Burden of illness in venous thromboembolism in critical care: a multicenter observational study

PURPOSE: The frequency of clinically diagnosed venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in medical-surgical critically ill patients is unclear. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and incidence of radiologically confirmed DVT and PE in medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients and to determine the impact of prophylaxis on the frequency of these events. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective observational cohort study in 12 adult ICUs, we identified prevalent cases (diagnosed in the 24 hours preceding ICU admission up to 48 hours post-ICU admission) and incident cases (diagnosed 48 hours or more after ICU admission and up to 8 weeks after ICU discharge) of upper or lower limb DVT or PE. Deep venous thrombosis was diagnosed by compression ultrasound or venogram. Each DVT was classified as clinically suspected or not clinically suspected in that the latter was diagnosed by scheduled screening ultrasonography. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed by ventilation-perfusion lung scan, computed tomography pulmonary angiography, echocardiography, electrocardiography, or autopsy. RESULTS: Among 12,338 patients, 252 (2.0%) patients had radiologically confirmed DVT or PE and another 47 (0.4%) had possible DVT or PE. Prevalent DVTs were diagnosed in 0.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3%-0.5%) of patients and prevalent PEs were diagnosed in 0.4% (95% CI, 0.3%-0.6%). Incident DVTs were diagnosed in 1.0% (95% CI, 0.8%-1.2%) of patients, and incident PEs were diagnosed in 0.5% (95% CI, 0.4%-0.6%). Of patients with incident VTE, 65.8% of cases occurred despite receipt of thromboprophylaxis for at least 80% of their days in ICU. The median (interquartile range) ICU length of stay was similar for patients with DVT (7 [3-17]) and PE (5 [2-8]). For all patients with VTE, ICU mortality was 16.7% (95% CI, 12.0%-21.3%) and hospital mortality was 28.5% (95% CI, 22.8%-34.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Venous thromboembolism appears to be an apparently infrequent, but likely underdiagnosed problem, occurring among patients receiving prophylaxis. Findings suggest the need for increased suspicion among clinicians, renewed efforts at thromboprophylaxis, and evaluation of superior prevention strategies.     

肝硬化合并静脉血栓栓塞症的临床诊治

目的:探讨肝硬化合并静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的临床特征及诊治要点。方法:回顾分析复旦大学附属中山医院2004年1月至2015年12月期间收住入院的23例VTE合并肝硬化患者的临床特征及治疗预后。结果:观察期内VTE合并肝硬化患者的发生率为0.8%。23例患者中男性16例,女性7例,年龄43~84岁,平均(55.7±10.1)岁。肝硬化A级患者(n=9)血清蛋白及血红蛋白含量高于肝硬化B级、C级患者(n=14),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A级患者凝血功能和血肌酐水平优于B级、C级患者,其D-二聚体水平及血小板含量略低于B级、C级患者,但两组间各项指标差异无统计学意义。73.9%的患者也有恶性肿瘤病史。18例患者接受低分子肝素治疗;5例患者未接受抗凝治疗,其中3例死亡。结论:肝硬化患者也有静脉血栓形成风险,需要早期诊断,及时治疗。     

Association between antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs and venous thromboembolism: results from the EDITH case-control study

Cohort studies suggest that exposure to antipsychotic agents may be associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Few data concerning antidepressant drugs are available. Using a different methodological approach, the aim of this study was to estimate the association between neuroleptic and antidepressant drug use and the risk of VTE. We report the results of a case-control study designed to evaluate interactions between acquired and inherited risk factors of VTE. We included 677 cases hospitalized with deep vein thrombosis and or pulmonary embolism with no major acquired risk factor for VTE, and 677 controls matched for gender and age. Drug exposure was defined as current use of drugs at admission. Neuroleptic exposure was associated with an increased risk of VTE (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.2). Among neuroleptics, antipsychotic agent use was associated with a 3.5-fold increased risk of VTE (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 2.0-6.2). No association was found between antidepressant drug exposure and the risk of VTE (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 0.9-1.5). In this hospital-based case-control study, exposure to antipsychotic drugs was associated with an increased risk of VTE. These results, added to previous results, suggest that clinicians should consider antipsychotic drug exposure as a potential risk factor of VTE. More studies are needed in order to further elucidate this adverse effect, and to determine the possible predisposing factors and the biological mechanisms involved.     

Natural history of venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) originates in systemic venous thrombosis and has different etiological mechanisms and natural history from arterial thrombosis. VTE typically originates as deep venous thrombosis in a lower extremity, where it may give rise to acute symptoms “upstream” from the obstructed vein, result in pulmonary embolism, and/or cause chronic venous obstruction. Pulmonary embolism may result in acute respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular collapse and, uncommonly, may also cause chronic disease.     

Association between migraine and risk of venous thromboembolism: A nationwide cohort study

Background .—The link between arterial thromboembolism and migraine is well‐documented; however, few studies investigated the link between venous thromboembolism (VTE) and migraine. We aimed to evaluate the association between migraine and VTE and to examine whether demographics or comorbid risk factors modulate VTE development. Methods. —We conducted a cohort study accessing a nationwide claims‐based database with an adult cohort of 102,159 neurologist‐diagnosed migraine patients, and 102,159 nonheadache comparison subjects, matched on sex and propensity score for the diagnosis of migraine. Both cohorts were followed until the end of 2010, death, or VTE development. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated based on Cox proportional hazards regression analyses and compared between the two groups. Results .—During a mean follow‐up period of 4.2 years, VTE developed in 226 patients (460,047 person‐years) in the migraine cohort and in 203 subjects (462,401 person‐years) in the comparison cohort. Overall, likelihood of VTE for the migraine cohort did not differ from that in the comparison cohort (aHR 1.12; 95% CI, 0.92–1.35; P = .251). However, subgroup analysis by migraine subtypes (P = .004 for interaction) revealed an elevated risk of VTE in patients with migraine with aura (aHR 2.42; 95% CI, 1.40–4.19; P = .002), but not in those with migraine without aura. The association was not altered in subsequent subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Risk of VTE development is elevated specifically in patients diagnosed with migraine with aura. This association suggests a linked disease mechanism and warrants further exploration.     

483例静脉血栓栓塞症临床资料分析

目的了解静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE),包括肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)和下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床流行病学资料,探讨PTE和DVT的危险因素,为PTE和DVT的防治工作提供依据.方法分析PTE和DVT住院患者近十二年内发病趋势,人口学特点,伴随疾病,获得性危险因素和预后.结果患者的男女比例为1.45:1,50岁以后男女构成比基本相等;PTE和DVT的复发率依次为11.8%(4/34)和28.2%(124/439).结论 PTE和DVT发病率呈逐年上升趋势.手术、创伤和骨折是PTE和DVT主要的危险因素.女性雌激素水平可能与PTE和DVT有关.     

Clinically important venous thromboembolism in pediatric critical care: a Canadian survey

PURPOSE: Pediatric venous thromboembolism (VTE) is becoming an increasingly recognized morbidity associated with critical illness. The objective of this survey is to identify the patient factors and radiological features that pediatric intensivists consider more or less likely to make a venous thrombosis (VTE) clinically important in their patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our definition of clinically important VTE was a VTE likely to result in short- or long-term morbidity or mortality if left untreated. We asked respondents to rate the likelihood that patient factors and radiological features make a venous thrombosis clinically important using a 5-point scale (1 = much less likely to 5 = much more likely). RESULTS: The 38 (58.5%) of 65 pediatric intensivists responding rated 4 patient factors as most likely to make a VTE clinically important: clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism (mean score, 4.8), symptoms (mean, 4.5), detection by physical exam (mean, 4.4), and the presence of an acute or chronic cardiopulmonary comorbidity that might limit a patient's ability to tolerate pulmonary embolism (mean, 4.3). Of the radiological features, the 2 considered most important were VTE involving the vena cava extending into the right atrium (mean, 5) and central veins (mean, 4.5). CONCLUSIONS: When labeling a VTE as clinically important, pediatric intensivists rely on several specific patient factors and thrombus characteristics.     

Smoking and venous thromboembolism: a Danish follow-up study

Summary.  Background:  Large-scale prospective studies are needed to assess whether smoking is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) (i.e. deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) independently of established risk factors. Objective:  To investigate the association between smoking and the risk of VTE among middle-aged men and women. Methods:  From 1993 to 1997, 27 178 men and 29 875 women, aged 50–64 years and born in Denmark, were recruited into the Danish prospective study 'Diet, Cancer and Health'. During follow-up, VTE cases were identified in the Danish National Patient Registry. Medical records were reviewed and only verified VTE cases were included in the study. Baseline data on smoking and potential confounders were included in gender stratified Cox proportional hazard models to asses the association between smoking and the risk of VTE. The analyses were adjusted for alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, and in women also for use of hormone replacement therapy. Results:  During follow-up, 641 incident cases of VTE were verified. We found a positive association between current smoking and VTE, with a hazard ratio of 1.52 (95% CI, 1.15–2.00) for smoking women and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.00–1.74) for smoking men, and a positive dose-response relationship. Former smokers had the same hazard as never smokers. Conclusions:  Smoking was an independent risk factor for VTE among middle-aged men and women. Former smokers have the same risk of VTE as never smokers, indicating acute effects of smoking, and underscoring the potential benefits of smoking cessation.     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与肺血栓栓塞症和(或)深静脉血栓形成的关系

目的　探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症 (HHcy)及同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)代谢中的相关因素与肺血栓栓塞症 (PTE)和(或 )深静脉血栓形成 (DVT)的关系 ,以便有效防治静脉血栓栓塞症 (VTE)的发生与复发。方法　用病例对照研究的方法对 5 8例既往确诊为VTE的患者及与其性别、年龄相匹配的 5 8例对照 ,调查流行病学危险因素 ,高效液相色谱分析法测定血浆中Hcy、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸的浓度。结果　①血浆Hcy浓度在两组之间有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。其OR值及其 95 %可信区间为1 5 (1 2 16～ 2 2 13)。但血浆蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸浓度在两组之间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。②血浆Hcy在病例组内DVT组、单纯PTE组和DVT合并PTE组之间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　HHcy是中国人群PTE和 (或 )DVT独立的危险因素。     

Depression,antidepressant use,and risk of venous thromboembolism: systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational evidence

Abstract

Purpose: Evidence on the association between depression, antidepressant use and venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk is conflicting. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational studies evaluating the associations of depression and antidepressant use with VTE risk.

Design: Eligible studies were identified in a literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and reference list of relevant studies up to April 2018. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were aggregated using random effects models.

Results: Eight observational studies with data on 960 113 nonoverlapping participants and 9027 VTE cases were included. The pooled RR (95% CI) for VTE comparing antidepressant use with no antidepressant use was 1.27 (1.06–1.51). Tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants were each associated with an increased VTE risk; 1.16 (1.06–1.27), 1.12 (1.02–1.23), and 1.59 (1.21–2.09), respectively. In pooled analysis of three studies that compared patients with depression versus individuals without depression, the RR for VTE was 1.31 (1.13–1.53).

Conclusions: Pooled observational evidence suggests that depression and use of antidepressants are each associated with an increased VTE risk. The effect of antidepressant drugs on VTE may be a class effect. The mechanistic pathways underlying these associations deserve further evaluation.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO 2018: CRD42018095595

• Key messages

• Emerging evidence suggests that depression and antidepressant use may be associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk, but the evidence is conflicting.

• This first systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies shows that depression and use of antidepressants are each associated with an increased risk of VTE.

• There may be a class effect of antidepressant drugs on VTE.

     

预警预防医院获得性静脉血栓栓塞症有效性和安全性的Meta分析

目的:系统评价预警预防医院获得性静脉血栓栓塞症（HAT）的有效性和安全性。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、CINAHL、Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials、中国生物医学文献数据库、CNKI、万方数据库,系统检索国内外关于...