集落刺激因子的生物功能

正常人体中,只有骨髓中存在多能干细胞,它能产生血液循环中所有的成熟红细胞,中性粒细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞,单核细胞,淋巴细胞及血小板。这些成熟细胞的寿命较短,它们持续不断的更替有赖于多能干细胞的大量增殖。血细胞的产生受到复杂而严密的调控,保证健康状态的血细胞水平维持稳定,并在受到外伤或感染时能迅速变化。每个成年人每日大约更新１２００亿个粒细胞,若感染时,其产生数量最少增加十倍。 １９６６年, Ｂｒａｄｌｙ, Ｍｅｔａｃａｆｆ和Ｉｃｈｉｋａｗａ等建立了一种细胞培养系统,允许粒细胞和单核细胞的…     

Distribution of the ankle-brachial index and associated cardiovascular risk factors in a population of middle-aged and elderly koreans

The Doppler ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) is an objective and efficient tool that can be used to determine the presence and severity of peripheral arterial disease in the lower extremities. The ABI value is inversely associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. To date, there have been no studies of the distribution of ABI in Korea. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,943 subjects (681 men and 1,262 women; 45-74 yr old) in Namwon, Korea. The prevalence of a low ABI (<0.90) was 2.2% in men and 1.8% in women, and a high ABI (>or=1.30) was prevalent in 3.1% of men and 0.8% of women. Age, smoking habits, waist circumference, hypertension, and blood pressure were associated with ABI values in both sexes. The presence of carotid plaques was associated with ABI values only in men, whereas pulse pressure was associated with ABI values only in women (p<0.05). Although the prevalence of a low ABI in the present study was lower than those reported previously for Western populations and Japanese men, our results suggest that the ABI might be used as an indicator of cardiovascular risk factors in adult Koreans.     

Stroke-related dementia: Rates,risk factors and implications for future research

Stroke is a risk factor for dementia and dementia predisposes to stroke. Dementia prevalence in subjects with stroke is comparable to that seen in stroke-free subjects who are 10 years older. However, until recently the prevalence, time course and risk factors for dementia in relation to the occurrence of stroke was unclear owing to conflicting reports from individual studies. Data now available from a meta-analysis of studies of pre- and post-stroke dementia, show that heterogeneity between individual studies is largely explained by study methods and case-mix. Pooled dementia estimates are consistent with 1-in-10 patients being demented prior to first stroke, 1-in-10 developing new dementia soon after first stroke, and over 1-in-3 being demented after a recurrent stroke. After the first year, cumulative incidence of dementia is little greater than expected on the basis of recurrent stroke alone. Medial temporal lobe atrophy, female sex and family history, are more strongly associated with pre-stroke dementia, whereas the characteristics and complications of the stroke and the presence of multiple lesions in time and place are more strongly associated with post-stroke dementia, indicating the likely impact of optimal acute stroke care and secondary prevention in reducing the burden of dementia. Future studies are needed to develop a predictive risk score for post-stroke dementia, to evaluate short cognitive screening instruments to identify high risk patients with milder cognitive impairment, and to clarify the interaction between degenerative and vascular processes in the development of dementia.     

Intestinal parasitic infections: Current status and associated risk factors among school aged children in an archetypal African urban slum in Nigeria

Background/purpose

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among school aged children (SAC) in Nigeria remains endemic, hence the need for regular surveillance to attract the attention of policy makers. This cross-sectional study investigated the current prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among school aged children in an urban slum of Lagos City, Nigeria.

Type 2 diabetes in urban and rural districts in Korea: factors associated with prevalence difference

The purpose of this study was to examine the urban-rural differences in the prevalence and associated factors with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korean adults. A total of 1,060 adults >30 yr of age from urban (189 males and 331 females) and rural districts (219 males and 321 females) were recruited. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and fasting and 2-hr after 75-g oral glucose load blood glucose were obtained. The crude- and age-standardized prevalence of T2DM was 15.4% and 14.5%, and 11.7% and 8.6% in urban and rural districts, respectively. Diabetic subjects were older and obese, and had a higher triglyceride level, and systolic blood pressure compared to non-diabetes in both population. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that older age, high triglyceride levels, central obesity, and hypertension were significantly associated with T2DM in both areas. Low monthly incomes were significantly associated with T2DM in urban population, while a family history of T2DM was significantly associated with T2DM in rural area. T2DM is more prevalent in urban than in rural population, and low economic status or genetic factor is differently associated with T2DM in both population, respectively.     

High incidence of acquiring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Brazilian children with Atopic Dermatitis and associated risk factors

BackgroundMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in Atopic Dermatitis (AD) patients can contribute to worsening their clinical condition.ObjectiveA cohort study was carried out to determine the incidence of MRSA acquisition and its risk factors in AD children.MethodsPatients with AD (2 months–14 years old) were followed up for about 1 year at a reference center for AD treatment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from September 2011 to February 2014. Nasal swabs from patients and contacts were collected every 2 months. The SCORAD system assessed the severity of the AD. S. aureus isolates were evaluated to determine the methicillin resistance and the clonal lineages.ResultsAmong 117 AD patients, 97 (82.9%) were already colonized with S. aureus and 26 (22.2%) had MRSA at the first evaluation. The incidence of MRSA acquisition in the cohort study was 27.47% (n = 25). The SCORAD assessments were: mild (46.15%), moderate (37.36%) or severe (16.48%). Risk factors were: colonized MRSA contacts (HR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.16–7.54), use of cyclosporine (HR = 5.84; 95% CI: 1.70–19.98), moderate or severe AD (HR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.13–9.37). Protective factors were: availability of running water (HR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.049–0.96) and use of antihistamines (HR = 0.21; 95% IC: 0.64–0.75). MRSA isolates carried the SCCmec type IV and most of them were typed as USA800/ST5.ConclusionsThe high incidence of MRSA acquisition found among AD patients and the risk factors associated show that an effective surveillance of MRSA colonization in these patients is needed.     

我国不同人群单纯疱疹病毒2型感染率及危险因素Meta分析

目的 了解我国不同人群单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)感染率水平及其危险因素.方法 采用Statal2.0对我国不同人群HSV-2感染率及相关危险因素数据进行meta分析、应用SPSS22.0进行亚组间统计学检验.结果 普通人群HSV-2感染率为16.22％ (95％ CI:12.87％ ～ 19.91％),女性高于男性,分别为16.89％(95％ CI:12.91％～21.32％)和11.69％ (95％ CI:9.07％ ～ 14.56％).不同人群既往感染率各不相同,以女性性工作者(FSW) 44.77％ (95％ CI:38.47％ ～ 46.36％)较高.多数高危人群感染率高于普通人群.随着时间推移,普通人群既往和近期感染率呈下降趋势,高危人群既往HSV-2感染率先升后降.影响因素分析提示性别、梅毒感染、HIV阳性等是感染HSV-2的危险因素.结论 我国不同人群HSV-2感染率较高,以女性、高危人群和疑与HSV-2感染相关疾病患者更为突出.建议将HIV干预和包括HSV-2在内的性病相结合、加强HSV-2监测、加强育龄妇女及孕妇HSV-2检测控制HSV-2传播.     

Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in rural Korea: the Chungju metabolic disease cohort study

This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its associated factors in rural Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. A population-based, cross-sectional diabetic retinopathy survey was conducted from 2005 to 2006 in 1,298 eligible participants aged over 40 yr with type 2 diabetes identified in a rural area of Chungju, Korea. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed by a practicing ophthalmologist using funduscopy. The overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the population was 18% and proliferative or severe non-proliferative form was found in 5.0% of the study subjects. The prevalence of retinopathy was 6.2% among those with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 2.4% of them had a proliferative or severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The odds ratio of diabetic retinopathy increased with the duration of diabetes mellitus (5-10 yr: 5.2- fold; > 10 yr: 10-fold), postprandial glucose levels (> 180 mg/dL: 2.5-fold), and HbA1c levels (every 1% elevation: 1.34-fold). The overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in rural Korean patients was similar to or less than that of other Asian group studies. However, the number of patients with proliferative or severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was still high and identified more frequently at the time of diagnosis. This emphasizes that regular screening for diabetic retinopathy and more aggressive management of glycemia can reduce the number of people who develop diabetic retinopathy.     

Prevalence factors associated with Hypertension in Rukungiri District,Uganda - A Community-Based Study

Background

Hypertension is a growing public health problem in Uganda and Africa as a whole. We conducted a study to determine the prevalence and identify factors associated withy hypertension among residents of the rural district of Rukungiri, Uganda.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study design was used to conduct this study. Between January and February 2006, a random sample of consenting district residents, aged 20 years or older were enrolled to participate in this study. Trained research assistants administered a standardized questionnaire and performed the physical measurements. The questionnaire collected data on demographics, social economic and exposure history to various potential risk factors for hypertension. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) equal or greater than 140mmHg and/or diastolic BP equal or greater than 90mmHg, and/or being on regular anti-hypertensive therapy. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with hypertension.

Results

Of the 842 study participants, 252 were hypertensive. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 30.5%, with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of 26.6 – 34.3%. Factors found to be associated with hypertension included: past alcohol use, Odds Ratio (OR)=2.28, [1.42 – 3.64], present alcohol use OR=1.64 [1.12 – 2.43], being overweight OR=1.95 [1.37 – 2.79], obesity OR=5.07 [2.79 – 9.21], female sex OR=1.44 [1.03 – 2.06], having attained tertiary education OR=1.91 [1.03 – 3.56], and older age OR=1.42 [1.27 – 1.59]).

Conclusion

The prevalence of hypertension in this rural Ugandan district is relatively high. The findings confirm the growing concern about hypertension as a public health problem in Uganda. More studies are however required to determine the distribution and determinants of hypertension in other parts of the country.     

异位妊娠危险因素分析

目的 分析、研究异位妊娠相关因素,早期发现及时诊治。方法 收集异位妊娠64例,与同期正常妊娠62例对照,两组就相关危险因素进行对比分析。结果 感染、手术、尤其是输卵管手术、不孕症、多次流产、IUD等同异位妊娠密切相关,与正常妊娠组在统计学上差异显著(P<0.001)。结论 近年来,异位妊娠发生率呈明显上升趋势,大出血仍是早孕妇女死亡的重要原因。各种危险因素的增加同其发病率的不断上升密切相关。应重视异位妊娠的相关因素。早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗。     

Low sexual function and its associated risk factors in pre- and postmenopausal women without clinically significant depression

Objectives

To investigate the low sexual function and its associated risk factors in pre- and postmenopausal women without clinically significant depression.

Methods

Cross-sectional study with 180 women aged between 19 and 60 years who admitted to our outpatient clinic. Sexual function was assessed by female sexual function index and clinically significant depression was measured by Beck depression inventory test.

Results

The rate of low sexual function was 85.9% in postmenopausal (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8–4.8) and 47.7% in premenopausal women (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3–0.5) (p < 0.0001). The postmenopausal group reported significantly lower desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain scores than controls (p < 0.0001, for all of them). Low sexual function was positively correlated with age (r = 0.37, p < 0.0001), menopausal status (r = 0.40, p < 0.0001), gravidity (r = 0.44, p < 0.0001), parity (r = 0.43, p < 0.0001), abortion rates (r = 0.27, p = 0.001) and marriage period (r = 0.40, p < 0.0001). There were also significant negative correlations between low sexual function and education (r = −0.39, p < 0.0001) and family income (r = −0.29, p < 0.0001). However, multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that education, family income and menopausal status were the only independent variables for low sexual function after adjusted for age, gravidity, parity, abortion, marriage period and menopausal status.

Conclusion

Low sexual function was relatively high in postmenopausal women without clinically significant depression. Education, family income and menopausal status were the independent risk factors for low sexual function. Investigation of female sexuality was essential for these patients.     

医院空气监测中影响菌落总数因素的实验研究

目的研究空气监测中影响菌落总数的因素。方法按《医院消毒卫生标准》GB15982—1995和《医院消毒技术规范》2002规定的自然沉降法采样。结果采样时间、高度、培养时间、培养基预温和培皿盖的扣法对菌落总数结果均有影响。结论自然沉降法采样时间以15min、高度以1．0m、培养时间以48h为宜。     

Venous and arterial thrombosis: epidemiology and risk factors at various ages

The incidence of both venous and arterial thrombosis increases exponentially with age in both men and women. Possible reasons include: increasing immobility, trauma, surgery and acute medical illness; increasing prevalence (and/or cumulative effects) of obesity, raised blood pressure, dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance; increasing prevalence of atherosclerosis; and increasing circulating markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP) and thrombosis. While arterial thrombosis is less common in women, the relative risk for classical risk factors associated with myocardial infarction is at least as strong in women as in men, in prospective population-based studies using MONICA criteria (e.g. Scottish Heart Health Study, Reykjavik Study). Some of these risk factors (e.g. smoking, cholesterol, triglycerides) show decreasing hazard ratios with age. Ongoing studies of newer potential risk factors for venous and arterial thrombosis (e.g. homocysteine, haemostatic and inflammatory variables) should elucidate their roles in risk prediction, including thrombotic risks of sex hormones which have effects on these variables.     

肺切除术后不可耐受性咳嗽的危险因素分析

目的 探讨肺切除术后发生不可耐受性咳嗽（ICAP）的危险因素。方法 回顾性队列研究。纳入蚌埠医学院第一附属医院2019年1—12月行肺切除术的365例患者的临床资料,男211例、女154例,年龄24~83岁。根据术后是否出现ICAP,将患者分为ICAP组61例和非ICAP组304例。患者肺切除术后出现ICAP的危险因素分析采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 单因素分析结果显示：2组患者性别、吸烟史、气管树周围淋巴结切除、术前咳嗽及手术侧别的差异均有统计学意义（χ²=8.50、15.25、12.15、4.20、4.95,P值均<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：女性、无吸烟史、右肺手术、气管树周围淋巴结切除,以及术前咳嗽,均为术后ICAP的独立危险因素（优势比=4.036、6.243、2.311、3.347、1.953,95%可信区间为2.077~7.845、3.030~12.864、1.184~4.512、1.732~6.467、1.039~3.668,P值均<0.05）。结论 女性、无吸烟史、右肺手术、气管树周围淋巴结切除以及术前咳嗽可能会导致肺切除术后ICAP的发生,是其独立危险因素。     

Endometrial polyps in pre- and postmenopausal women: factors associated with malignancy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of premalignant and malignant polyps and their association with menopausal status, hormone therapy and clinical characteristics in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. METHODS: A surgical database was used to select pre- and postmenopausal women >or=40 years of age, submitted to hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps. The medical records of 475 women were reviewed and clinical characteristics and histological diagnosis of resected polyps were assessed. RESULTS: The majority of women had benign endometrial lesions, 78.53% of which were endometrial polyps and 13.47% polyps with simple or complex endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. Polyps with endometrial hyperplasia with atypia comprised 1.05% of cases, while 2.74% were carcinomatous polyps. Analysis using prevalence ratios showed that premalignant and malignant lesions were associated with age and postmenopausal bleeding. Women >60 years of age had a prevalence ratio 3.28 times greater (95%CI: 1.19-9.07) of premalignant or malignant polyps. When only postmenopausal women were evaluated for the effect of age, those over 60 years of age had a prevalence 5.31 times greater (95%CI: 1.22-23.09), while those with postmenopausal bleeding had an age-adjusted prevalence ratio of 3.71 (95%CI: 1.21-11.34) compared to asymptomatic women. No significant association was found between arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, use of hormone therapy or tamoxifen and premalignancy or malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: There was a low prevalence of premalignant and malignant lesions in endometrial polyps. Older women and those with postmenopausal bleeding had a greater prevalence of malignancy and in these cases hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps is mandatory.