Lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and total nerve sparing for locally advanced rectal cancer in Western patients.

BACKGROUND: In an attempt to improve the results of locally advanced rectal cancer treatment, we performed an extended surgical technique consisting of total mesorectal excision (TME), lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy (LPL) and total nerve sparing (NS). Resection of the autonomic nerves was realized only when these fibres were involved by the tumour. METHODS: Nine cases (9.2%) of a personal series of 98 western patients with rectal carcinoma operated on between January 1992 and December 1997 at Third Department of Surgery, University La Sapienza, Rome, underwent TME, LPL and NS procedures for locally advanced extraperitoneal disease. RESULTS: Two out of seven patients in stage II/III suffered postoperatively from urinary retention with mild irregular flow as tested on urodynamics, but no long-term urinary disturbances persisted. Retrograde ejaculation occurred postoperatively in one of two patients who experienced urinary disturbances. Another patient had erection dysfunctions. These sexual dysfunctions did not improve during the long-term follow-up. Seven patients with stage II or stage III disease achieved a 5-year survival rate of 80.0% and a 5-year disease-free survival rate of 68.6% after a mean follow-up period of 64.7 months. None of them experienced local recurrence, but one patient died of diffuse metastatic disease 50 months after surgery. Two patients with stage IV rectal carcinoma died of local and distant disease 13 months and 35 months after operation. One patient underwent liver resection for solitary metastasis 25 months after primary operation. CONCLUSIONS: TME, LPL, and NS with resection of autonomic nerves only when these fibres are involved by the disease can achieve satisfactory results in terms of survival and functional outcome in selected western patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.     

直肠癌全系膜切除术保留盆腔自主神经对男性性功能及生存情况的影响

目的探讨直肠全系膜切除术(TME)保留盆腔自主神经(PANP)对男性直肠癌患者性功能、泌尿功能及远期生存率的影响。方法选择2005年至2007年我院收治的直肠癌患者132例,随机分为观察组66例,行TME+PANP治疗;对照组66例,行常规TME治疗。术后半年随访评价患者的性功能及泌尿功能,随访5年观察患者局部复发情况及生存率。结果观察组泌尿功能及性功能障碍发生率较对照组低(P<0.05),术后3年两组的局部复发率为7.6%、10.6%,生存率为76.3%、73.2%;术后5年两组的局部复发率分别为57.6%、60.6%,生存率为55.2%、50.4%。两组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论直肠癌全系膜切除术中保留盆腔自主神经可以较好地保护老年男性患者的性功能及泌尿功能,且不影响患者的远期生存情况。     

Local recurrences and primary surgery in rectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The authors analyze retrospectively a consecutive series of rectal carcinomas operated on with different surgical strategies at Third Surgical Department of "La Sapienza" University of Rome, between January 1985 and December 1997, by one expert surgeon (GDM), and report the incidence of the local recurrence correlated to the surgical technique development. METHODS: In most recent groups of patients treated for extraperitoneal neoplasm from January 1992 with curative (R0) total mesorectal excision (TME) and nerve sparing technique (NST) (Group C, n = 47) and with curative TME plus lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy (LPL) and NST (Group D, n = 7), sacrificing the pelvic autonomic nervous system only in case of neoplastic infiltration, the local recurrence was 8.5% (4 cases, with mean interval of 30.5 months) and 0 respectively at mean follow-up of 44.9 and 55 months. RESULTS: In none of the local recurrences of the Group C a re-resection (neither curative nor palliative) was possible and the survival was 50% at 14 months from the diagnosis of relapse. Instead, in local recurrences of rectal carcinoma in patients who underwent a first anterior resection with less extended dissection in other Department (Group E), a re-resection was possible for 3 cases out of 4 (R0, R1 and R2 operations); re-resected patients are now alive at mean follow-up of 33.6 months (82, 12 and 7 months, respectively). In Group A patients, treated between January 1985 and December 1988 with partial mesorectal excision (R0) also for extraperitoneal localization, the incidence of local relapses is 21.9% (9/41 cases) vs 11.2% (11/98 cases) in Group B patients, treated from January 1989 with curative TME for extraperitoneal tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of local recurrences of extraperitoneal rectal cancer can be reduced by total mesorectal excision. The total sparing of pelvic autonomic nervous system in advanced rectal carcinoma doesn't increase the incidence of local recurrences.     

全直肠系膜切除术治疗直肠癌52例临床分析

目的：探讨全直肠系膜切除术（TME）治疗直肠癌的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析52例中低位直肠癌患者行TME术治疗的临床资料,均行Dixon术。结果：全组病例无手术死亡。术后吻合口漏3例,无吻合口狭窄。随访6个月～5年,52例病例中,性功能障碍4例,占7.7%（4/52）,局部复发占3.8%（2/52）。结论：直肠癌根治术中TME可明显降低直肠癌术后局部复发率,减少性功能障碍发生。     

Postoperative radiotherapy in patients with salivary duct carcinoma: clinical outcomes and prognostic factors

This study sought to investigate the clinical outcome and the role of postoperative radiotherapy for patients with salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) who had undergone surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. We performed a retrospective analysis of 25 SDC patients treated between 1998 and 2011 with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. The median prescribed dose was 60 Gy (range, 49.5–61.4 Gy). The clinical target volume (CTV) was defined as the tumor bed in four patients, the tumor bed and ipsilateral neck in 14 patients, and the tumor bed and bilateral neck in six patients. Local control (LC), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and prognostic variables were analyzed with the log-rank test. The 5-year LC, DFS and OS were 67%, 45% and 47%, respectively. Disease recurrence was found in 12 patients: seven as local, four as regional and eight as distant failure. Perineural and lymphovascular invasion was a significant prognostic factor for LC (P = 0.03). Local failure was common, and the presence of local recurrence significantly affected the OS (P < 0.05). We conclude that surgery and postoperative radiotherapy is expected to decrease the risk of local failure and contribute to good prognoses for patients with SDC. It might be advisable to have the CTV include the cranial nerves involved and the corresponding parts of the skull base in cases of pathologically positive perineural invasion.     

评价新辅助化疗用于局部晚期宫颈癌手术治疗前的临床价值

目的 评价新辅助化疗用于局部晚期宫颈癌手术治疗前的临床价值.方法 网上检索MEDLINE、PUBMED、ELSEVIER ScienceDirect、CNKI等,获取全文.筛选文献,实验组是新辅助化疗联合手术,对照组是直接手术,提取用于评价的指标包括：淋巴结转移、脉管浸润、间质浸润、切缘阳性率、3年生存率（OS）、3年无瘤生存率（DFS）、5年生存率、5年无瘤生存率,并进行Meta分析.结果 新辅助化疗组与对照组相比,淋巴结转移的HR和95%CI分别为（0.54,0.33～0.86）,间质浸润的分别为（0.45,0.24～0.86）,脉管浸润的分别为（0.25,0.16～0.38）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;切缘阳性率的HR和95%CI分别为（0.45,0.21～0.99）,3年OS分别为（1.24,0.59～2.63）,3年DFS分别为（1.34,0.65～2.78）,5年OS分别为（0.94,0.54～1.64）,5年DFS分别为（0.99,0.71～1.93）,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论 局部晚期宫颈癌,新辅助化疗能减少预后不良相关病理因素,但不能改善患者的生存率.     

Total mesorectal excision and preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal carcinoma: good preliminary results]

The value of a short course of radiotherapy prior to total mesorectal excision was studied in patients with resectable rectal cancer. The new surgical technique of total mesorectal excision was introduced under appropriate supervision and gave favourable treatment results. The incidence of local recurrence was markedly reduced by preoperative radiotherapy. Long term results should give greater insight into potential improvements in survival rates and any late side effects which may arise as a result of the radiation schedule.     

直肠癌直肠系膜全切除术的临床病理依据及意义

目的 探讨直肠癌直肠系膜全切除术的临床病理依据.方法 对102例具有较完整临床病理资料行直肠癌直肠系膜全切除术直肠癌组织、癌旁组织、直肠系膜进行常规病理切片,分析直肠系膜与直肠癌的分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移的关系及治疗效果.结果 直肠系膜癌转移均与癌组织分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移有相关性(P<0.05).结论 直肠癌直肠系膜全切除术是治疗直肠癌的最佳途径,切除的直肠系膜的范围应根据Dukes分期、肿瘤的分化程度及肿瘤浸润肠壁的深度区别对待.     

直肠癌直肠系膜全切除术的临床病理依据及意义

目的探讨直肠癌直肠系膜全切除术的临床病理依据。方法对102例具有较完整临床病理资料行直肠癌直肠系膜全切除术直肠癌组织、癌旁组织、直肠系膜进行常规病理切片,分析直肠系膜与直肠癌的分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移的关系及治疗效果。结果直肠系膜癌转移均与癌组织分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移有相关性(P<0.05)。结论直肠癌直肠系膜全切除术是治疗直肠癌的最佳途径,切除的直肠系膜的范围应根据Dukes分期、肿瘤的分化程度及肿瘤浸润肠壁的深度区别对待。     

The impact of abdominal compression on outcome in patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary lung cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of abdominal compression (AC) on outcome in patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for primary lung cancer. We retrospectively reviewed data for 47 patients with histologically proven non-small cell lung cancer and lung tumour motion ≥8 mm treated with SBRT. Setup error was corrected based on bony structure. The differences in overall survival (OS), local control (LC) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated to compare patients treated with AC (n = 22) and without AC (n = 25). The median follow-up was 42.6 months (range, 1.4–94.6 months). The differences in the 3-year OS, LC and DFS rate between the two groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.909, 0.209 and 0.639, respectively). However, the largest difference was observed in the LC rate, which was 82.5% (95% CI, 54.9–94.0%) for patients treated without AC and 65.4% (95% CI, 40.2–82.0%) for those treated with AC. After stratifying the patients into prognostic groups based on sex and T-stage, the LC difference increased in the group with an unfavourable prognosis. The present study suggests that AC might be associated with a worse LC rate after SBRT using a bony-structure-based set-up.     

二联式经肛外手工吻合在腹腔镜超低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用

目的 探讨二联式经肛外手工吻合在腹腔镜超低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用价值.方法 应用超声刀在腹腔镜下对12例超低位直肠癌患者实施全直肠系膜切除原则的根治性手术,用肛门部二联式手工吻合法完成结-直肠/肛管吻合.结果 12例患者手术经过均顺利,无中转开腹,术后发生吻合口瘘1例,无腹腔出血、感染、吻合口狭窄等并发症.手术时间185～310(218±10)min.术中出血160～450(232±8)ml,住院时间9～14(11±3)d.全部病例术后随访6～36(18±2)个月,术后无局部复发,远处肝转移1例.结论 超低位直肠癌行腹腔镜下超低位切除、肛门部二联式手工吻合保肛术是一种安全、经济、创伤小、疗效可靠,并具有出血少、住院时间短等优点,值得推广使用.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the values of manual anastomosis with two operations out of anus in laparoscopic anal sphincter preserving resection of ultra low rectal cancer. Methods Radical excision of ultra low rectal cancer was performed with ultrasonic scalpel in 12 patients based on the concept of total mesorectal excision (TME) and ultra low coloreclal/anal anastomosis was performed applying manual anastomosis with two operations out of anus. Results All the operations were finished successfully, without conversions to open for surgery. One case had anastomotic leakage, and there were no bleeding and infection of abdominal cavity, anastomotic stenosis and other complications. The operating time was 185-310 (218 ±10) min, the blood loss was 160-450 (232 ±8) ml,the length of hospital stay was 9-14 (11 ±3) d. All patients were followed up 6-36(18 ± 2) months, local recurrence was not found but 1 case had liver metastasis.Conclusions The manual anastomosis with two operations out of anus in laparoscopic anal sphincter preserving resection of ultra low rectal cancer is safe,economical,effective,minimally invasive, and has the benefits of less bleeding during the operation and shorter hospital stay. It should be widely used.     

Treatment outcomes of definitive chemoradiotherapy for patients with hypopharyngeal cancer

We analyzed the efficacy of definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for patients with hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC). Subjects comprised 97 patients who were treated with definitive CRT from 1990 to 2006. Sixty-one patients (62.9%) with resectable disease who aimed to preserve the larynx received induction chemotherapy (ICT), whereas 36 patients (37.1%) with resectable disease who refused an operation or who had unresectable disease received primary alternating CRT or concurrent CRT (non-ICT). The median dose to the primary lesion was 66 Gy. The median follow-up time was 77 months. The 5-year rates of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), local control (LC), and laryngeal preservation were 68.7%, 57.5%, 79.1%, and 70.3%, respectively. The T-stage was a significant prognostic factor in terms of OS, PFS and LC in both univariate and multivariate analyses. The 5-year rates of PFS were 45.4% for the ICT group and 81.9% for the non-ICT group. The difference between these groups was significant with univariate analysis (P = 0.006). Acute toxicity of Grade 3 to 4 was observed in 34 patients (35.1%). Grade 3 dysphagia occurred in 20 patients (20.6%). Twenty-nine (29.8%) of 44 patients with second primary cancer had esophageal cancer. Seventeen of 29 patients had manageable superficial esophageal cancer. The clinical efficacy of definitive CRT for HPC is thought to be promising in terms of not only organ preservation but also disease control. Second primary cancer may have a clinical impact on the outcome for HPC patients, and special care should be taken when screening at follow-up.     

Radiation therapy for primary vaginal carcinoma

Brachytherapy plays a significant role in the management of cervical cancer, but the clinical significance of brachytherapy in the management of vaginal cancer remains to be defined. Thus, a single institutional experience in the treatment of primary invasive vaginal carcinoma was reviewed to define the role of brachytherapy. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 36 patients with primary vaginal carcinoma who received definitive radiotherapy between 1992 and 2010. The treatment modalities included high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy alone (HDR-ICBT; two patients), external beam radiation therapy alone (EBRT; 14 patients), a combination of EBRT and HDR-ICBT (10 patients), or high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy (HDR-ISBT; 10 patients). The median follow-up was 35.2 months. The 2-year local control rate (LCR), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were 68.8%, 55.3% and 73.9%, respectively. The 2-year LCR for Stage I, II, III and IV was 100%, 87.5%, 51.5% and 0%, respectively (P = 0.007). In subgroup analysis consisting only of T2–T3 disease, the use of HDR-ISBT showed marginal significance for favorable 5-year LCR (88.9% vs 46.9%, P = 0.064). One patient each developed Grade 2 proctitis, Grade 2 cystitis, and a vaginal ulcer. We conclude that brachytherapy can play a central role in radiation therapy for primary vaginal cancer. Combining EBRT and HDR-ISBT for T2–T3 disease resulted in good local control.     

腹腔镜与开腹全直肠系膜切除保肛术治疗低位直肠癌临床对比的研究

目的 比较腹腔镜与开腹全直肠系膜切除保肛术在低位直肠癌治疗中的临床应用.方法 将2006年1月至2008年6月收治的106例低位直肠癌患者根据意愿分别接受腹腔镜手术(腹腔镜组,51例)和传统开腹手术(开腹组,55例),对比两组的手术安全性、疗效和随访结果.结果 两组均无术中、术后严重并发症和手术死亡病例,保肛率100%.腹腔镜组排气时间、进半流食时间、住院时间分别为(2.4±0.6)、(5.4±0.6)、(9.2±3.2)d,与开腹组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01或＜0.05);腹腔镜组切除标本长度为(15.4±1.4)cm,肿瘤下缘距切缘距离为(5.4±1.2)cm,清扫淋巴结数目为(8.5±2.4)个,与开腹组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).腹腔镜组35例(68.6%)和开腹组39例(70.9%)在1个月内恢复控便能力;术后随访6～36个月,两组均无腹壁切口种植、局部复发以及死亡病例.结论 腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除保肛术治疗低位直肠癌能取得与开腹手术同样的肿瘤根治性效果,并具有创伤小、出血量少、术后恢复快等优点,是切实可行的微创手术.     

Results of definitive radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for maxillary sinus carcinomas with neck lymph node metastasis

The purpose of this study was to describe the results of definitive radiotherapy (RT) with concurrent chemotherapy for maxillary sinus carcinomas (MSCs) with neck lymph node metastasis to clarify its limitation. Local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and were compared between subgroups using the log rank test. Toxicity was classified using common terminology criteria of adverse events version 5.0. Eighteen patients with inoperable MSC with neck lymph node metastasis including 12 men and 6 women with a median age of 67 years were analyzed. The histologic diagnoses were as follows: 16 patients had squamous cell carcinomas and 2 had other histology. Four patients had stage T3 MSC, 6 had T4a and 8 had T4b. Among 18 patients, 7 received concurrent systemic chemotherapy and 11 received selective arterial chemo-infusion. The median follow-up period was 17 months. The 2-year LC, PFS and OS rates for the entire cohort were 34, 31 and 46%, respectively. No significant differences were observed for LC, PFS and OS rates between systemic chemotherapy and selective arterial chemo-infusion cohorts. Grade 3 or higher acute toxicity, including both non-hematological and hematological, was observed in nine patients (50%), while no grade 3 or higher late toxicity was observed. In conclusion, we described the results of definitive RT for MSCs with neck lymph node metastasis. Local recurrence of primary tumor was a frequent pattern of failure and it should be addressed in future study.     

Efficacy and safety of nedaplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy for FIGO Stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer and its clinical prognostic factors

Cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is a standard treatment for cervical cancer, but nedaplatin-based CCRT is not routinely administered. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of nedaplatin-based CCRT (35 mg/m² weekly) and analyzed prognostic factors for survival among 52 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer treated from 1999 to 2009. Patients were treated with a combination of external beam radiotherapy of 40–56 Gy (in 20–28 fractions) and 13.6–28.8 Gy (in 2–4 fractions) of high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy or 18 Gy (in 3 fractions) of HDR interstitial brachytherapy. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and local control (LC) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis. Acute and late toxicities were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The median follow-up period was 52 months. The median patient age was 63 years. The 5-year OS, PFS and LC rates were 78%, 57% and 73%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that histologic type, maximum tumor diameter, and pretreatment hemoglobin level were independent risk factors for PFS. Regarding adverse effects, 24 patients (46%) had acute Grade 3–4 leukopenia and 5 (10%) had late Grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicities. No patient experienced renal toxicity. Nedaplatin-based CCRT for FIGO Stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer was efficacious and safe, with no renal toxicity. Histologic type, maximum tumor diameter, and pretreatment hemoglobin level were statistically significant prognostic factors for PFS.     

Histologic response after neoadjuvant therapy in rectal adenocarcinoma: own experience and review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant therapy has improved outcomes for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. AIM AUTHORS: We studied the degree of histopathological regression after radiotherapy regimens commonly used in their clinical practice, and its effect on the pathology of by clinically founded T3-T4 rectal cancer. PATIENT AND METHODS: A total of 57 patients were investigated who underwent neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy--commonly used at our institute--for biopsy proven primary mid or lower third rectum adenocarcinoma between January and December 2004. The standard surgical treatment was anterior resection sec Dixon, Lloyd-Davies--and Hartmann's procedure, all with total mesorectal excision. RESULTS: The surgical specimens were examined by selected pathologists and a modified pathologic staging system the Rectal Cancer Regression Grade (RCRG) was used. (I) "good" response (n=12, 21%), (II) "median" response (n=25, 44%), (III) "poor" response (n=20, 35%). Significant tumor regression (RCRG I-II.) was seen in 37 patients (65%). Six patients (10.5%) have had complete pathological regression and 6 patients (10.5%) have had only microscopic foci of adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Comparing of pretreatment and pathologic staging revealed that the depth of invasion was significantly downstaged. The authors also reviewed the literature of neoadjuvant therapy, total mesorectal excision, prognostic and predictive factors of rectal cancer.     

Total mesorectal excision with ultrasonic coagulation knife ("UltraCision") in surgery of rectal cancer

The authors report a total of 62 middle and low third rectal cancer cases operated on by total mesorectal excision by the method of Heald. The oncological basis of this procedure is the horizontal regional metastatization of rectal cancer. The total mesorectal excision facilitates, the low anterior resections and preservation of sphincter with an ultra-low colorectal, or coloanal anastomosis using the double stapling technique. In the authors' experience, the "UltraCision" cutting-coagulating device permits an atraumatic, bloodless and oncologically correct dissection. Using the double stapling technique, we succeeded in 60% of our middle- and low-third rectal cancer patients to perform a sphincter preserving low anterior resection. In 9 (28%) of the low third rectal cancer patients, preservation of the sphincter was possible with oncologically correct anterior resection and an ultra-low colo-anal anastomosis. Three anastomotic insufficiencies occurred, two of them healed on lotion-suction drainage, and one on the application of transient protective ileostomy. The literature data suggest a lower local recurrency rate after radical rectal cancer surgery, if total mesorectal excision is performed.     

巨块型宫颈癌术后大分割放疗加同期化疗临床研究的初步结果

目的探索中晚期宫颈癌根治性术后大分割放疗+同期化疗的疗效及毒性。方法 2007年7月至2012年6月,50例行广泛全子宫切除+盆腔淋巴结清扫术后的巨块型Ib、IIa、IIb期宫颈癌患者纳入分析。治疗采用大分割放疗+同步化疗:放疗方案为3 Gy/次,每周5次,总剂量39 Gy;同步化疗方案为顺铂35~40 mg/m2,每周1次的同步化疗。观察5年无局部复发生存率(LRFS)、5年无瘤生存率(DFS)、5年无远处转移生存率(FDMS)、5年总生存率(OS)以及不良反应。结果 5年DFS为74.1%、5年LRFS为86.1%、5年FDMS为80.4%、5年OS为74.7%。所有病例整体治疗耐受性较好,虽然3/4级急性黏膜反应发生率为14%,但未发现严重的胃肠道事件或新的安全性问题。结论宫颈癌术后大分割同步放化疗不良反应可接受,治疗依从性好,总体疗效满意,但需随机对照试验进一步证实。     

直肠癌行全直肠系膜切除术分离技术的讨:附112例报告

目的 探讨直肠癌行全直肠系膜切除术(TME)中直肠及其系膜的分离技术.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2008年8月112例直肠癌患者行TME的临床资料.结果 全部病例顺利完成手术,在对直肠及其系膜的分离中(不包括会阴部操作)平均出血(45±32)ml,保留腹下神经96例,术后发生尿潴留6例,1个月后恢复;吻合口漏1例,行横结肠造口后愈合;切口感染6例,经换药后愈合,全组无输尿管及骶前静脉丛损伤.112例平均随访(3.7±1.1)年,14例死亡,局部复发6例,远处转移15例,1、3、5年生存率分别为92.0%(103/112)、84.8%(95/112)、66.1%(74/112).结论 术者必须熟悉盆腔解剖关系,完善的止血和如何使直肠前后间隙及侧韧带等得到最大程度的暴露是TME顺利进行的关键.