Perfusion in ENT imaging

Perfusion MRI is an essential part of characterizing salivary gland tumors. The shape of the curves can provide a guide as to the type of lesion: benign (ascending plateau) or malignant (descending plateau), and can also occasionally strongly suggest a histological type such as a Warthin tumor (intense, rapid contrast enhancement with washout > 30%). Perfusion imaging (CT or MRI) for other head and neck tumors is currently being developed and is being assessed. It should be a tool to assist in choosing the most appropriate initial treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery) and should also allow poor responders to conservative treatment to be identified and recurrences to be detected in post-treatment damaged tissues. Aims: (a) to determine when to perform perfusion MRI; (b) to determine the type of perfusion to carry out: CT, T1-weighted MRI; (c) to determine how to position the region of interest to plot the perfusion curve; (d) to know how to interpret MRI curves for salivary gland tumors; (e) to know how to interpret the information obtained from perfusion CT or MRI for the upper aerodigestive tract.     

移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治(附3例报告)

目的探讨移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治方法. 方法回顾性分析253例肾移植术后发生的3例移植肾动脉狭窄(transplant renal artery stenosis, TRAS)的诊治经过. 结果 3例TRAS均发生于肾移植术后半年内,经彩超和肾动脉造影确诊.3例均行经皮穿刺移植肾动脉球囊扩张成形(percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, PTRA)和血管内支架置入,获临床治愈.随访15～24个月,无TRAS复发,移植肾功能正常. 结论彩超是筛选TRAS的首选检查方法,肾动脉造影是TRAS的确诊手段.PTRA/血管内支架置入是治疗TRAS的安全、有效和首选方法.     

移植肾动脉狭窄的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨移植肾动脉狭窄 (TRAS)的诊断与治疗方法。　方法　对 8例TRAS患者的临床表现、辅助检查及治疗情况进行回顾性分析并结合文献复习。　结果　 8例经彩超检查 ,5例明确诊断为TRAS ,3例提示移植肾动脉可疑狭窄 ,诊断TRAS的特异性为 78% ,阳性预测值为6 2 %。 7例行经皮穿刺移植肾动脉球囊扩张成形术 (PTRA) ,均获得近期临床治愈 ,随访 3～ 12个月 ,血Cr 186 .2～ 12 1.3μmol/L ;1例切除移植肾。　结论　肾移植术后出现不明原因高血压、突发性尿量减少和血Cr升高应考虑是否有移植肾动脉狭窄。彩超检查可作为筛选及随访手段 ,PTRA可作为TRAS的首选治疗方法。     

供肾动脉带主动脉袖口预防移植肾动脉狭窄

目的:探讨供肾动脉带主动脉袖口预防移植肾动脉狭窄的效果。方法:对955例(1030例次)行肾移植患者的肾移植供肾动脉,全部采用主动脉袖口与受者髂内动脉吻合。应用彩色多普勒血流B超及移植肾动脉血管造影排除移植肾动脉狭窄。结果:955例(1030例次)肾移植无一例出现移植肾动脉狭窄。结论:供肾动脉带腹主动脉袖口可以防止移植后肾动脉狭窄发生。     

经皮血管成形术治疗移植肾动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的 评估经皮血管成形术在治疗移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)导致的移植肾功能损害和(或)高血压中的效果.方法 回顾性分析1998年7月至2007年1月经皮肾动脉造影明确诊断为移植肾动脉狭窄的16例患者的临床资料.在16例患者被确诊前先行多普勒超声检查,有13例被发现TRAS,3例阴性,假阴性率为18.75%.对16例TRAS患者均采取经皮血管成形术治疗.术后对患者进行了3年的随访,分别在术后1周、6个月、1年、2年和3年时评估肾功能和高血压改善状况.以平均动脉压较术前下降至少15%定义为高血压改善;以血清肌酐降低至少20%定义为移植肾功能改善.结果 经皮血管成形术成功率100%,16例患者经治疗后均获临床治愈.术后1周、6个月、1年、2年和3年时,肾功能改善率分别为81.25%、68.75%、62.5%、56.25%和50%,高血压改善率分别为62.5%、75%、75%、56.25%和50%,所有患者服用降血压药物的种类和用量均减少.结论 经皮血管成形术对TRAS导致的肾功能损害和高血压有明显的改善作用,是安全和有效的治疗方法 .     

移植肾动脉血栓形成的防治

目的　提高移植肾动脉血栓形成的诊治水平。方法　回顾分析 7例 8次移植肾动脉血栓形成的病因、诊断和治疗。结果　通过彩色多普勒和 /或肾动脉造影确诊 ,除 2例术后远期发生者外 ,其余 5例早期发生者均行肾切除术 ,其中 2例取出了吻合口及其附近髂外动脉内的血栓 ,恢复了同侧下肢的血液供应 ;1例再次肾移植者术后 3年再次发生肾动脉栓塞。结论　该并发症预后差 ,应以预防为主 ,早期诊断和及时手术治疗是关键     

移植肾动脉狭窄腔内治疗的中期结果

目的探讨移植肾动脉狭窄经皮血管腔内成形(PTA)及支架置入的安全性及中远期结果。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2018年12月解放军总医院血管外科收治的18例移植肾动脉狭窄患者的临床资料。结果3例经同侧股动脉,15例经对侧股动脉人路治疗。4例单纯PTA治疗,8例PTA后置入支架,6例直接置入支架。共置入14枚支架,均为球扩式支架,其中2枚为药涂支架,技术成功率100%。平均造影剂用量64ml,治疗前肾动脉狭窄率为50%〜99%,腔内治疗后狭窄率降为10%〜30%。收缩压由术前的(157.2±43.0)mmHg降至术后的(129.8±8.6)mmHg;血清肌酐(SCr)水平由术前的(258.8±214.7)μmol/L降至术后的(176.3±101.1)μmol/L,尿素氮由术前的(15.7±1.6)mmol/L降至术后(10.6±1.1)mmol/L(均P<0.05)。术后中位随访42.4个月(3~93个月),治愈17例,无效1例,1例单纯球囊扩张后术后30 d出现再狭窄,予以置入支架。除1例移植肾动脉出血外无其他并发症。结论移植肾动脉狭窄是导致移植肾失功的常见血管因素,腔内治疗安全、有效。     

Metal stent placement for two patients with post-transplantation renal artery stenosis,using intravascular ultrasound imaging

Post-transplantation renal artery stenosis is recognized at relatively early periods after renal transplantation. We report herein our experience of utilizing transluminal expanded metal stents (Palmaz stent and Wall stent) for post-transplantation renal artery stenosis, and monitoring with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging. The recipients were a 51-year-old woman (case 1) and a 57-year-old man (case 2), and the grafts were procured from cadaveric donors. Renal function had deteriorated suddenly at 5 months after renal transplantation in case 1 and at 86 months in case 2. The cause of the graft dysfunction was renal arterial stenosis. Color doppler ultrasound imaging and angiography diagnosed post-transplantation renal artery stenosis. The renal artery stenosis was serious, being greater than 90% in both patients. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was performed, but its effectiveness was not sufficient; therefore, an indwelling endoluminal metallic Palmaz stent and an indwelling Wall stent were placed at the sites of stenosis while monitoring was done with IVUS. No complications were recognized at all. The length and degree of stenosis location became clear by using IVUS, and suitable stents could be selected for the renal artery stenosis. The clinical effect was excellent; the renal function improved to the pre-hospitalization value. We conclude that the Palmaz stent and the Wall stent were useful as a noninvasive strategy for treating post-transplantation renal artery stenosis. This procedure could be performed safely and surely using IVUS.     

肾动脉狭窄合并高血压及肾功能不全患者行血运重建的中期疗效评价

目的评价经皮肾动脉血运重建术(percutaneous transluminal renal artery revascularization,PTRAR)治疗对肾动脉狭窄合并高血压及肾功能不全患者的临床疗效。方法对2011年1月至2015年6月因肾动脉狭窄合并高血压在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院心内科行肾动脉血运重建术的62例患者进行回顾性研究,并对其中18例肾功能不全的患者进行随访观察。结果62例患者共76条肾动脉严重狭窄或闭塞,均成功开通,14条肾动脉仅行球囊扩张,62条肾动脉行支架置入。住院期间未出现任何手术相关并发症;术后24 h血压也有明显的下降[收缩压:(150.8±16.4)mmHg比(132.0±12.8)mmHg;舒张压:(88.6±12.7)mmHg比(80.1±11.1)mmHg,P均0.05]。术后24 h肾功能不全的18例患者平均血压降至(135.7±16.0)/(83.8±11.4)mmHg。针对18例肾功能不全的患者,术后平均随访26个月,结果发现,与术前相比血压明显下降[收缩压:(138.4±11.8)mmHg比(148.7±9.1)mmHg;舒张压:(88.1±10.7)mmHg比(93.5±9.5)mm·Hg,P均0.05]。所有62例患者术后服药种数明显减少。18例肾功能不全者中6例(33.3%)治愈,7例(38.9%)改善,5例(27.8%)无变化;术后血清肌酐水平的监测发现9例患者的肾功能好转,6例患者的肾功能未受明显影响,3例患者的肾功能恶化。结论肾动脉血运重建术对肾动脉狭窄合并高血压患者的血压带来明显的获益,但对肾功能的改善效果有待进一步研究。     

离体肾动脉瘤修补、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤一例并文献复习

目的探讨离体肾动脉瘤修补、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植技术治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤的安全性和可行性。方法CT血管造影（CTA）确诊复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤1例,病变位于肾动脉主干分叉部,累及节段分支动脉,深入肾门内。肾脏暂时性离体后,在低温和肾脏灌注液灌注保护肾脏的前提下,体外进行肾动脉瘤修补和自体大隐静脉肾动脉重建,然后将肾脏异位移植到右侧髂窝。结果手术成功,围手术期无严重并发症发生。术后血肌酐暂时性升高至约200μmol／L,半个月后逐渐恢复正常;术后2周复查CTA示右髂窝移植肾动脉及其分支血流通畅无狭窄,肾静脉回流通畅,输尿管无狭窄。结论该方法治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤安全可行,并为以后类似的复杂性肾脏疾病的处理提供了可行方法。     

嗜铬细胞瘤合并肾动脉狭窄

目的提高对嗜铬细胞瘤合并肾动脉狭窄（ＲＡＳ）的诊断与治疗水平。方法报告４例嗜铬细胞瘤合并ＲＡＳ。４例患者均行嗜铬细胞瘤切除术。结果２例切除ＲＡＳ肾及１例松解局部粘连所致ＲＡＳ患者血压均正常,而１例松解长段ＲＡＳ后保留ＲＡＳ肾者持续高血压。结论当嗜铬细胞瘤定性与定位之后在上腹部或背部闻及血管杂音,一侧肾影变小或遇到单用α受体阻滞剂降血压效果欠佳,需加用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂者,以及嗜铬细胞瘤术后血压持续不降而又排除残留嗜铬细胞瘤者均应考虑合并ＲＡＳ可能。对因嗜铬细胞瘤直接压迫,粘连造成肾动脉成角或局部狭窄者,在去除嗜铬细胞瘤及松解粘连之后ＲＡＳ多能缓解,而对嗜铬细胞瘤致肾动脉广泛狭窄或闭塞,肾实质明显萎缩者,应切除患肾。     

肾动脉狭窄支架植入术的临床疗效观察

目的探讨肾动脉狭窄支架植入术的临床疗效.方法1997年1月～2004年12月,我院行支架介入治疗肾动脉狭窄27例.对27例术前、术后及随访期内血压、肾功能以及生活质量进行评估,并与同期单纯药物治疗肾动脉狭窄27例进行比较.结果介入组27例植入支架40枚,手术成功24例(88.9%,24/27),失败3例(11.1%,3/27),手术并发症5例(18.5%,5/27).术后在血压下降(包括收缩压舒张压)肌酐下降,肾小球滤过率增加方面,介入组获益率明显优于药物组,两组比较差异均有显著性,术后随访6个月～8年6个月,中位数为1年9个月,介入组有19例能比较健康的生活和工作,药物组仅12例能维持生活和工作.结论支架介入治疗较单纯药物治疗肾动脉狭窄疗效显著.     

Das Entleerungsverhalten des Restmagens nach verschiedenen Anastomosenverfahren

Zusammenfassung Nach 268 Nierentransplantationen trat in 7 Fällen eine Transplantatarterienstenose auf. Drei weitere Patienten wurden von einem anderen Zentrum überwiesen. Das Hauptsymptom der Nierenarterienstenose war bei allen 10 Patienten eine innerhalb von 10 Monaten aufgetretene, medikamentös nicht beherrschbare Hypertonie. In 9 Fällen fand sich ein Stenosegeräusch über dem Transplantat. In 6 Fällen war die Hypertonie von einer leichten, auf Abstoßungstherapie nicht ansprechenden Funktionsverschlechterung begleitet. Bestätigt wurde die klinische Verdachtsdiagnose durch eine selektive Transplantatarteriographie. Es ließen sich 2 Haupttypen von Stenosen feststellen:Segmentstenosen, die immer 0,5-2 cm distal der Anastomose auftreten und durch Intimaläsionen anläßlich der Entnahme und Perfusion verursacht werden, und Knickstenosen infolge technisch fehlerhafter Arterienimplantation. Mit einer Ausnahme ließ sich die Hypertonie durch die Gefäßrekonstruktion unter Kontrolle bringen. Jede medikamentös nicht beherrschbare Hypertonie nach Nierentransplantation muß durch eine selektive Transplantatarteriographie abgeklärt werden. Angiographisch nachgewiesene, klinisch manifeste Stenosen sollten operiert werden.

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Arterial stenosis after kidney transplantation

Summary After 268 kidney allotransplants, 7 cases of renal artery stenosis were observed. An additional 3 patients were referred to us from another center. The outstanding symptom of all 10 patients was hypertension refractory to medical treatment, beginning not later then 10 months after transplantation. In 9 cases there was a murmur over the transplant. In 6 patients hypertension was accompanied by a deterioration of renal function which was resistant to antirejection therapy. The tentative diagnosis was confirmed by selective renal arteriography of the transplant. Two main types of stenoses could be diagnosed: Segmental stenoses, 0.5–2 cm distal to the anastomosis, which were due to intimal lesions caused during removal of the kidney or by the perfusion canula; and kinking stenoses due to a technically inadequate implantation. Hypertension was controlled in all but 1 patient with reconstruction of the artery. Therefore, hypertension after kidney transplantation refractory to medical treatment should be further investigated with selective renal arteriography of the transplant. Stenoses with clinical symptoms which are confirmed by arteriography should be surgically corrected.

     

常温下结扎肾血管分支肾部分切除术

为了对双肾肾肿瘤或孤立肾肾肿瘤患者在切除肿瘤时最大限度地保存其肾功能，自行设计了常温无断血法肾部分切除术。即在肾窦内分离出肾动脉的所有分枝，找出阻断血运后能使肿瘤处于缺血区域的分枝并结扎之。手术出血少，正常肾组织大部分血运不受影响。应用４例，术后都达到了预期效果，手术前后肾功能无明显改变，随访最长者已两年余，肿瘤无复发。此方法尤其适用于肿瘤位于肾脏上下极，且直径不超过３ｃｍ者。     

Evaluation and management of bilateral renal artery stenosis in children: A case series and review

This report describes the clinical course, diagnostic evaluation and management of six children with bilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS) and concurrent narrowing of the abdominal aorta. Except for one child with active arteritis, the others were asymptomatic. There were no clinical or laboratory features suggesting the etiology of hypertension in four of six patients, and diagnostic procedures, including Doppler duplex ultrasound and captopril scintigraphy, were unreliable in screening for such hypertension. Abdominal aortography and selective renal angiography confirmed the diagnosis of bilateral RAS and associated anatomical alterations of the aorta and its branches. The hypertension was severe and minimally responsive to antihypertensive agents. It was cured or improved after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of three vessels in two children with mid-vessel stenoses, while hypertension persisted after PTA of two mid-vessel stenoses in a third child and one vessel with ostium stenosis in a fourth child. Autotransplantation of seven kidneys in four children resulted in cure or significant improvement of the hypertension. Renal function was preserved in all children during a mean follow-up time of 41 months. Based on illustrative data from these six children, as well as information from a review of the literature, this report discusses the key diagnostic issues and stresses the potential advantages of renal autotransplantation in selected children with this disorder.     

肾动脉狭窄支架植入后狭窄复发的自体肾移植治疗(附6例报告)

目的：探讨肾动脉狭窄(RAS)经皮支架植入术后狭窄复发的治疗措施。方法：对6例肾动脉内支架植入后再狭窄患者行自体肾移植术治疗。结果：随访8～88个月(平均29个月),6例自体肾移植后,2例血压转为正常,4例得到改善。3例肾功能不全中,1例改善,2例稳定。结论：自体肾移植术对肾动脉内支架植入后狭窄复发是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,能明显降低血压和改善肾功能,可列为首选。     

Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty in neurofibromatosis

A 9-year-old boy with hypertension was found to have neurofibromatosis associated with stenosis of the right renal artery. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was performed. Immediately post angioplasty angiography showed that the stenosis persisted, but over the next few days his blood pressure rapidly decreased and remained well controlled even when treatment was discontinued. The captopril stimulation test, performed after PTA, confirmed the return of plasma renin activity to normal values. A digital subtraction aortogram, performed 2.5 years after PTA, was unchanged. His blood pressure remained persistently normal, without anti-hypertensive agents. Based on these results, PTA is suggested as the first step in correcting renal artery stenosis due to neurofibromatosis. A complete anatomical resolution of the stenosis is probably not required since slight improvements in the renal artery lumen may be accompanied by important functional improvement.     

冠心病患者动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的临床筛选方法研究

目的建立从临床上筛选出动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄（ARAS）的简单易行的预测公式。方法分析892例冠状动脉造影并行非选择性肾动脉造影患者的临床资料，采用单因素相关分析得出与ARAS相关的风险因素，再通过多因素Logisitc回归分析得出各风险因素之间的比例关系，根据这种比例关系建立简单的评分系统，再将评分代人患者中，分析其敏感性及特异性。结果在冠状动脉粥样硬化人群中ARAS的患病率为12．7％，风险因素为年龄、体质量指数、血肌酐、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、缺血性脑血管病病史与顽固性高血压。根据以上风险因素建立相应的评分系统，患者的评分分值由5．5分至20．5分不等。随着分值的增加，ARAS的发病率明显升高。结论本研究所建立的简单临床预测公式可以有效的对冠状动脉粥样硬化患者进行初步的筛选，为是否采取敏感度高但较为昂贵的检查进行确诊提供参考。     

Perfusion imaging in brain disease

Perfusion CT or MRI have been extensively developed over the last years and are accessible on most imaging machines. Perfusion CT has taken a major place in the assessment of a stroke. Its role has to be specified for the diagnosis and treatment of the vasospasm, complicating a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Perfusion MRI should be included in the assessment of any brain tumor, both at the time of the diagnosis as well as in the post-treatment monitoring. It is included in the multimodal approach required for the optimum treatment of this disease. The applications in epilepsy and the neurodegenerative diseases are in the evaluation process.     

14例亲属活体供肾动脉变异的血管重建

目的 探讨亲属活体供肾动脉变异的血管重建方法.方法 在104例亲属活体供肾移植中,有14例供肾动脉变异.供肾动脉变异的分类和血管重建方法分别为:(1)单支动脉较早分支型2例,取肾时分支受损,分别用受者髂内动脉及其分支、腹壁下动脉离体重建受损动脉.(2)双支动脉型10例,4例用受者髂内动脉及其分支离体重建血管,3例用受者腹壁下动脉与较细分支于体内吻合,1例较短肾动脉与较长肾动脉端侧吻合,1例较细副.肾动脉与主肾动脉端侧吻合,1例双支分别与髂外动脉端侧吻合.(3)3支动脉型2例,1例用受者髂内动脉及分支离体重建血管,1例结扎细小分支后,将较细的副肾动脉与主肾动脉端侧吻合.14例血管重建后,分别将供肾动脉较粗支和/或髂内动脉主干端与受者髂外动脉端侧吻合.结果 术后各支动脉血流通畅,移植.肾血液供应丰富、均匀.12例肾功能早期恢复正常,其中1例术后第14天发生急性排斥反应.1例术后即发生急性排斥反应;1例血肌酐下降缓慢.随访至2008年7月,除1例动脉粥样硬化较重的受者(三支动脉)下极动脉栓塞,血肌酐升高并稳定在170μmol/L外,其余患者动脉血流通畅,血液供应丰富、均匀.结论 供肾动脉变异时,利用所得供肾动脉的自身条件重建血管,或用受者髂内动脉及分支或腹壁下动脉重建血管,可获得较好的移植肾功能.受者动脉粥样硬化较重,同时有较细肾动脉支做重建吻合时,应注意该支动脉发生栓塞的可能.