合用药、用药时机与疗程、通用名书写、病历中抗菌药物用药分析等方面较干预前均有明显改善,住院药品费用占总费用的比例由27.66%下降到22.62%,抗菌药物费用占总药品费用的比例由20.88%降至8.07%。抗菌药物应用时间由2.38d下降至0.95d。结论:临床药师对腹股沟疝修补术围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的干预是可行并且有效的,对Ⅰ类切口围术期预防性用药的安全、有效、合理、经济具有积极的促进作用。     

临床药师干预临床不合理用药的效果评价

目的:评价临床药师干预临床不合理用药的效果。方法:选取本院2016年实施临床药师干预前后住院医嘱中使用抗菌药物的病历各200例,采用回顾性分析法,回顾分析在临床药师干预下的住院医嘱中抗菌药物合理使用效果。结果:实施临床药师干预后,本院住院患者抗菌药物用药排序以及用药频率有了显著改善;在干预后的抗菌药物使用中,主要使用差异体现在单独用药、二联用药、三联用药等方面;经过临床药师干预,临床用药不合理的现象有了明显改善,差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:临床药师干预抗菌药物不合理使用,可降低抗菌药物的使用率和联合用药的比例,可促进我院抗菌药物的合理使用,提高合理用药水平。     

临床药师参与手术患者抗菌药物的合理性使用分析

目的:分析临床药师参与手术患者用药干预前后抗菌药物的合理性使用状况。方法:选取2014年12月—2015年12月间收治的手术治疗患者68例作为研究对象,将其分为观察组和对照组,每组34例,对照组患者给予常规抗菌药物治疗,观察组患者在使用抗菌药物治疗时临床药师干预用药,比较两组患者抗菌药物的使用合理性。结果:干预后的观察组患者抗菌药物用药合理率高于对照组(P<0.05),住院时间、药品费用明显低于对照组(P>0.05)。结论:临床药师参与临床患者用药干预,能有效改善患者抗菌药物用药的合理率,减少了治疗费用,缩短了治疗时间。     

临床药师干预对甲状腺手术围术期抗菌药物应用和切口感染率的影响

目的:评价临床药师干预甲状腺手术患者围术期抗菌药物合理性的效果。方法:分别抽取某三甲医院2010年9月至2011年8月(干预前)和2011年9月至2012年8月(干预后)的甲状腺手术出院患者病历各90份,对围术期预防性应用抗菌药物的合理性进行比较。结果:经临床药师干预,该院甲状腺手术患者围术期抗菌药物预防使用率由干预前的96.67%下降到干预后的16.67%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,<0.05);用药适应证、药物选择、用法用量、术前用药时机、用药疗程、联合用药等指标合理率均显著提高(P<0.05)。干预前后切口感染率均为0,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),手术前后体温变化及外周血白细胞计数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:临床药师对甲状腺手术围术期预防应用抗菌药物的干预可行且有效,可对Ⅰ类切口围术期合理预防用药起到积极的作用。     

抗菌药物使用的药学干预方法与效果探究

目的:研究分析临床治疗中应用药学干预指导抗菌药物实用的临床效果。方法:选取我院2015年9月-2016年12月间临床治疗中派驻临床药师进行药学指导为观察组,选取2014年1月-2015年8月无临床药师指导的为对照组,每个时间段组别抽取80例患者。临床药学组对临床病历进行检查,并评价住院时间、病程、抗菌药物、用法用量、联合用药、重复用药等情况,并对抗菌药物临床用药情况进行综合性分析,并评价相关结果。结果:实行药学干预后,抗菌药物的使用情况发生明显变化,合理用药率从61.25%提升高92.50%,住院费用从(2503.62±315.48)元降到(1858.08±258.67)元,统计学分析比较数据差异显著(P0.05),组间差异显著。结论:临床用药针对患者应用抗菌药物治疗开展药学干预,在临床药师的指导下,患者的用药合理性大幅度提高,临床治疗费用减少,对患者治疗意义重大。     

抗菌药物专项整治前后我院腹腔镜胆囊切除术围术期抗菌药物预防性使用分析

目的:将腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)围术期预防用药纳入普外科Ⅰ类切口手术管理。方法:将LC预防用抗菌药物为专项点评项目,采用临床药师技术干预与医院行政干预相结合,以PDCA循环管理法实施干预,对我院2009年7-12月(干预前)、2011年7-12月(第一阶段干预后)、2012年7-12月(第二阶段干预后)普外科病历资料中单纯胆囊结石、胆囊息肉型LC患者315例,进行抗菌药物预防应用合理性评价,并对干预前后情况进行比较、分析。结果:与干预前比较,第一阶段、第二阶段干预后LC预防用抗菌药物分别由100%降至62.96%、52.68%,总体降幅达70.21%(P<0.05);LC抗菌药物费用占药品总费用的比例分别由35.39%降至12.89%、1.40%,总体降幅达96.04%(P<0.05);LC预防用抗菌药物合理率由0分别升至43.75%、74.17%(P<0.05);LC抗菌药物使用品种分别由七大类13个品种减少至四大类8个品种、三大类5个品种;LC患者平均住院天数分别由9.55 d降至8.23、7.50d。干预前后,LC患者均未发生切口感染。结论:将LC预防用药纳入普外科Ⅰ类切口手术管理,可有效规范使用抗菌药物;临床药师的技术干预与医院行政干预后,可提高抗菌药物临床应用合理性。     

基于药物利用评价的抗MRSA药物药学干预分析

目的 评价我院临床药师以药物利用评价的模式干预抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)药物应用的效果。方法 选取笔者所在医院2013年1—5月(干预前)应用抗MRSA药物(包括万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺)病例220例以及8—12月(干预后)病例226例,结合抗MRSA药物的药物利用评估标准进行统计分析。结果 经过干预,我院抗MRSA抗菌药物的用药合理性得到了较大提高,干预前不合理例次达138例次;干预后减少为85例次。结论 临床药师在短期内通过药物利用评估的模式干预抗MRSA药物的应用已初见成效;临床药师能从临床使用每一个环节入手,及时发现、解决该类药物的合理使用问题,对抗MRSA药物的合理性进行综合评价,不断提高该类药物的临床合理应用水平,提升医疗质量。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.