肠道微生物在结直肠癌发生发展及诊疗中作用的新进展

肠道生态系统的改变会影响人类的健康，甚至引发结直肠癌。大量证据表明，在结直肠癌患者的肠道中普遍存在一种病理性微生物群失衡状态。本综述从免疫与炎症反应、肠道微生物代谢产物和基因损伤三个方面总结了肠道微生物引发结直肠癌的机制，介绍了肠道微生物群相关的结直肠癌诊断标志物，分析了肠道微生物在结直肠癌放化疗及免疫治疗中的新进展,希望为结直肠癌的防治及诊疗提供新的机会。     

肠道微生物影响结直肠癌化疗疗效的研究现状

肠道微生物是一个与机体健康密切相关的“生态系统”。一方面,肠道微生物可以为机体提供营养物质、参与机体新陈代谢和免疫调节,抵御病原体、发挥生物屏障功能等。另一方面,肠道微生物及其代谢产物可参与结直肠癌的发生,调节化疗药物及免疫检查点抑制剂作用机制,继而影响化疗及免疫治疗疗效、调节相关不良反应。基于既往大量肠道微生物研究及相关文献,本文将综述肠道微生物影响结直肠癌化疗药物作用机制、疗效的现状,其有望成为提高结直肠癌化疗疗效、降低药物毒副反应的新靶点。     

肠道菌群失衡和结直肠癌关系的研究进展

结直肠癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,发病率逐年上升.研究表明肠道菌群失衡在结直肠癌的发生中可能发挥重要作用,肠道菌群可能通过肠道黏膜屏障受损、慢性炎症反应、细菌酶和毒性代谢产物作用等多种机制促进肿瘤的发生.近年来通过无菌动物实验、基因敲除动物实验以及新一代的高通量测序使人们对肠道菌群和大肠癌间关系的认识不断深化,继而从不同角度提出肠道菌群失衡导致结直肠癌发病的作用模式,本文将结合相关作用模式从肠道菌群先后影响结直肠癌不同发病阶段的角度阐述结直肠癌发生、发展过程中的相关机制,为进一步认识结直肠癌的发病机制和结直肠癌的早期诊疗提供新的思路.     

后生元在结直肠癌防治中的应用潜能

后生元是指对宿主有益的无生命微生物及其组分的制剂,主要包括微生物本身的成分如细胞壁和胞壁肽,以及微生物代谢产生的产物。与之前的益生菌、益生元、合生元产品相比,后生元具有固定的化学结构、微生物已灭活而安全无毒的特性、更长的保质期等优点。近年来,结直肠癌的发病率增高呈现刻不容缓的态势,其与肠道微生物的关系也受到了人们的关注。在健康的肠道中,肠道微生物与宿主细胞相互作用,调节肠道的能量获取、代谢和免疫反应。当肠道微生物受到环境、病原微生物侵袭等多种因素影响时,会出现菌群失调,破坏肠道免疫,诱导结直肠癌的发生、发展。一些后生元如短链脂肪酸、胞外多糖、色氨酸代谢物等通过不同的机制展现抗癌活性,为结直肠癌的防治提供了新方向,但具体的临床可行性和治疗策略仍需进一步探究。本综述旨在通过介绍后生元的定义、分类、作用机制及其与结直肠癌的关系,结合国内外相关的最新研究进展,为后生元在结直肠癌防治中的应用提供理论依据。     

膳食模式、肠道菌群与结直肠癌

结直肠癌是一种发病率和致死率均极高的肿瘤疾病,其发生和发展由基因、环境、生活方式等多方面因素共同决 定,并往往伴随着肠道微环境的改变。膳食成分是调节肠道微环境的重要因素。现阶段,越来越多的研究关注了饮食模式、膳 食成分和结直肠癌间的关系。本文首先讨论了不同膳食模式对结直肠癌发生风险的影响,证明了西方饮食可能促进结直肠癌 的发生,而地中海饮食、能量限制饮食、素食饮食和生酮饮食对结直肠癌具有一定的预防和干预作用。进一步分析了各类膳食 成分如何通过直接作用或通过调节肠道菌群间接影响了结直肠癌的发生发展。其中,多酚类物质、胡萝卜素、膳食纤维等,可 以维持肠道稳态,改善肠道内炎症及氧化应激等,从而降低结直肠癌的发病风险。而特定膳食成分的缺失或过剩则可以改变 肠道微生物组成,诱导肿瘤相关微生物丰度的升高,造成有毒代谢产物的积累,进而促进肠道炎症和肿瘤的发生。最后,本文 提出了一套针对结直肠癌患者的个性化饮食干预策略思路。利用宏基因组、宏转录组、代谢组等多组学手段,结合人工智能分 析结直肠患者菌群组成及功能上的异常,进一步设计个性化的膳食模式,以实现患者肠道菌群的精准调节,并对结直肠癌患者 进行膳食干预。     

中药防治肠道菌群相关性结直肠癌的研究进展

结直肠癌发病率和死亡率居我国全部恶性肿瘤的第 3 和第 5 位,严重威胁居民健康。结直肠癌病因复杂,其中 肠道微生态是影响癌变过程的关键环节。肠道菌群是维持人体胃肠道及机体健康的重要因素,肠道微生物病原体在结直肠 癌发病机制包括微生物代谢、宿主免疫和炎症途径的调节、氧化应激与抗氧化防御调节、细菌基因毒素等环节。传统中药 给药方式主要为口服,中药进入胃肠道后不可避免与肠道微生物发生相互作用。中药主要通过调节肠道菌群结构,从而调 节宿主免疫功能,以及氧化应激与抗氧化防御调节等途径实现防治结直肠癌的作用。实验研究证实,中药对肠道微生态系 统的平衡具有很好的保护作用,对菌群失调具有改善作用;中药可以提高宿主抗癌免疫反应以及通过调节肿瘤微环境下的 骨髓来源的细胞功能发挥抗肿瘤疗效;促进有氧培养菌的耐酸能力并抑制了厌氧培养菌的耐酸能力,从而增强了整体肠道 菌群的抗氧化性。另外,中药亦能改善微生物的代谢、减轻代谢性炎症,以及抑制产生大肠杆菌的体外和体内基因毒性, 中草药的药效成分经肠道微生物转化后发挥抗炎、镇痛和抗肿瘤等药理作用。综上,肠道菌群在部分结直肠癌的发生发展 中具有重要作用,调节肠道菌群是中医药防治结直肠癌的重要靶标。     

通过宏基因组学研究肠道微生物对结直肠癌患者影响的最新进展

人类肠道微生物已越来越受到医学界的广泛关注,人类肠道微生物不仅在人类健康方面,而且在人类疾病的发生和发展方面都有很大的作用。人们不断发现微生物与癌症之间的联系,特别是肠道微生物群和肠道肿瘤之间的联系。宏基因组学作为微生物研究的一种重要研究方法,在微生物与结直肠癌研究中发挥越来越重要的作用。近年来,通过宏基因组学研究肠道微生物菌群的变化为结直肠癌的发生和发展提供了新的见解,并且强调了癌症微生物群中宿主-微生物和微生物间相互作用的重要性。本综述回顾了通过宏基因组学研究肠道微生物与结直肠癌之间的关系,希望为癌症预防、诊断和治疗提供新的机会。     

肠道微生物群在肿瘤中的作用和机制研究进展

肠道微生物群参与人类疾病的调控。随着宏基因组学和代谢组学技术的发展,肠道微生物群在癌症中的作用受到了研究者们的重视。相比于健康人群,不同癌症患者肠道微生物群的种类和丰度及其代谢产物存在差别,这提示我们可以借助肠道微生物群检测为癌症无创诊断提供更加敏感且易于被接受的新方法,以期实现癌症的早期诊断。不同的肠道微生物群和其代谢产物可能对肿瘤起着促进或抑制的作用,并且这一过程可能受到饮食、吸烟等其他因素的影响。相比于健康人群,癌症患者的肠道微生物群发生了变化,而这些变化还可以影响癌症患者对化疗或免疫治疗的反应。靶向肠道微生物群为癌症的诊断和治疗提供了新的思路和方法。本文综述了肠道微生物群在癌症中的作用和机制研究进展。     

微生物与结直肠癌的发病机制、早期诊断和治疗的研究进展

结直肠癌是威胁人类健康的重大疾病之一，随着近年来微生物组学技术的发展，很多研究报道了微生物与结直肠癌发生发展的关系，发现了具核梭杆菌、脆弱拟杆菌等微生物促进结直肠癌发生的分子机制以及短链脂肪酸等细菌代谢产物抑制结直肠癌发生发展的作用。利用结直肠癌患者与健康人群之间的差异微生物，可以建立基于微生物标志物的结直肠癌诊断模型，使结直肠癌的早发现、早诊断成为可能。在结直肠癌的治疗领域，微生物可能成为抑制结直肠癌发生发展的药物靶点，并且能够影响化疗药物的疗效与不良反应。本文以微生物与结直肠癌的关系为切入点，结合近年的相关文献及自身研究，对微生物与结直肠癌的发病机制、早期诊断和治疗的研究进展作一综述。     

微生物群滋养性免疫在结直肠癌发生发展中的作用

摘 要：微生物群滋养性免疫通过抑制肠道有害细菌、真菌的定植和异常扩张，在维持人体肠道微生物稳态、正常肠上皮细胞完整性及重塑宿主免疫系统中发挥了极其重要的作用。肠道微生物稳态的破坏及致病微生物的异常扩张所介导的炎症微环境及免疫功能异常已被反复证实与结直肠癌的发生发展具有紧密的联系。全文就微生物群滋养性免疫在抑制结直肠癌发生发展中的作用进行综述，并解释其中关键的作用机制。     

肠道微生态介导的饮食结构对恶性肿瘤的影响

 大量证据表明，植物性饮食可以显著降低多种恶性肿瘤，尤其是大肠癌的发病率，而油腻饮食和肉食则是肿瘤发病的危险因素。不同的膳食结构直接影响肠道微生物的种类，进而调节肠道微生物代谢产物的生成，从而替机体作出“促癌”或“抑癌”的选择。本文综述了近年来通过饮食因素调控肠道微生态及其代谢产物而影响恶性肿瘤发生、发展、治疗效果及预后的临床证据与机制，为恶性肿瘤的防治提供思路。     

Diet,Gut Microbiota,and Colorectal Cancer Prevention: a Review of Potential Mechanisms and Promising Targets for Future Research

Diet plays an important role in the development of colorectal cancer. Emerging data have implicated the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer. Diet is a major determinant for the gut microbial structure and function. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that alterations in gut microbes and their metabolites may contribute to the influence of diet on the development of colorectal cancer. We review several major dietary factors that have been linked to gut microbiota and colorectal cancer, including major dietary patterns, fiber, red meat and sulfur, and obesity. Most of the epidemiologic evidence derives from cross-sectional or short-term, highly controlled feeding studies that are limited in size. Therefore, high-quality large-scale prospective studies with dietary data collected over the life course and comprehensive gut microbial composition and function assessed well prior to neoplastic occurrence are critically needed to identify microbiome-based interventions that may complement or optimize current diet-based strategies for colorectal cancer prevention and management.     

The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer: Where Are We? Where Are We Going?

Microbiome (microbiota) is a community of all microorganisms inhabiting a specific site of the body, including pathogens, which distinguishes it from the physiological microflora. Intestinal dysbiosis plays a key role in the development of colorectal cancer. In the process of carcinogenesis, inflammation, immune response, and toxic metabolites play a significant role. Specific species of bacteria might affect the risk of colorectal cancer and growth of tumor already present. Assessment of changes in the intestinal microbiome during the development and progression of colorectal cancer might create a simple diagnostic tool, a useful biomarker, or might influence treatment strategies in colorectal cancer patients. Analysis of the gut microbiome provides the potential to develop noninvasive diagnostic tests that would be useful as new protective markers of colorectal cancer, prognostic markers in already present colorectal cancer, and predictive markers of response to treatment, especially immunotherapy.     

Familial adenomatous polyposis and changes in the gut microbiota: New insights into colorectal cancer carcinogenesis

Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal dominant hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome, have a lifetime risk of developing cancer of nearly 100%. Recent studies have pointed out that the gut microbiota could play a crucial role in the development of colorectal adenomas and the consequent progression to colorectal cancer. Some gut bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Peptostreptococcus, and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, could be implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis through different mechanisms, including the maintenance of a chronic inflammatory state, production of bioactive tumorigenic metabolites, and DNA damage. Studies using the adenomatous polyposis coli^Min/+ mouse model, which resembles FAP in most respects, have shown that specific changes in the intestinal microbial community could influence a multistep progression, the intestinal “adenoma-carcinoma sequence”, which involves mucosal barrier injury, low-grade inflammation, activation of the Wnt pathway. Therefore, modulation of gut microbiota might represent a novel therapeutic target for patients with FAP. Administration of probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could potentially prevent the progression of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in FAP. The aim of this review was to summarize the best available knowledge on the role of gut microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis in patients with FAP.     

Differential susceptibility to colorectal cancer due to naturally occurring gut microbiota

Recent studies investigating the human microbiome have identified particular bacterial species that correlate with the presence of colorectal cancer. To evaluate the role of qualitatively different but naturally occurring gut microbiota and the relationship with colorectal cancer development, genetically identical embryos from the Polyposis in Rat Colon (Pirc) rat model of colorectal cancer were transferred into recipients of three different genetic backgrounds (F344/NHsd, LEW/SsNHsd, and Crl:SD). Tumor development in the pups was tracked longitudinally via colonoscopy, and end-stage tumor burden was determined. To confirm vertical transmission and identify associations between the gut microbiota and disease phenotype, the fecal microbiota was characterized in recipient dams 24 hours pre-partum, and in Pirc rat offspring prior to and during disease progression. Our data show that the gut microbiota varies between rat strains, with LEW/SsNHsd having a greater relative abundance of the bacteria Prevotella copri. The mature gut microbiota of pups resembled the profile of their dams, indicating that the dam is the primary determinant of the developing microbiota. Both male and female F344-Pirc rats harboring the Lewis microbiota had decreased tumor burden relative to genetically identical rats harboring F344 or SD microbiota. Significant negative correlations were detected between tumor burden and the relative abundance of specific taxa from samples taken at weaning and shortly thereafter, prior to observable adenoma development. Notably, this naturally occurring variation in the gut microbiota is associated with a significant difference in severity of colorectal cancer, and the abundance of certain taxa is associated with decreased tumor burden.     

The gut microbiota at the intersection of bile acids and intestinal carcinogenesis: An old story,yet mesmerizing

The prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has markedly increased worldwide in the last decade. Alterations of bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota have been reported to play vital roles in intestinal carcinogenesis. About trillions of bacteria have inhabited in the human gut and maintained the balance of host metabolism. Bile acids are one of numerous metabolites that are synthesized in the liver and further metabolized by the gut microbiota, and are essential in maintaining the normal gut microbiota and lipid digestion. Multiple receptors such as FXR, GPBAR1, PXR, CAR and VDR act as sensors of bile acids have been reported. In this review, we mainly discussed interplay between bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota in intestinal carcinogenesis. We then summarized the critical role of bile acids receptors involving in CRC, and also addressed the rationale of multiple interventions for CRC management by regulating bile acids–microbiota axis such as probiotics, metformin, ursodeoxycholic acid and fecal microbiota transplantation. Thus, by targeting the bile acids–microbiota axis may provide novel therapeutic modalities in CRC prevention and treatment.     

Genetic heterogeneity of colorectal cancer and the microbiome

In 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organization’s GLOBOCAN database ranked colorectal cancer(CRC) as the third most common cancer in the world. Most cases of CRC(> 95%) are sporadic and develop from colorectal polyps that can progress to intramucosal carcinoma and CRC. Increasing evidence is accumulating that the gut microbiota can play a key role in the initiation and progression of CRC, as well as in the treatment of CRC, acting as an important met...     

粪菌移植治疗肿瘤的研究进展

人体上皮表面存在微生物群，由共生细菌和其他微生物组成，产生的小分子和代谢物影响肿瘤的治疗反应。粪便微生物群移植（fecal microbiota transplant，FMT）是指将一个患者的粪便微生物移植到其他患者，成为肿瘤治疗的新策略。FMT通过重构肠道微生物群和提高抗肿瘤免疫反应而用于肿瘤临床治疗，其发展也经历了动物模型、人类向动物、患者间和编辑微生物群的粪菌移植等阶段。合成生物学编辑和合成新的菌群将为FMT提供新的材料。