关节镜下松解治疗膝关节僵直

目的探讨关节镜下松解治疗膝关节纤维僵直的方法和效果.方法21例膝关节僵直行关节镜下松解,切除关节内粘连束带和疤痕组织、松解挛缩关节囊、分离股四头肌与股骨间粘连.结果术后2例出现关节血肿.随访4～49个月,平均19个月,膝关节活动度从术前平均41°增至115°,平均提高74°.结论关节镜下松解治疗膝关节僵直创伤小,康复快,效果好.     

关节镜下松解治疗膝关节僵直

目的:探讨关节镜下松解治疗膝关节纤维僵直的方法和效果。方法:21例膝关节僵直行关节镜下松解,切除关节内粘连束带和疤痕组织、松解挛缩关节囊、分离股四头肌与股骨间粘连。结果:术后2例出现关节血肿。随访4～49个月,平均19个月,膝关节活动度从术前平均41°增至115°,平均提高74°。结论:关节镜下松解治疗膝关节僵直创伤小,康复快,效果好。     

关节镜下松解术治疗膝关节纤维性僵直

目的 探讨关节镜下松解术治疗膝关节纤维性僵直的疗效.方法 对30例膝关节纤维性僵直的患者在关节镜下行滑膜与纤维粘连组织刨削与切除,充分松解挛缩的组织,术后在镇痛下早期行康复训练,Lysholm评分方法评定膝关节功能.结果 30例均得到随访,时间5～18(10±2.1)个月.术前膝关节屈曲角度5～60(37.5±4.22)°,术后6周膝关节屈曲活动70～125(108±10.6)°.术前Lysholm 评分为46～60(52±3.6)分,术后6周为62～94(88±3.8)分,膝关节功能:优22例,良6例,可1例,差1例,优良率为93.3%.结论 采用关节镜下松解术治疗膝关节纤维性僵直创伤小,关节内松解彻底,并发症少、痛苦小,有利于术后早期功能锻炼,关节功能恢复良好,疗效满意.     

序贯性手术治疗Ⅰ型膝关节僵直的临床疗效分析

目的通过对各种原因引起的膝关节僵直按纳入标准分为Ⅰ型(轻型)和Ⅱ型(重型),分析Ⅰ型膝关节僵直的系统性治疗方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-03—2015-01采用序贯性手术治疗的Ⅰ型膝关节僵直60例,关节镜下完成松解36例,18例在关节镜下松解基础上辅助有限切开行部分股四头肌扩张部切断松解术,6例在以上手术的基础上行股四头肌切断延长松解术。结果本组术后均获得平均12(2~24)个月随访,术后关节活动度恢复至100°~135°(115.32±9.42)°。末次随访时按Judet评分标准评定疗效:优52例,良7例(其中2例行屈膝石膏固定2 d,行持续被动活动,获得良好效果),可1例(外院行髌骨骨折内固定术后关节僵直来本院行松解、内固定取出,因松解过程再发骨折而影响术后功能恢复),优良率98.3%。结论对于Ⅰ型膝关节僵直序贯性行关节镜下松解、选择性小切口有限切开股四头肌扩张部部分切断或股四头肌切断延长松解术,术后配合早期康复训练,可避免切口感染、皮肤坏死、术后再次粘连等膝关节僵直松解术后常见并发症;且创伤小,可早期进行关节功能训练,关节功能恢复快。     

关节镜及小切口联合松解治疗膝关节僵直的临床研究

目的探讨膝关节僵直的微创治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾性复习16例采用关节镜下、联合小切口松解得到治疗的膝关节僵直患者,分析对膝关节内、外粘连联合治疗方法的可行性及优势。结果关节镜及小切口联合治疗后膝关节屈曲较术前平均增加（63．13°±6．29°）;经康复训练,出院时膝关节屈曲较术前平均增加（55．00°±5．48°）,股四头肌肌力均在4级以上,按照Judet评分标准优良率100％。结论关节镜下松解及小切口联合松解是治疗由关节内、外粘连引起的膝关节僵直行之有效的方法,避免了单一治疗的局限性,辅以早期康复训练,可取得满意疗效。     

手术及综合康复治疗膝关节僵直

目的 探讨膝关节纤维性僵直手术及围手术期、术后综合康复治疗的方法和意义.方法 26例膝关节纤维性僵直患者,采用髌骨外上方小切口,辅助关节镜下行关节内粘连松解,并结合徒手推拿松解.术前进行心理宣教,术后第2天开始经止痛泵维持在CPM机上行慢速全范围关节活动度功能锻炼,并行主被动伸屈膝功能锻炼、髌骨内推训练.结果 术后平均随访19个月(8～32个月),膝关节活动度从术前平均32°增至113°,平均提高81°.无皮肤坏死、创口裂开、肌腱断裂、骨折等并发症发生.结论 关节镜辅助下小切口松解治疗膝关节纤维性僵直的手术操作简单,创伤小,康复快.膝关节僵直围手术期及术后综合康复治疗,对膝关节功能恢复有重要意义.     

关节镜下松解术治疗创伤性膝关节僵直的护理

创伤性膝关节僵直目前的治疗方法多为手术切开松解挛缩组织,但此方法创伤大,术后疼痛剧烈,僵直复发率高。关节镜下行粘连松解术,创伤小、疼痛轻、关节活动时间早、复发率低。我科1994年10月至1998年5月行关节镜下松解术治疗创伤性膝关节僵直14例,效果满意。现将护理报告如...     

膝关节纤维性僵直关节镜下松解的临床疗效

目的 探讨膝关节纤维性僵直关节镜下松解的效果.方法 30例膝关节纤维性僵直患者采用膝关节镜前内、前外标准入路,在关节镜直视下将粗大的粘连带切断及清除,同时对合并关节外粘连的辅以髌骨外上小切口,将股中间肌切断.于术中及术后2周观察膝关节屈曲角度.结果 30例术中膝关节屈曲均达130°以上, 2周后26例膝关节屈曲达120°以上,3例达100°,1例达90°.手术时间30～60 min,无手术并发症发生.患者均获随访,时间6个月～3年.根据Teger膝关节评分标准:优26例,良4例.术后膝关节活动范围90°～140°,较术前平均改善74°.结论 膝关节纤维性僵直关节镜下松解治疗既避免了单纯麻醉下推拿的盲目性,也大大减小了关节切开松解或股四头肌成形术的创伤,具有手术操作相对简单、安全、疗效好、术后并发症少等优点.     

关节镜下松解膝关节粘连僵硬的探讨

目的　探讨关节镜下治疗膝关节僵硬的可行性及效果。方法　关节镜下行膝关节伸膝装置松解术治疗膝关节僵硬 2 0例 ,术中切断关节内粘连 ,松解髌骨支持带 ,在股中间肌同股骨干之间作切割分离 ,然后用刨削器将股中间肌刨除。术后早期CPM及主动股四头肌锻炼。结果　随访 3个月～3年 ,膝关节活动度均较术前明显改善 ,屈膝活动均超过 90° ;膝关节活动度达 12 0°者 13例 ,占 6 5 % ;股四头肌肌力均恢复到 5级 ;无严重并发症发生。结论　关节镜下作粘连松解创伤小 ,可早期功能锻炼 ,发生再粘连机会少 ,术后效果好 ,术中发现关节内其它病变可同时治疗     

膝关节粘连关节镜松解术后功能恢复治疗的临床观察

膝关节骨折术后如不及时进行必要的康复训练,容易导致关节粘连,需在关节镜下松解粘连。早期全面而积极的功能训练对患者膝关节粘连松解术后关节功能障碍的改善意义重大。在膝关节粘连行关节镜松解术后,笔者于传统康复治疗的基础上加用神经肌肉关节促进法恢复效果较佳。现将结果报告如下。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.