阿奇霉素分散片人体相对生物利用度及药动学

目的:研究受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂人体相对生物利用度及药动学.方法:20名健康受试者自身交叉单剂量口服阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂各500 mg,定时取血,用微生物法测定血药浓度.结果:受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂的血药浓度-时间曲线基本一致,符合一级吸收二房室模型.受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为:消除半衰期t1/2β:(36.1±7.8)h,(39.9±10.3)h;Tmx:(2.4±0.5)h,(2.4±0.5)h;Cmax:(413.0±72.5)μg·L-1,(404.0±69.5)μg·L-1.药动学参数经配对t检验,P＞0.05,差异均无显著性.两种制剂的药时曲线下面积AUC0→t平均值分别为:受试制剂分散片(9 806±1 308)μg·L-1·h-1,参比制剂(9 949±1 395)μg·L-1·h-1;受试制剂分散片的相对生物利用度为:(99.0±9.0)%.结论:统计学结果表明,受试制剂阿奇霉素分散片与参比制剂生物等效.     

吡喹酮片的人体生物等效性

目的:研究国产吡喹酮片的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者按2×2交叉试验方案设计,分别口服受试制剂和参比制剂各1g,并采集10h内动态血标本;用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中吡喹酮浓度,计算药动学参数,并判定两种制剂的生物等效性。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(253.7±77.9)μg.L-1和(250.6±71.6)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(0.9±0.2)h和(0.9±0.2)h,t1/2分别为(2.9±1.1)h和(2.3±0.7)h,AUC0-10分别为(644.4±244.9)μg.L-1.h和(709.7±270.0)μg.L-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(723.4±267.6)μg.L-1.h和(753.4±284.5)μg.L-1.h,两制剂主要药动学参数经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90%置信区间,表明两种制剂生物等效,受试制剂的人体生物利用度为(95.9±15.8)%。结论:两种制剂生物等效。     

盐酸氨溴索口崩片与普通片人体生物等效性比较

目的:对国产盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片和进口普通片进行生物等效性研究。方法:20名健康男性志愿者按2×2交叉试验方案设计,分别口服受试制剂和参比制剂各90mg,并采集服药后24h内动态血标本;采用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中氨溴索质量浓度,计算药动学参数,并判定两种制剂是否生物等效。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(175.6±57.3)μg.L-1和(173.6±50.7)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(1.3±0.3)h和(1.3±0.4)h,AUC0-24分别为(772.1±275.3)μg.L-1.h和(760.3±205.7)μg.L-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(862.5±300.8)μg.L-1.h和(839.9±241.5)μg.L-1.h,t1/2(ke)分别为(6.8±2.6)和(6.5±2.9)h,两制剂主要药动学参数经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90%置信区间,表明两种制剂生物等效,受试制剂的人体生物利用度为(100.3±16.5)%。结论:两种制剂生物等效。     

阿奇霉素分散片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的研究阿奇霉素分散片健康人体的药动学与生物等效性。方法20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉口服阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂各500mg,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法（LC-MS）测定血药浓度。以DAS2.0软件计算其药动学参数,考察其生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂阿奇霉素AUC0-168分别为（8.98±1.74）μg·h·mL^-1和（8.75±1.60）μg·h·mL^-1,Cmax分别为（0.81±0.14）μg·mL^-1和（0.80±0.14）μg·mL^-1,t^1/2分别为（48.16±11.10）h和（51.1±7.60）h,Tmax分别为（1.80±0.86）h和（1.82±0.92）h,受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为（103.4±20.2）%。结论阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中氨氯地平浓度及其生物等效性评价

目的研究氨氯地平片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及其生物等效性。方法采用随机双交叉试验设计,18名健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂5 mg,用HPLC-MS法测定血浆中氨氯地平浓度。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:AUC0→t分别为(152.73±44.50)和(147.02±40.65)μg.h.L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(167.92±50.71)和(161.56±46.56)μg.h.L-1;ρmax分别为(3.93±0.75)和(3.87±0.91)μg.L-1;tmax分别为(6.6±2.3)和(6.0±1.4)h;t12分别为(34.34±6.43)和(34.11±4.62)h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(104.0±11.3)%。结论氨氯地平片的受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

西洛他唑片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服西洛他唑受试和参比制剂(Pletaal)100mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:西洛他唑受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(11.9±4.6)h和(11.2±3.0)h,Tmax分别为(3.7±1.2)h和(4.0±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(749.2±348.7)μg·L-1和(655.2±222.1)μg·L-1,AUC0-48分别为(10 088.5±4 606.1)μg·L-1·h和(9 259.0±3 511.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(10 926.3±4 713.6)μg·L-1·h和(10 183.4±3 540.7)μg·L-1·h,西洛他唑受试制剂的相时生物利用度为(107.5±14.9)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸托莫西汀胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:研究国产盐酸托莫西汀胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者按2×2交叉试验方案设计,分别口服受试制剂和参比制剂各20mg,并采集24h内动态血标本;用HPLC-MS-MS法测定血浆中托莫西汀浓度,计算药动学参数,并判定2种制剂的生物等效性。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(257.1±57.8)μg.L-1和(260.6±51.6)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(1.6±0.9)h和(1.5±1.0)h,t1/2分别为(3.5±1.3)h和(3.3±1.2)h,AUC0-24分别为(939.8±179.2)μg.L-1.h和(983.6±177.3)μg.L-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(965.2±174.8)μg.L-1.h和(993.8±170.5)μg.L-1.h,2种制剂主要药动学参数经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90%置信区间,表明2种制剂生物等效,受试制剂的人体生物利用度为(95.6±16.9)%。结论:2种制剂生物等效。     

左羟丙哌嗪口崩片在健康志愿者的生物等效性

目的:建立HPLC-荧光法测定人血浆中左羟丙哌嗪浓度,研究左羟丙哌嗪口崩片的人体生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:健康男性志愿者20名,随机交叉单剂量17服左羟丙哌嗪17崩片和参比制剂左羟丙哌嗪胶囊,以HPLC法测定血药浓度,DAS软件计算药动学参数与生物等效性.结果:单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂后的主要药动学参数Gmax分别为(326.5±106.4)μg·L-1和(289.5±101.0)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.48±0.17)h和(0.57±0.19)h;t1/2分别为(3.6±1.3)h和(3.5±1.3)h;AUCo-t分别为(1 089.3±274.7)/μg·h·L-1和(1 164.9±310.2)μg·h·L-1;AUCo-∞分别为(1 158.3±300.5)μg·h·L-1和(1 241.6±297.5)μg·h·L-1;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(95.6±7.3)%.结论:左羟丙哌嗪口崩片和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

马来酸依那普利片的健康人体生物等效性

目的:研究马来酸依那普利片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服马来酸依那普利片试验制剂和参比制剂,剂量分别为20 mg,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血浆中依那普利的浓度.用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性.结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为(272.6±42.2)μg·L-1和(263.5±42.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.81±0.11)h和(0.80±0.10)h;AUC(0-∞)分别为(664.7±105.1)μg·h·L-1和(661.2±99.5)μg·h·L-1)AUC(0-inf)分别为(698.0±116.3)μg·h·L-1和(689.0±106.0)μg·h·L-1.试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(102.3±19.7)%,结论:试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物学等效性.     

国产盐酸丁螺环酮片的人体相对生物利用度

目的:研究盐酸丁螺环酮片的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:受试者交叉口服单剂量(15mg)受试制剂和参比制剂,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。结果:受试及参比制剂的主要药动学参数Tmax分别为(0.87±0.18)h与(0.81±0.09)h,Cmax分别为(25.2±8.0)μg.L-1与(25.1±7.9)μg.L-1,AUC0?t分别为(52.7±17.9)μg.h.L-1与(51.9±17.2)μg.h.L-1,AUC0?∞分别为(55.1±18.2)μg.h.L-1与(54.9±17.0)μg.h.L-1,T1/2分别为(2.8±0.5)h与(2.8±0.4)h。两种制剂主要药动学参数比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(102.7±5.9)%。结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.