胆囊后三角应用解剖及其在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床意义

目的探索胆囊后三角的解剖结构,为腹腔镜胆囊切除术提供胆囊后三角解剖学基础。方法2005年9月至2008年1月山东省泰安卫生学校、山东省立医院、泰山医学院附属医院、荣成市人民医院选用81例成人尸体标本,模拟腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊后三角入路,观察胆囊后三角的组成边界、穿行结构及毗邻关系。结果胆囊后三角由胆囊颈部后壁、胆囊管、胆总管上段和肝右叶脏面组成;胆囊管的长度(3018±219)mm,直径为(302±036)mm,其形状有直线型和弯曲型;胆囊动脉的直径为(168±035)mm;胆囊管较胆囊动脉粗,二者差异有统计学意义（P＜005）;6例（74%）于胆囊后三角后下方见异常胆囊动脉,自胆囊颈及胆囊体后方入胆囊,胆囊动脉自胆囊管后方走行进入胆囊8例（99%）,胆囊动脉走行于胆囊管前方5例（61%）;5例（61%）发自肝右叶脏面的副肝管通过胆囊后三角经胆囊管和肝总管汇合处后下方入胆总管。结论熟悉胆囊后三角的组成结构及毗邻关系,是避免手术时损伤血管和胆管的关键,对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的开展具有指导意义。     

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??Applied anatomy of posterior Calot’s triangle and its clinical significance in laparoscopic cholecystectomyYOU Xiao??gong*,SHI Bao??min,JING Li??yan,et al.*Taian Health School of Shandong Province??Taian 271000,China Corresponding author??SHI Bao??min??E??mail:tawxyxg@163.com AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the structure of the posterior Calot's triangle sector and provide anatomic data of posterior Calot's triangle for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.MethodsFrom September 2005 to January 2008,the structure of posterior Calot’s triangle was observed by simulating the posterior Calot’s triangle approach of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 81 samples of adult liver and gallbladder.ResultsPosterior Calot’s triangle was composed of the back wall of gallbladder neck,cystic duct,the upper section of common bile duct, and the facies visceralis of lobus hepatis dexter.The length of the ductus cysticus was (30??18±2??19)mm and (3??02±0??36)mm in diameter(range from 2??32 to 3??98mm).It had either linear type or arcuate type.The mean diameter of the cystic artery was (1??68±0??35) mm (range from 0??80 to 3??78mm). Abnormality of cystic artery was observed posterosuperior to the posterior Calot’s triangle in 6 sample (7??4%) entering gallbladder from the back of neck and body of gallbladder.Cystic artery pass through the back of the cystic duct occurred in 8 samples (9??9%).Cystic artery pass through the front of the cystic duct occurred in 5 samples(6.1%).Accessory hepatic duct originated in the facies visceralis of lobus hepatis dexter was observed in 5 samples??6??1%??through the posterior Calot’s triangle entering common hepatic duct through the joint of cystic duct and common hepatic duct.ConclusionIdentification of posterior Calot's triangle and its bordering structures is beneficial to avoiding injuries of surrounding blood vessels and bile ducts during laparoscopic cholecystectomy     

Anatomic rationale for arterial bleeding from the liver bed during and/or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a postmortem study

The aim of this study was to establish an anatomic rationale for liver bed arterial bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fifty consecutive human cadavers were dissected. A corrosion cast method was used. Six anastomotic branches (12%) of the cystic artery to the right or left hepatic artery ran underneath the gallbladder serosa surface and entered liver parenchyma after crossing the medial or lateral edge of the liver fossa without passing through the areolar tissue of the liver bed. Their mean length was 18.3 mm (range 4-60), and the mean diameter was 0.38 mm (range 0.2-0.8). Two cystic arteries that ascended in the midline between the gallbladder and liver bed were identified in 50 (4%) casts. Their lengths were 16 and 18 mm, and their diameters were 1.9 and 2.2 mm. Five and seven branches encircling the gallbladder arose radially. These two arterial branching patterns can cause arterial bleeding from the liver bed during and/or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术Calot三角的解剖变异及处理

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中Calot三角解剖变异的处理经验,以减少LC手术并发症。方法:回顾性分析146例LC中Calot三角的解剖变异及处理方法。结果:胆囊管变异占2.7%,胆囊动脉变异占11.6%,胆囊缺如占0.69%,144例成功实施LC,成功率为98.6%,中转开腹2例(1.4%)。结论:胆道变异极常见,正确分析处理胆囊管和胆囊动脉解剖变异是减少并发症的关键。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with an ultrasound surgical aspirator

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy using an ultrasound surgical aspirator has been performed in our department since March 1991. The horn cover was altered in order to be inserted through a trocar 10 mm in diameter. The main purpose of this device is to explore Calot's triangle by fragmentation and aspiration of the fatty tissue without damaging the nerves, vessels, and cystic duct. First the serosa of the Calot's triangle is cut via electrocautery with the sharp-angle hook dissector we designed. Then the cystic duct and cystic artery are efficiently exposed by the ultrasound surgical aspirator. This procedure is perfectly adapted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We obtained favorable results with the ultrasound surgical aspirator in 135 cases including 40 cases with a negative gallbladder, as evaluated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. In conclusion, the ultrasound surgical aspirator is suitable for skeletonizing the cystic duct and cystic artery, and the procedure is perfectly safe.     

A case of double cystic duct with cholecystolithiasis treated by laparoscopy

A case of cholecystolithiasis with double cystic duct treated successfully by laparoscopic surgery is reported. The patient was a 50-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. On admission, extracorporeal ultrasonography (US) revealed a hyperechoic area accompanied by an obscure acoustic shadow in the gallbladder. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed two cystic ducts that led separately from the same cluster of the gallbladder. After preoperative examination around the biliary tree, we determined that laparoscopic cholecystectomy was the treatment of choice. Intraoperative color Doppler US was useful for distinguishing the cystic duct from vessels. An ultrasound aspirator (UA) was also extraordinarily useful for skeltonizing the cystic ducts and the cystic artery. The postoperative course was not eventful. Our findings suggest that laparoscopic cholecystectomy, using an UA, is indicated in patients with an anomalous arrangement of the biliary system, since the use of the UA provides a clear delineation of the anatomy of Calot's triangle.     

Variations of the cystic artery in Chinese adults

The origin and course of the cystic artery related to the Calot triangle were studied in 72 autopsies. The cystic artery arises from many possible origins; the right hepatic artery is the most common origin (76.6%). The Calot triangle (hepatocystic triangle), which is an important imaginary referent area for biliary surgery, is bounded by the common hepatic duct (CHD), the cystic duct, and the cystic artery. Of all the cystic arteries, 86.1% coursed through the Calot triangle, and 100% of the cystic arteries originating from the right hepatic artery coursed through the Calot triangle. However, only 54% of the cystic arteries that originated from the left, bifurcation, proper, and common hepatic arteries ran through the triangle. None of the cystic arteries that originated from the gastroduodenal, celiac, superior mesentery, or superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries passed through the triangle. Furthermore, 72.7% of the cystic arteries that originated from the right hepatic artery ran beneath the CHD as they entered the Calot triangle; the others ran anterior to the CHD. Of the cystic arteries that arose from locations other than the right hepatic artery, 29.4% ran posterior to the CHD, and 11.8% ran anterior to the CHD. The current study provides detailed information about anatomic variance in Chinese adults that may help avoid injury during open or laparoscopic cholecystectomies.     

Laparoscopic anatomy of the cystic artery.

Uncontrolled arterial bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a serious problem and may increase the risk of bile duct damage. Therefore, accurate identification of the anatomy of the cystic artery is important. We reviewed the anatomy of the cystic artery and its variations as seen through the video laparoscope. A "normal" cystic artery was found in only 72% of patients. The most important laparoscopically noted variations were doubling of the cystic artery (22%) and an artery that ran inferior to the cystic duct (6%). Small branches of the cystic artery, which we suggest be named Calot's arteries, supply the cystic duct and may cause troublesome bleeding during laparoscopic dissection in the hepatobiliary triangle. A scissor dissection technique was found most useful for identifying the arterial anatomy. Careful identification of arterial anomalies should help to reduce the incidence of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Preoperative assessment for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: feasibility of using spiral computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the preoperative feasibility of using spiral computed tomography (SCT) after intravenous infusion cholangiography (IVC-SCT) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the aberrant or unusual anatomy of the bile duct and severe inflammation or adhesions around the gallbladder sometimes require a conversion to open surgery. METHODS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC's) were attempted on 440 patients, and preoperative IVC-SCT also was attempted in all of these patients. Using this spiral scanning technique, the bile ducts, cystic duct, and gallbladder were assessed for contour abnormalities, relative position, and filling defects. Forty-seven patients were diagnosed with having stones in their common bile duct or common hepatic duct. RESULTS: Three-hundred eighty-seven patients out of the 440 patients (88.0%) who were subjected to IVC-SCT had the length and course of their cystic duct successfully determined. Anomalous unions of the cystic duct were seen in 59 (15.2%) of 387 patients with respect to the operative findings, and 48 of 440 patients (10.9%) had severe adhesions to Calot's triangle and the surrounding tissues. In these 48 patients, 45 patients (94%) had a nonvisualized cystic duct on IVC-SCT. The preoperative assessment of the feasibility (dense adhesions obscuring Calot's triangle) of using IVC-SCT demonstrated that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 93%, 98%, and 94%, respectively. Five patients had to be converted to open surgery, and the overall morbidity rates for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 0.9% (4 of 440). CONCLUSIONS: The most important factor in assessing the feasibility of using laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not the nonvisualized gallbladder, but the nonvisualized cystic duct on IVC-SCT. IVC-SCT may be of benefit to those patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Calot's triangle, and variations in cystic arterial supply

Background: The extrahepatic biliary tree with the exact anatomic features of the arterial supply observed by laparoscopic means has not been described heretofore. Iatrogenic injuries of the extrahepatic biliary tree and neighboring blood vessels are not rare. Accidents involving vessels or the common bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with or without choledocotomy, can be avoided by careful dissection of Calot's triangle and the hepatoduodenal ligament. Methods: We performed 244 laparoscopic cholecystectomies over a 2-year period between January 1, 1995 and January 1, 1997. Results: In 187 of 244 consecutive cases (76.6%), we found a typical arterial supply anteromedial to the cystic duct, near the sentinel cystic lymph node. In the other cases, there was an atypical arterial supply, and 27 of these cases (11.1%) had no cystic artery in Calot's triangle. A typical blood supply and accessory arteries were observed in 18 cases (7.4%). Conclusion: Young surgeons who are not yet familiar with the handling of an anatomically abnormal cystic blood supply need to be more aware of the precise anatomy of the extrahepatic biliary tree. Received: 1 November 1998/Accepted: 22 March 1999     

A miniature probe enables clear demonstration of the cystic duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

We performed intraoperative ultrasonography with a miniature probe to explore the biliary anatomy, especially the cystic duct, during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. By using this radial-type probe introduced into a hard metal sheath with a balloon at the end, the plane containing Calot's triangle can be scanned easily when the gallbladder is extracted to the right side, thereby facilitating the identification of the cystic duct as well as the common ducts. In 30 cases, no common duct stone was found and the cystic duct was clearly identified. This radial-type miniature probe can be used to locate the cystic duct and avoid inadvertant incision or division of the common ducts. Received: 17 March 1997/Accepted: 10 July 1997     

Advantage in using living donors with aberrant hepatic artery for partial liver graft arterialization

BACKGROUND: In living-related partial liver transplantation, the feasibility and safety of using left-sided liver grafts from donors with aberrant hepatic arteries remains to be evaluated. METHODS: Between 1996 and 2000, we harvested left-sided liver grafts from 101 living donors. Hepatic arterial variation in the donors was classified into three types: type I (n=69), normal anatomy; type II (n=24), aberrant left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery; and type III (n=8), replaced right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery. We performed arterial reconstructions using the donor's left hepatic artery in 70 cases (69 in type I, 1 in type II), an aberrant left hepatic artery in 24 cases (23 in type II, 1 in type III), and the common hepatic artery in 7 cases (all in type III). RESULTS: The diameter and length of the anastomosed hepatic artery were larger (2.5+/-0.7 vs. 2.0+/-0.8 mm, P=0.03) and longer (42.0+/-14.7 vs. 9.0+/-7.3 mm, P<0.0001) in cases in which the aberrant left hepatic artery or common hepatic artery was used for the anastomosis (n=31) than in those using the left hepatic artery (n=70). Hepatic arterial occlusion occurred in nine patients, with the incidence of occlusion tending to be lower in the former cases in which aberrant left or common hepatic arteries were used (3.2% vs. 11.4% for the left hepatic artery group, P=0.15). CONCLUSION: Because thicker and longer arterial branches can be obtained in left-sided liver grafts with aberrant hepatic arteries than in grafts with normal left hepatic arteries, their use is advantageous for safe arterialization in partial liver grafts.     

Ein Beitrag zur Nomenklatur der Variationen der Arteria cystica

INTRODUCTION: Safe procedures for laparoscopic cholecystectomy demand good knowledge of the anatomy of the terminal part of the cystic artery and its variations, and also precise dissection in and around the hepatobiliary triangle. METHOD: Good laparoscopic visualisation enables recognition of the variation of the cystic artery. Our observations are based on 1000 cholecystectomies. RESULTS: We have described and named variations of the terminal part of the cystic artery. Group I comprises the five variations of the cystic artery within the hepatobiliary triangle: (a) "normal" position; (b) frontal cystic artery; (c) backside; (d) multiple; (e) short cystic artery that arises from an aberrant right hepatic artery. Group II consists of variations of the cystic artery that approach--the gallbladder beyond the hepatobiliary triangle: (a) "low-lying"; (b) transhepatic; (c) "recurrent" cystic artery. CONCLUSION: Our classification is simple and easy to memorize and will considerably facilitate safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

New retraction technique to allow better visualization of Calot's triangle during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are thought to occur because surgeons tend to confuse the common bile duct (CBD) with the cystic duct. Among reasons for this misidentification, the difference in the way the operating field is exposed in LC compared to open cholecystectomy should be noticed. Using Dr. Reddick's technique, which is commonly practiced, the upward and the lateral traction of the gallbladder results in a narrower Calot's triangle and angulation of the CBD. These anatomical distortions are thought to contribute to ductal injuries during LC. Methods: We propose a new method to expose Calot's triangle during LC. The principle of this technique is to expose the hepatic hilus by retracting the caudal surfaces of the quadrate and lateral lobes of the liver using an atraumatic curved instrument. Results: The advantages of this technique are that one gains wide exposure of the hepatic hilus, leaves Calot's triangle undistorted, and avoids tenting the CBD. Conclusions: This new technique may make LC safer and decrease the number of bile duct injuries associated with the misidentification of the anatomy. Received: 28 May 1996/Accepted: 2 December 1996     

腹腔镜下胆囊三角解剖困难的处理

目的总结腹腔镜下对胆囊三角解剖困难情况的处理方法及体会。方法回顾性分析2001年3月至2006年1月我院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术中遇到的胆囊三角解剖困难68例,其中胆囊三角严重粘连者29例,胆囊管结石嵌顿17例,胆囊管过短(≤1cm)6例,胆囊动脉变异16例。根据情况分别采取逆行切除胆囊、胆囊切开取石、胆囊大部分切除、中转开腹术。结果全组中61例完成LC,中转开腹7例。26例置腹腔引流管,1~5d后拔管。胆总管轻微刺伤2例,采用无损伤线缝合;伤口感染3例,经换药后治愈;膈下积液6例,经B超引导穿刺抽液(2例)和延长抗感染治疗(4例)痊愈。无胆漏、大出血等严重并发症。结论根据胆囊三角解剖困难的具体情况作相应处理,有利于提高LC的成功率,减少LC并发症。但解剖极困难时,需果断中转开腹。     

肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的风险评估

目的：总结肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术可能存在的风险。方法：对我院自2000年3月至2006年10月完成的53例肝硬化患者的腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料进行回顾性分析并对术中遇到的困难进行分类。结果：53例患者均安全完成手术,无一例死亡。1例因胆囊三角出血中转开腹。71.1%的病例有网膜和肝脏与胆囊的广泛粘连,43.3%的病例因肝脏牵引困难而在右上腹增加了戳孔,使用多叶拉钩牵开肝脏。20.3%的病例因胆囊三角暴露困难而采取了逆行胆囊切除术。18.9%的病例因胆囊床剥离困难或肝门、胆囊三角解剖困难而采用了不同类型的胆囊次全切除术。平均手术时间较普通人群延长28min。平均住院时间较普通人群延长1d。结论：肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术存在粘连和新生血管生成、肝脏牵引较为困难、胆囊三角暴露不充分、处理胆囊床风险较高、肝门结构分辨和分离困难等5类问题。但同时也有开腹手术不具备的优势。     

A new device for the detection and recognition of blood vessels in laparoscopic surgery

Background: The recognition and localization of blood vessels to prevent their intraoperative perforation poses a major problem in laparoscopic surgery. The endoscopic pulse detector is a new device that has been specially developed for the detection and recognition of blood vessels in laparoscopic surgery. The instrument uses an accelerometer to detect a pulse, and it is inexpensive and simple to use. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance and possibilities of the new instrument. Methods: The instrument's performance and features were tested in laboratory conditions by use of simulated circulation. We assessed the dependence of the signal amplitude recorded by the instrument over a given blood vessel on the blood pump frequency change (36–130/min), circulating systolic pressure change (40–180 mm Hg), and adjacent blood vessel pulsations. Clinically, the instrument was tested in a randomized study in 40 elective noncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomies, where we assessed the time needed for the preparation of Calot's triangle and positioning of the cystic artery.Results: The results of laboratory testing showed that the instrument operated throughout the frequency range of 36–130/min and a circulating systolic pressure range of 40–180 mmHg, while the signal amplitude rose with pressure increase. The results of clinical testing showed that use of the pulse detector in laparoscopic cholecystectomy significantly reduced the time needed to prepare Calot's triangle (t = 3.91; df = 38; p <0.001) and also made the positioning of the cystic artery more reliable. Conclusion: The study showed the new instrument to be very simple to use and potentially valuable in laparoscopic surgery, primarily for the differentiation of blood vessels of similar structures.     

后三角入路腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜下安全解剖胆囊管的方法. 方法回顾性分析2000年11月～2003年4月,经后三角入路解剖胆囊管行300例腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的临床资料. 结果经后三角入路解剖胆囊管,顺利完成LC 282例,中转开腹18例,中转开腹率6.0%(18/300).术后发生并发症2例,占0.7%(2/300) . 结论经后三角入路解剖胆囊管进行LC是一种安全、容易掌握的手术方法.     

The prevention of major bile duct injures in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the experience with 13,000 patients in a single center

Major bile duct injury (MBDI) is one of the most serious complications associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). This study reports our experience in preventing MBDI during LC. Between September 1991 and August 2004, 13,000 cases of LC were performed at Kunming General Hospital. Systemic strategies, including selection of proper patients for LC based on the surgeons' experience, dissection techniques in Calot's triangle, selective use of laparoscopic ultrasonography, and indication of conversion to an open approach were developed and introduced to avoid MBDI. In our series, the overall incidence of MBDI was 0.085%, 0.60% (3 of 500) over the first period from September 1991 to September 1992, 0.17% (5 of 3000) over the second period from October 1992 to September 1996, and 0.03% (3 of 9500) over the third period from October 1996 to August 2004. The MBDI included transection of the common bile duct (CBD) due to mistaking CBD for cystic duct (n=6), cautery injury (n=3), laceration of the CBD at the junction of cystic duct and CBD (n=1), and clip partially of common hepatic duct due to blind hemostasis (n=1). The incidence of MBDI in our institution is acceptable. We believe the system strategies are effective to avoid MBDI in LC. LC is a safe procedure with an incidence of biliary injury comparable with that for open cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症6例分析

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中发生并发症的原因及防治办法。方法 :回顾分析LC并发症 6例的临床资料。结果 :胆囊动脉出血 3例 ,胆瘘 3例 ,胆汁性腹膜炎 1例 ,均经治疗痊愈出院。结论 :在开展腹腔镜初期应严格掌握适应证 ,规范处理Calot三角 ,耐心、细致 ,顺逆结合 ,选择性地腹腔引流 ,可减少并发症的发生