La cirugía transanal como herramienta en la dehiscencia de la anastomosis colorrectal

The treatment of anastomotic leakage after oncological surgery for rectal cancer is a surgical challenge. The goal of this study is to show how transanal surgery combined with the abdominal approach is a very useful tool to decide on individualized treatment depending on the degree of dehiscence and to assist us in its local management. We present three cases of patients with colorectal anastomotic dehiscence. In two, we demonstrate the treatment of acute colorectal leakage and how transanal surgery allows us to confirm its viability and rule out any underlying ischemia. Furthermore, it facilitates good drainage of the adjacent collection as well as the placement of a vacuum system, if necessary, and its subsequent replacements. The last case is a delayed dehiscence with chronic presacral sinus, and its treatment by transanal access for fenestration.     

Long-term Outcomes After Bladder-preserving Tri-modality Therapy for Patients with Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: An Updated Analysis of the Massachusetts General Hospital Experience

Background

Tri-modality therapy (TMT) is a recognized treatment strategy for selected patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).

Experience and Development of the Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Lobectomy Technique: Comparative Study With Conventional Surgery in Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

BackgroundSurgical treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be performed either by thoracotomy or by employing video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). The aim of this study was to compare long- and short-term results of conventional surgery (CS) vs VATS lobectomy in the treatment of stage I NSCLC.Materials and methodsWe performed a retrospective, analytical study of patients undergoing surgery for stage I NSCLC during the period January 1993 to December 2005. The variables analysed were overall survival, recurrence, distant metastasis, morbidity, mortality and hospital stay. During this period, 256 anatomic lung resections were performed: 141 by CS and 115 by VATS.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in: (i) mean hospital stay in patients with no complications (VATS group: 4.3 days vs CS group: 8.7 days, P=.0001); (ii) mean hospital stay in patients with complications (VATS: 7.2 days vs CS: 13.7 days, P=.0001), and (iii) morbidity (VATS: 15.6% vs CS: 36.52%, P=.0001). No statistically significant differences were found in: (i) mortality (VATS: 2.17% vs CS: 1.7%, P=.88); (ii) 5-year overall survival (VATS: 68.1% vs CS: 63.8%), and (iii) local recurrence and distant metastasis (P=.82).ConclusionsVATS lobectomy is a safe and effective approach, with a shorter hospital stay and lower morbidity than CS; no statistically significant differences were observed in survival in patients undergoing surgery for stage I NSCLC.     

首诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌生存预测模型建立并验证：一项基于机器算法的研究

目的 建立首诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌的生存预测模型,筛选适合行原发灶手术切除的首诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌中适合行的患者。方法 收集美国国立癌症研究所监测、流行病学和结果（SEER）数据库中1973~2015年间确诊为首诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌患者病例。采用Kaplan Meier法进行生存分析,采用log-rank检验分析比较生存率的差别。利用LASSO回归分析筛选出与患者预后相关的临床病理性特征,进一步利用多因素Cox回归分析建立风险评分（risk score）方程及预测模型,使用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）来评价模型的灵敏度和特异度。结果 本研究共纳入7379例首诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌患者,其中手术患者2703例（36.6%）,非手术患者4676例（63.4%）。LASSO回归分析显示年龄、病理类型、肿瘤临床分期、ER状态、PR状态、HER-2状态、骨转移状态、肝转移状态、肺转移状态、淋巴结转移状态是首诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌患者独立预后影响因素。进一步建立首诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌的风险评分和nomogram预后模型,在预测1年和3年总生存中表现出良好的准确性（训练组AUC：1年总生存：0.75,3年总生存：0.73;验证组AUC：1年总生存：0.72,3年总生存：0.75）,在训练组及验证组的一致性指数分别为0.700（95%CI：0.69-0.71）、0.695（95%CI：0.67-0.71）。在风险评分中取最佳cutoff值,将患者分为低、中、高危风险评分组,进一步分析发现低危及中危风险评分组患者能从手术获益（低危风险评分组：训练组：HR=0.49,95%CI：0.42-0.57,P<0.001;验证组：HR=0.43,95%CI：0.34-0.55,P<0.001; 中危风险评分组：训练组：HR=0.75,95%CI：0.65-0.86,P<0.001;验证组：HR=0.72,95%CI：0.57-0.90,P=0.003）,但高危风险评分组患者则无法从手术获益（训练组：HR=0.65,95%CI：0.41-1.02,P=0.066;验证组：HR=0.83,95%CI：0.41-1.69,P=0.610）。结论 本研究基于机器算法建立首诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌的风险评估模型,能有效区分首诊Ⅳ期乳腺癌低危风险、中危风险和高危风险患者,且不推荐高风险（评分>360）患者进行手术治疗。     

The volume-time index (VTI) is prognostic in patients with colorectal cancer peritoneal metastases undergoing cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy

BackgroundPeritoneal cancer index (PCI) is an important prognostic factor in colorectal cancer peritoneal metastases (CRPM), however it fails to consider the time period over which disease burden develops. The volume-time index (VTI) is the ratio between PCI and time from primary tumour resection.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 182 patients managed from 1996 to 2017 was performed.ResultsAs stratified by high vs low VTI groups, median overall survival (OS) was 23 months (95% 17–46) vs 44 months (95% 35–72) with a difference in 5-year OS of 20.3% (95%CI 10.2–40.4) vs 40.1% (95%CI 29.7–54.1), p = 0.002. No difference in 5-year recurrence free survival (RFS) exists. On multivariable analysis, an elevated VTI was independently associated with poorer OS (adjusted HR 3.20, 95%CI 1.64–6.23, p < 0.001) and RFS (adjusted HR 1.90, 95%CI 1.10–3.29, p = 0.02).ConclusionVTI is an independent prognostic factor for OS and RFs in patients with CRPM undergoing CRS/IPC, behaving as a surrogate of tumour aggressiveness.     

Salvage surgery for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Systematic review and meta-analysis

The present study aims to estimate a pooled hazard ratio (HR) comparing overall survival (OS) for salvage surgery compared to nonsurgical management of recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase-Ovid were searched on March 5, 2020, for English-language articles reporting survival for salvage surgery and nonsurgical management of recurrent HNSCC. Meta-analysis of HR estimates using random effects model was performed. Fifteen studies reported survival for salvage surgery and nonsurgical management of recurrence. Five-year OS ranged from 26% to 67% for the salvage surgery groups, compared to 0% to 32% for the nonsurgical management groups. Six studies reported HRs comparing salvage surgery to nonsurgical management; the pooled HR was 0.25 (95% CI [0.16, 0.38]; p < 0.0001). Selection for salvage surgery was associated with one quarter of the mortality rate associated with nonsurgical management in light of confounding factors including subsite and treatment intent.     

Impact of Mucinous Histology on the Prognosis of Stage I–III Adenocarcinomas of the Appendix: a Population-Based,Propensity Score-Matched Analysis

Background

Whereas the poor prognosis of signet ring cell adenocarcinomas of the appendix is well known, the significance of mucinous histology remains unclear. The aim of this population-based study was to evaluate if mucinous histology is an independent prognostic factor in appendiceal adenocarcinomas.

Methods

Patients with stage I–III adenocarcinoma of the appendix who underwent surgery between 2004 and 2012 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were assessed using risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models and propensity score methods.

Results

Overall, 980 patients with appendix cancer were included, of which 449 (45.8 %) had a mucinous histology. In an unadjusted analysis, the 5-year OS and CSS in patients with a mucinous adenocarcinoma (MC) was 76.8 % (95 % confidence interval (95 %CI): 72.1–81.7 %) and 81.0 % (95 %CI: 76.6–85.6 %), respectively, compared with 70.0 % (95 %CI: 65.1–75.3 %) and 76.2 % (95 %CI: 71.5–81.2 %) in patients with non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (NMC) (P?=?0.082 and P?=?0.368). In multivariable analysis, no impact on survival was observed for OS (HR?=?1.22, 95 %CI: 0.89–1.68, P?=?0.208) and CSS (HR?=?1.21, 95 %CI: 0.84–1.74, P?=?0.296). After propensity score matching, nearly identical survival rates were observed (OS: HR?=?1.03, 95 %CI: 0.71–1.49, P?=?0.881 and CSS: HR?=?1.05, 95 %CI: 0.70–1.59, P?=?0.803).

Conclusions

The present population-based, propensity score matched analysis shows that mucinous histology does not affect survival in stage I–III appendiceal adenocarcinoma patients. Therefore, the same treatment strategies can be applied for patients with NMC and MC of the appendix.

     

Cirugía mayor ambulatoria del cáncer de mama: factores relacionados con la conversión a hospitalización convencional

Introduction

The main step in curative treatment for breast cancer is surgery. Its use in an ambulatory setting can contribute towards more efficient healthcare, providing additional benefits for patients. In this study, we analyze the results obtained with this treatment method and identify factors related with conversion to hospitalization.

T1 adenocarcinoma of the rectum: transanal excision or radical surgery?

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest local excision may be acceptable treatment of T1 adenocarcinoma of the rectum, but there is little comparative data with radical surgery to assess outcomes and quantify risk. We performed a retrospective evaluation of patients with T1 rectal cancers treated by either transanal excision or radical resection at our institution to assess patient selection, cancer recurrence, and survival. METHODS: All patients who underwent surgery for T1 adenocarcinomas of the rectum (0-15 cm from anal verge) by either transanal excision (TAE) or radical resection (RAD) between January 1987 and January 2004 were identified from a prospective database. Data were analyzed using Fisher exact test, Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test. RESULTS: Three hundred nineteen consecutive patients with T1 lesions were treated by transanal excision (n = 151) or radical surgery (n = 168) over the 17-year period. RAD surgery was associated with higher tumor location in the rectum, slightly larger tumor size, a similar rate of adverse histology, and a lymph node metastasis rate of 18%. Despite these features, patients who underwent RAD surgery had fewer local recurrences, fewer distant recurrences, and significantly better recurrence-free survival (P = 0.0001). Overall and disease-specific survival was similar for RAD and TAE groups. CONCLUSION: Despite a similar risk profile in the 2 surgical groups, patients with T1 rectal cancer treated by local excision were observed to have a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of tumor recurrence compared with patients treated by radical surgery. Local excision should be reserved for low-risk cancers in patients who will accept an increased risk of tumor recurrence, prolonged surveillance, and possible need for aggressive salvage surgery. Radical resection is the more definitive surgical treatment of T1 rectal cancers.     

Intermediate-term survival of robot-assisted versus open radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive and high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in The Netherlands

BackgroundRadical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection is the recommended treatment in non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). In randomised trials, robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) showed non-inferior short-term oncological outcomes compared with open radical cystectomy (ORC). Data on intermediate and long-term oncological outcomes of RARC are limited.ObjectiveTo assess the intermediate-term overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with MIBC and high-risk non-MIBC (NMIBC) who underwent ORC versus RARC in clinical practice.Methods and materialsA nationwide retrospective study in 19 Dutch hospitals including patients with MIBC and high-risk NMIBC treated by ORC (n = 1086) or RARC (n = 386) between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2015. Primary and secondary outcome measures were median OS and RFS, respectively. Survival outcomes were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. A multivariable Cox regression model was developed to adjust for possible confounders and to assess prognostic factors for survival including clinical variables, clinical and pathological disease stage, neoadjuvant therapy and surgical margin status.ResultsThe median follow-up was 5.1 years (95% confidence interval ([95%CI] 5.0–5.2). The median OS after ORC was 5.0 years (95%CI 4.3–5.6) versus 5.8 years after RARC (95%CI 5.1–6.5). The median RFS was 3.8 years (95%CI 3.1–4.5) after ORC versus 5.0 years after RARC (95%CI 3.9–6.0). After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratio for OS was 1.00 (95%CI 0.84–1.20) and for RFS 1.08 (95%CI 0.91–1.27) of ORC versus RARC. Patients who underwent ORC were older, had higher preoperative serum creatinine levels and more advanced clinical and pathological disease stage.ConclusionORC and RARC resulted in similar intermediate-term OS and RFS in a cohort of almost 1500 MIBC and high-risk NMIBC.     

Variabilidad en la práctica de la cirugía mamaria en mujeres participantes en el programa de cribado poblacional de cáncer de mama

Introduction

Currently, variability in surgical practice is a problem to be solved. The aim of this study is to describe the variability in the surgical treatment of breast cancer and to analyze the factors associated with it.

The value and limitations of urothelial bladder carcinoma molecular classifications to predict oncological outcomes and cancer treatment response: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AimTo evaluate the predictive value of molecular subtypes on oncological outcomes and response to cancer treatment in patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC).Materials and MethodsA literature search using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was conducted on April 2020 to identify relevant studies according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis guidelines. The pooled overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and progression-free survival were calculated using a fixed or random effects model.ResultsWe identified 66 studies (including 21,447 molecular subtype records) evaluating the impact of molecular classification on oncologic outcomes in patients with UBC. We found significant association of different molecular subtypes with OS, CSS, progression-free survival, recurrence-free survival, and response to treatment. Totally, 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Basal group and NE-like subtypes were associated with worse OS (pooled HR: 1.78, 95%CI: 1.49–2.12, and pooled HR: 2.67, 95%CI: 1.08–6.60, respectively) in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. Luminal group was also associated with worse CSS (pooled HR of 3.67, 95%CI: 2.19–6.14).ConclusionsBased on these data, UBC molecular classifications are significant predictors of oncological outcomes and identify patients who are most likely to benefit from intensified or different therapies. The optimal consensus on molecular classification remains to be verified in well-designed prospective studies to allow precise prognostic and predictive value assessment.     

Correlation between preoperative CT scan and lung metastases according to surgical approach in patients with colorectal cancer

IntroductionThe number of lung metastases (M1) of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in relation to the findings of computed tomography (CT) is the object of study.MethodsProspective and multicenter study of the Spanish Group for Surgery of CRC lung metastases (GECMP-CCR). The role of CT in the detection of pulmonary M1 is evaluated in 522 patients who underwent a pulmonary metastasectomy for CRC. We define M1/CT as the ratio between metastatic nodules and those found on preoperative CT. Disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and surgical approach were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method.Results93 patients were performed by video-assisted surgery (VATS) and 429 by thoracotomy. In 90%, the M1/CT ratio was ≤1, with no differences between VATS and thoracotomy (94.1% vs 89.7%, p = 0.874). In the remaining 10% there were more M1s than those predicted by CT (M1/CT > 1), with no differences between approaches (8.6% vs 10%, p = 0.874). 51 patients with M1/CT > 1, showed a lower median DSS (35.4 months vs 55.8; p = 0.002) and DFS (14.2 months vs 29.3; p = 0.025) compared to 470 with M1/CT ≤ 1. No differences were observed in DSS and DFS according to VATS or thoracotomy.ConclusionsOur study shows equivalent oncological results in the resection of M1 of CRC using VATS or thoracotomy approach. The group of patients with an M1/CT ratio >1 have a worse DSS and DFS, which may mean a more advanced disease than predicted preoperatively.     

Survival Analysis of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: A Question of Selection Bias

Background

Rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) in women with breast cancer have increased, but most studies fail to show a survival benefit. We evaluated survival among CPM patients compared to patients undergoing single mastectomy (SM).

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify unilateral breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy with/without CPM from 1998 to 2010. Case-control analysis was performed with CPM cases matched to SM controls on the basis of age group, race/ethnicity, extent of surgery, grade, T classification, N classification, estrogen receptor status, and propensity score. Survival analyses included Kaplan–Meier curves and univariate and multivariate proportional hazard models to determine factors associated with disease-specific (DSS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

A total of 26,526 CPM patients were identified. On multivariate regression analysis, increasing age, greater extent of surgery, increasing T and N stage, African American race, Hispanic ethnicity, poorly differentiated grade, and estrogen receptor negativity were associated with increased risk of death. CPM was associated with improved DSS (HR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.79–0.93) and even greater OS (HR 0.76, 95 % CI 0.71–0.81) compared with SM. Contralateral breast cancer (CBC) occurred in 1.6 % of women in the cohort. Removing CBC cases from analysis had little impact on CPM DSS (HR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.79–0.93) and OS (0.77, 95 % CI 0.72–0.82) suggesting that prevention of CBC by CPM does not explain the observed survival benefit.

Conclusions

CPM rates continue to rise. The improved DSS and OS observed with CPM support selection bias. Prospective trials are needed to determine cohorts of patients most likely to benefit from CPM.     

Systematic review of outcomes and meta-analysis of risk factors for prognosis after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma without cirrhosis

Long-term overall survival (OS) after liver resection for non-cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma (NCHCC) has been reported recently. The aim of this study was to review outcomes systematically and analyze risk factors for survival after surgical resection for HCC without cirrhosis. A literature search was performed of the PubMed and Embase databases for papers published between January 1995 and October 2012, which focused on hepatic resection for HCC without underlying cirrhosis. Cochrane systematic review methodology was used for this review. Outcomes were OS, operative mortality and disease-free survival (DFS). Pooled hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using the random effects model for parameters considered as potential prognostic factors. Totally, 26 retrospective case series were eligible for inclusion. The 1-, 3- and 5-year OS rate after surgical resection of NCHCC ranged from 62% to 100%, 46.3%–78.0%, and 30%–64%, respectively. The corresponding DFS rates ranged from 48.7% to 84%, 31.0%–66.0%, and 24.0%–58.0%, respectively. Five variables were related to poor survival: multiple tumors (HR 1.68, 95%CI 1.25–2.11); larger tumor size (HR 2.66, 95%CI 1.69–3.63); non-clear resection margin (R0 resection) (HR 3.52, 95%CI 1.63–5.42); poor tumor stage (HR 2.61, 95%CI 1.64–3.58); and invasion of the lymphatic vessels (HR 4.85, 95%CI 2.67–7.02). In sum, hepatic resection provides excellent OS rates for patients with NCHCC, and results have tended to improve recently. Risk factors for poor prognosis comprise multiple tumors, lager tumor size, non-R0 resection and invasion of the lymphatic vessels.     

“Obesity paradox” has not an impact on minimally invasive anatomical lung resection

IntroductionThe paradoxical benefit of obesity, the ‘obesity paradox’, has been analyzed in lung surgical populations with contradictory results. Our goal was assessing the relationship of body mass index (BMI) to acute outcomes after minimally invasive major pulmonary resections.MethodsRetrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary anatomical resection through a minimally invasive approach for the period 2014–2019. Patients were grouped as underweight, normal, overweight and obese type I, II and III. Adjusted odds ratios regarding postoperative complications (overall, respiratory, cardiovascular and surgical morbidity) were produced with their exact 95% confidence intervals. All tests were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.ResultsAmong 722 patients included in the study, 37.7% had a normal BMI and 61.8% were overweight or obese patients. When compared with that of normal BMI patients, adjusted pulmonary complications were significantly higher in obese type I patients (2.6% vs 10.6%, OR: 4.53 [95%CI: 1.86–12.11]) and obese type II–III (2.6% vs 10%, OR: 6.09 [95%CI: 1.38–26.89]). No significant differences were found regarding overall, cardiovascular or surgical complications among groups.ConclusionsObesity has not favourable effects on early outcomes in patients undergoing minimally invasive anatomical lung resections, since the risk of respiratory complications in patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² and BMI ≥ 35 kg/m² is 4.5 and 6 times higher than that of patients with normal BMI.     

Diferencias en la supervivencia global y supervivencia cáncer específica en pacientes con cáncer de próstata de alto riesgo según el tratamiento primario aplicado

Introduction and objectives

There is no high-level evidence as to which primary treatment provides an overall survival (OS) or cancer-specific survival (CSS) advantage in high-risk localised prostate cancer (HRLPC).Our aim was to analyse the differences in survival and predictive factors in this group of patients, according to their primary treatment (radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy and androgen blockade (RT + HT)).

ROBotic Utility for Surgical Treatment of hernias (ROBUST hernia project)

We describe the evolution in hernia repair approaches in our practice during the first 3 years of adopting robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery. For inguinal hernia repair, we began using the robotic platform for complex hernias, and the use of open repair decreased from 17% to 6%. For primary ventral hernias, open procedures decreased from 59% to 10% and for incisional ventral hernias, from 48% to 11%. Moreover, a large shift in mesh position for ventral hernias was seen, with an increase of the retromuscular position from 20% to 82% and a decrease of intraperitoneal mesh position from 48% to 10%.The robotic platform seems to hold a significant potential for complex inguinal hernias, in addition to ventral and incisional hernias which require component separation. A shorter hospital stay and less postoperative complications might make the adoption of the robotic platform for abdominal wall surgery a valuable proposition.