可乐定治疗共患注意缺陷多动障碍的抽动障碍患儿的临床疗效

目的:探讨可乐定治疗共患注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的抽动障碍(tic disorder,TD)患儿的临床疗效。方法:对符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)中TD和ADHD标准的儿童予系统的可乐定治疗,逐渐调整至目标剂量,并维持治疗12周。以耶鲁综合抽动严重程度量表(YGTSS)评定抽动症状;根据家长填写的ADHD评定量表(ADHD-RS-IV)评定注意缺陷多动症状;并观察药物不良反应。结果:本研究完成系统可乐定滴定并维持治疗12周的共患ADHD的TD患儿40例,男36例,女4例;年龄6.50～14.50(9.84±2.90)岁。完成剂量滴定患儿的目标剂量5μg/(kg.d),最大剂量不超过0.2 mg/d。治疗后抽动总分(9.78±7.76)分,运动抽动分(7.52±4.85)分,发声抽动分(2.26±3.27)分,功能受损程度评分(8.50±5.70)分;治疗前抽动总分(21.34±8.66)分,运动抽动分(15.41±4.68)分,发声抽动分(5.93±7.10)分,功能受损程度评分(21.16±11.76)分。治疗后运动抽动及发声抽动的数量、频度、强度和复杂性均较治疗前显著减少(P<0.05)。治疗后ADHD总分(12.63±9.07)分,注意缺陷评分(7.43±4.74)分,多动-冲动评分3.0分;治疗前ADHD总分(31.05±8.51)分,注意缺陷评分(17.55±3.08)分,多动-冲动评分13.0分。治疗后家长ADHD症状评定量表总分及分量表分较治疗前均显著下降(P<0.05)。结论:可乐定治疗共患ADHD的TD患儿的运动抽动、发声抽动、注意力缺陷、多动-冲动均有明显疗效,能改善患儿生活质量。     

托莫西汀与哌甲酯治疗注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的疗效和安全性比较

目的:比较托莫西汀与哌甲酯治疗注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的疗效和安全性。方法:选择我院收治的注意缺陷多动障碍患儿共52例,随机分为托莫西汀组与哌甲酯组各26例,治疗结束后观察两组患儿的治疗有效率、ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv评分以及CPRS-R:S评分。结果:托莫西汀组与哌甲酯组的治疗有效率相近。治疗后托莫西汀组与哌甲酯组的ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv各项评分均明显下降,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后托莫西汀组与哌甲酯组CPRS-R:S评分的分数均明显下降,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。托莫西汀组的多动分变化值大于哌甲酯组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患儿在治疗过程中均未发现严重的药物不良反应。结论:托莫西汀的疗效与哌甲酯相近,都具有良好的安全性,值得临床推广。     

The Role of Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis and Potential Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

There is increasing evidence that dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression are involved in the pathogenesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review presents a comprehensive summary of the current state of research on the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of ADHD. The potential role of epigenetic drugs in the treatment of ADHD is also reviewed. Several studies suggest that there are epigenetic abnormalities in preclinical models of ADHD and in ADHD patients. Regarding DNA methylation, many studies have reported DNA hypermethylation. There is evidence that there is increased histone deacetylation in ADHD patients. Abnormalities in the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in ADHD patients have also been found. Some currently used drugs for treating ADHD, in addition to their more well-established mechanisms of action, have been shown to alter epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression. Clinical trials of epigenetic drugs in patients with ADHD report favorable results. These data suggest that abnormal epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Drugs acting on epigenetic mechanisms may be a potential new class of drugs for treating ADHD.     

盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的心血管安全性

目的：探讨盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）对心血管系统的影响。方法：回顾性分析98例ADHD患儿的临床资料。所有患儿均服用盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗，初始剂量为18 mg/d，2周后如临床症状缓解不理想调整至36 mg/d。经过SNAP-Ⅳ量表评估有效，家长能够坚持治疗，服药满3个月为1个观察周期。观察治疗前后患儿心血管系统安全性指标的变化。结果：与治疗前比较，患儿治疗后心率加快（P<0.05），收缩压、舒张压无明显变化（P>0.05）；心率变异性和心力减速力降低（P<0.05），但均处于正常范围。不同用药剂量人群的总体不良反应发生率及心血管指标差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗儿童ADHD对心血管系统的影响较小，但长期用药的影响还有待进一步研究证实。     

小儿黄龙颗粒对注意缺陷多动障碍亚型的疗效分析

目的:探讨小儿黄龙颗粒对注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)不同亚型的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析2018年12月至2020年10月江西省儿童医院诊治的90例注意缺陷多动障碍患儿临床资料,根据注意缺陷多动障碍亚型不同进行分类,将注意力障碍为主型的患儿纳入A组(n=30)、将多动/冲动型患儿纳入B组(n=30)、将混合型患儿纳入C组(n=30)。比较三组治疗前、治疗8周后症状(采用SNAP-Ⅳ评定量表)、临床疗效[采用Conners简明症状问卷(ASQ)]及中医证候主症积分。结果:治疗后,三组SNAP-Ⅳ症状评分、ASQ评分均较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组神思涣散、多动不宁、性急易怒、多言多语评分均较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:小儿黄龙颗粒对各分型ADHD患儿均有一定疗效,可显著改善患儿临床症状,降低中医证候主症积分。     

A Treatment Algorithm for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Cocaine-Dependent Adults: A One-Year Private Practice Study with Long-Acting Stimulants,Fluoxetine, and Bupropion

A subgroup of adults in private treatment for cocaine dependence in remission reported a therapeutic effect from cocaine during the initial phases of cocaine addiction and, also, met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. We report evidence that study subjects probably medicated their ADHD symptoms with cocaine and describe a 1-year treatment algorithm featuring long-acting stimulants that was effective in the management of their ADHD and cocaine dependence. Nineteen stable patients in full remission from all substance dependence were entered into an open label, prospective, treatment trial for ADHD. The treatment schedule consisted of the progressive introduction—and discontinuation of ineffective medication—of each of several medications in the following order: fluoxetine, bupropion, pemoline, sustained-release methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine spansules, and methamphetamine gradumets. Treatment of ADHD was successful. Several treatment regimens, especially those including long-acting stimulants, alone or in combination with other agents, were highly effective. All but 1 of the 19 subjects had a fully effective response for at least 1 full year. Mean UTAH scale scores were 7.4 before any medications were administered and 1.6 at the end of the study. Treatment proved successful in suppressing ADHD symptoms, with minimal cocaine slips or side effects.     

Effect of Atomoxetine on the Cognitive Functions in Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism: A Pilot Study

Background:

With early initiation of thyroxine supplementation, children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) retain some subtle deficits, such as attention and inhibitory control problems. This study assessed the effects of atomoxetine on cognitive functions in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children with CH.

Methods:

In a 6-month, open-labeled pilot study, 12 children were recruited and received atomoxetine. The measures of efficacy were scores on the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Teacher and Parent Rating Scale, version IV (SNAP-IV) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI-S). The cognitive functions were evaluated with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Chinese Children, Digit Span, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Stroop test.

Results:

A statistically significant difference was found between the mean CGI-S and SNAP-IV scores before and after treatment (p < 0.01). All the indicators of cognitive functions at the endpoint were improved compared with those at baseline. No serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusion:

Atomoxetine appears to be useful in improving ADHD symptoms, as well as cognitive functions, in children with CH. Larger, randomized, double-blinded, clinical trials are required to replicate these results.     

The Association Between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Nicotine Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults

Previous research indicates that youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more susceptible to nicotine use compared to those without ADHD, and one explanation for this association is the self-medication theory. The present study examines nicotine use in a prospective sample derived from a community sampling procedure rather than a clinical setting. Nicotine use was measured through young adulthood (mean ages: 18, 20, and 22), and three groups were compared based on childhood status: ADHD only, ADHD externalizers, and control groups. Results indicated that at all three data points, individuals with childhood ADHD plus an externalizing disorder reported higher nicotine use on all variables compared to the ADHD group absent of an externalizing disorder and the comparison group of non-ADHD youths. The group differences were significant even after controlling for possible confounding variables (age, gender, and current treatment with psychostimulant medication). Study results are discussed in light of the self-medication hypothesis and of the importance of including nicotine prevention programs for adolescents and young adults with ADHD and externalizing problems.     

注意力缺陷多动障碍儿童的感统能力测试及血铅水平调查

目的观察注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的感统能力及血铅水平,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法评定150例ADHD患儿(病例组)和150例健康儿童(对照组)的感觉统合能力,测定相应的血铅水平。结果病例组患儿的感统能力显著低于对照组(P<0.05),血铅水平则显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论患儿的感觉统合能力和血铅水平是帮助诊断ADHD的重要因素。     

An Open-Label Pilot Study of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of Cocaine Dependent Patients with Adult Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

A multi-site, open-label study of methylphenidate for treating patients with comorbid diagnoses of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cocaine dependence was performed. Forty-one participants, who met DSM-IV criteria for adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cocaine dependence, were enrolled into this ten week outpatient study. The targeted total daily dose of methylphenidate was 60 mg (20 mg TID). Participants received individual substance abuse therapy throughout the trial. Safety measures included adverse events, vital signs, and electrocardiograms. Methylphenidate's efficacy was assessed by both objective and subjective measures. Seventy percent of the participants completed final study measures. Safety measures indicated that methylphenidate was well tolerated by the participants. Subjective efficacy measures suggested that participants evidenced improvement in both cocaine dependence and adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Quantitative benzoylecgonine indicated that only those participants categorized as being compliant showed improvement. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of methylphenidate for this population may be warranted.     

静灵口服液联合盐酸哌甲酯治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍有效性和安全性的系统评价

目的:系统评价静灵口服液联合盐酸哌甲酯治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的有效性和安全性,为中药治疗该病提供参考依据.方法:检索the Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMBase、中国知网、万方数据库以及中国生物医学文...     

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms Predict Alcohol Expectancy Development

ABSTRACT

Objective: Positive alcohol expectancies and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are independent risk factors for adolescent alcohol problems and substance use disorders. However, the association of early ADHD diagnostic status, as well as its separate dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity, with alcohol expectancies is essentially unknown. Method: At baseline (i.e., Wave 1), parents of 139 6- to 9-year-old children (71% male) with (N = 77; 55%) and without (N = 62; 45%) ADHD completed structured diagnostic interviews of child psychopathology. Approximately two years later (i.e., Wave 2), children completed a Memory Model-Based Expectancy Questionnaire (MMBEQ) to ascertain their positive and negative expectancies regarding alcohol use. All children were alcohol naïve at both baseline and follow-up assessments. Results: Controlling for age, sex, IQ, as well as the number of Wave 1 oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms, the number of baseline hyperactivity symptoms prospectively predicted more positive arousing (i.e., MMBEQ “wild and crazy” subscale) alcohol expectancies at Wave 2. No predictive association was observed for the number of Wave 1 inattention symptoms and alcohol expectancies. Conclusions: Childhood hyperactivity prospectively and positively predicted expectancies regarding the arousing properties of alcohol, independent of inattention and ODD/CD symptoms, as well as other key covariates. Even in the absence of explicit alcohol engagement, youths with elevated hyperactivity may benefit from targeted intervention given its association with more positive arousing alcohol expectancies.     

整合法治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍43例

目的比较整合式治疗方法和单纯药物治疗对儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的临床疗效。方法将86例ADHD患儿均分为研究组和对照组,研究组采用整合式方法治疗,对照组单纯使用传统药物速释哌甲酯片（利他林）治疗。两组分别在治疗后3月和6月时进行conners儿童行为问卷的48项家长用症状问卷（PSQ）和28项教师用症状评定量表（TRS）评定。结果研究组治疗后3月和6月的总有效率分别为88．37％和100．00％,对照组分别为69．77％和79．07％,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论采用整合式方法治疗ADHD比单纯药物治疗更能有效改善儿童ADHD的症状,临床应推广使用该方法。     

Novel approaches to the treatment of depression by modulating the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis

Many patients with major depression show evidence of over-activation of the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis (HPA), as evidenced by hypercortisolism and adrenal hyperplasia. Such over-activity is associated with increased corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) reactivity in the CSF and blunted release of ACTH in response to CRF infusion. Recent evidence suggests a switch from CRF to AVP regulation of the axis during depression, with depressed patients showing enhanced response to ddAVP infusion. The HPA provides multiple potential sites for antidepressant development. The use of glucocorticoid antagonists, cortisol synthesis inhibitors, CRF and AVP antagonists have been suggested. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Methylphenidate Treatment in Adolescent Rats with an Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Phenotype: Cocaine Addiction Vulnerability and Dopamine Transporter Function

Appropriate animal models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug reinforcement allow investigation of possible underlying biological bases of ADHD and its comorbidity with cocaine addiction. Toward this end, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) exhibiting an ADHD phenotype were compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar (WIS) rats. Initially, 1.5 mg/kg oral methylphenidate or vehicle was administered between postnatal days 28 and 55, and acquisition of visual discrimination learning was examined. After discontinuing adolescent treatments, adult rats were evaluated for cocaine self-administration and dopamine transporter (DAT) function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum. During adolescence, SHRs showed deficits in visual discrimination relative to WKY and WIS rats when non-medicated. Methylphenidate improved visual discrimination only in SHRs. Compared with WKY and WIS rats, SHRs with previous methylphenidate treatment acquired cocaine self-administration faster, identified cocaine as a highly efficacious reinforcer by displaying an upward shift in the cocaine dose–response function, and showed the greatest motivation to self-administer cocaine by exhibiting the highest progressive ratio breakpoints. In the PFC, the maximal dopamine uptake (V_max) at DAT was decreased in SHRs and increased in WKY and WIS rats by previous methylphenidate treatment. The affinity (K_m) for dopamine at DAT in the PFC was not different between strains, nor was V_max or K_m altered in the striatum by previous methylphenidate treatment in any strain. Methylphenidate-induced decreases in dopamine clearance by DAT in the PFC may underlie increased cocaine self-administration in SHRs. These preclinical findings suggest that caution should be exercised when methylphenidate is prescribed for first-time treatment of ADHD in adolescent patients, as cocaine addiction vulnerability may be augmented.     

哌甲酯治疗汉族儿童注意缺陷多动障碍疗效与GRIN2B基因多态性的关系

目的:探讨N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体2B亚单位基因(GRIN2B)rs1806201位点和rs1805247位点多态性与哌甲酯治疗汉族注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿疗效的关系。方法:2017年1月至2019年1月驻马店市中心医院收治的100例ADHD患儿作为研究对象,进行2~4周的哌甲酯开放剂量治疗,获得最佳治疗反应。采用注意缺陷多动障碍诊断量表父母版(ADHDDS-P)评估ADHD症状。根据治疗前后量表评分,将疗效分为缓解、有效和无效。用TaqMan SNP基因分型技术检测GRIN2B基因rs1806201位点和rs1805247位点多态性。结果:100例患儿治疗后缓解40例,有效25例,无效35例。GRIN2B基因rs1806201位点TT型和CT型患儿治疗效果优于CC型患儿(P<0.05)。而rs1805247位点不同基因型患儿治疗效果的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。rs1806201位点TT和CT基因型患儿治疗后ADHDDS-P量表注意力缺陷评分、多动冲动评分和总分的减分值均高于CC型患儿(P<0.05),而rs1805247位点不同基因型患儿ADHDDS-P量表减分值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:GRIN2B基因rs1806201位点多态性与哌甲酯治疗效果有关,而GRIN2B基因rs1805247位点多态性与哌甲酯治疗效果无关。GRIN2B基因rs1806201位点TT型和CT型ADHD患儿对哌甲酯的药物反应优于CC基因型患儿。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童家庭养育方式的研究

目的研究注意缺陷多动障碍儿童家庭养育方式。方法采用父母养育方式评价量表和艾森克个性问卷,对54名ADHD儿童进行调查,结果输入心理测验系统软件进行分析和保存。结果在ADHD儿童家庭中,不仅是ADHD儿童,而且他们父母幼年时的家庭养育方式,都较正常家庭存在着较多的惩罚、严厉,拒绝、否认和过干涉、过保护的情况。ADHD儿童较正常儿童有更多的情绪不稳,惹麻烦,捣乱,并且不愿说真话。结论治疗要以预防为主,家长教育孩子要有一个良好的教育方式。     

家长培训对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童干预的效果与分析

目的 探讨家长培训对注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的干预效果.方法 将100名ADHD儿童随机分为联合治疗组和药物治疗组,联合治疗组采用药物治疗合并家长培训,药物治疗组进行常规药物治疗,比较两组的干预效果.结果 干预前后,两组儿童的冲动-多动、焦虑、多动指数等得分均有降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;干预后联合治疗组品行问题、学习问题、冲动-多动、焦虑、多动指数等得分均较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 在药物治疗的基础上对ADHD儿童家长进行健康教育,能够在一定程度上改善儿童症状.     

Barriers to Implementation of Treatment Guidelines for ADHD in Adults With Substance Use Disorder

Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common among adult patients with a substance use disorder, yet often goes undetected. This is a qualitative study to explore implementation barriers to a guideline developed in Belgium for the recognition and treatment of ADHD in adult patients with substance use disorder and to gain a better understanding of the strategies to overcome these barriers.

Methods: Focus groups were conducted with caregivers and patients to explore experiences with comorbid substance use disorder and ADHD. The barriers reported in these focus groups became the subject of further study in focus groups with addiction professionals (physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists) who had tried the guideline and with psychiatrists specializing in addiction but without experience with ADHD.

Results: Our analysis revealed a number of barriers to the implementation of this guideline, including lack of information from the family, pressure from patients and caregivers to make an ADHD diagnosis, and the potential for abuse of ADHD medication. Furthermore, diagnostic instruments for ADHD have not been validated in people with substance use disorder. Although patients with ADHD are usually treated in an outpatient setting, patients with ADHD comorbid with substance use disorder are difficult to identify in an outpatient setting for various reasons. Finally, there is a lack of specific ADHD expertise in substance use treatment organizations.

Conclusions: Despite the availability of an approved guideline for recognizing and treating adult ADHD in patients with a substance use disorder, underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment still persist. As in general substance use treatment, medication only plays a supportive role in the treatment of substance use disorder with comorbid ADHD. An integrated approach and further improvements in the competence of practitioners may help to reduce the resistance to diagnosing ADHD in substance use treatment centers. Practitioners who specialize in addiction medicine and therapists without medical education view the problem from different perspectives and therefore each group needs specific information and training. Targeted interventions need to be developed to keep these patients in treatment.