18F-FDG PET/CT Findings in a Breast Cancer Patient with Concomitant Tuberculous Axillary Lymphadenitis

Although ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is a sensitive modality for detecting a malignant lesion, increased ¹⁸F-FDG uptake is also seen in infected or inflammatory processes. Here, we report the case of a breast cancer patient with concomitant tuberculous axillary lymphadenitis that showed increased ¹⁸F-FDG uptake. A 39-year-old woman underwent preoperative ¹⁸F-FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) as a part of the work-up for right breast cancer. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT images showed a malignant lesion in the right breast with moderate ¹⁸F-FDG uptake, and multiple enlarged right axillary lymph nodes with intense ¹⁸F-FDG uptake. Subsequently, the patient underwent right mastectomy and right axillary lymph node dissection. Histopathological examination confirmed breast cancer and tuberculous lymphadenitis, and the patient was treated concomitantly with anti-tuberculous therapy.     

~(18)F-FDG PET/CT在食管癌的应用进展

食管癌恶性程度高、预后差,严重威胁了人类健康,18F-FDG PET/CT集功能和解剖信息于一身,这种医学影像技术在食管癌的应用优势日益受到广大医务工作者的关注。本文综述了18F-FDG PET/CT在食管癌的诊断、分期、复发、疗效和预后评估、放射治疗计划制定等方面的研究进展。     

胃恶性淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT表现与鉴别诊断

目的:分析胃淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT影像学特点,探讨其在胃淋巴瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断和病情评估中的价值。方法:17例经胃镜活检病理证实的胃淋巴瘤患者,包括13例弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,3例粘膜相关淋巴组织B细胞淋巴瘤和1例NK/T细胞淋巴瘤,均在治疗前行PET/CT显像。结果:胃淋巴瘤的PET/CT表现以不同形式的胃壁增厚和显著增高的FDG代谢为主要特征,6例呈Ⅰ型表现(胃壁弥漫性增厚伴FDG代谢显著增高),7例呈Ⅱ型表现(胃壁节段性增厚伴FDG代谢显著增高),3例呈Ⅲ型表现(胃壁局限性增厚伴FDG代谢增高),1例呈Ⅳ型表现(胃壁多发结节样增厚伴FDG代谢串珠样增高);PET/CT评价4例仅累及胃壁,3例累及胃壁和淋巴结,10例累及胃壁、淋巴结和其它脏器。结论:胃淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT表现以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型更为多见;18F-FDG PET/CT有助于淋巴瘤的诊断和病情全面评估。     

^18F-FDGPET／CT评估鼻咽癌远处间隔转移、复发及效能分析

目的：对经^18F-FDGPET／CT扫描的鼻咽癌患者远处转移及PET／CT诊断效能进行分析。方法：73例鼻咽癌分为原发未经治疗组和治疗组,分析鼻咽癌各组远处转移部位、发生率。采用5级分类诊断法,选取不同分级点作为截止点绘制ROC曲线,寻找最佳截止点评价诊断效能。结果：22例原发未经治疗组远间隔转移发生率为59．1％,51例治疗组远处间隔转移发生率为68．6％,两组比较有差异（P〈0．01）。远处间隔转移最常见的部位依次是远处淋巴结（38．67％）、骨骼（36％）及肝脏（25．33％）。ROC曲线示以3级为最佳截止点PET／CT诊断效能较高。原发灶与复发灶SUV比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：鼻咽癌远处间隔转移发生率较高,最常见部位是远处间隔淋巴结,PET／CT诊断鼻咽癌远处转移的效能较高。     

18F-FDG PET显像在淋巴瘤诊断和分期中的应用研究

目的 :探讨18F -FDGPET在淋巴瘤分期、再分期中的价值以及在评价骨髓浸润中的作用。材料和方法 :59例临床拟诊或确诊为淋巴瘤的患者全身18F -FDGPET显像后 ,就临床分期、病理结果、骨髓浸润、随访结果进行回顾性分析。其中40例未治疗的患者进行分期和骨髓浸润的相关分析 ,19例治疗后的患者进行再分期。结果 :18F -FDGPET诊断淋巴瘤的灵敏度和特异性及准确性分别为100 % ,76.9%及92.5 %。在分期方面 ,27例真阳性患者中40.7%的患者临床分期得到纠正 ,其中上调29.6 % ,下调11.1 %。19例淋巴瘤患者中有5例患者因PET显像证实为临床缓解期 ,避免了不必要的再治疗 ,8例患者的治疗方案得以重新制定。在评价骨髓浸润方面 ,26例未治疗的NHL患者中 ,PET与骨髓穿刺符合率为80.8%。结论 :18F -FDGPET在对淋巴瘤的分期优于传统影像方法,通过PET全身显像 ,使淋巴瘤准确分期 ,对重新制定治疗方案有指导意义。对于淋巴瘤骨髓浸润的诊断可提供有价值的信息。     

Unexpected Second Primary Malignancies Detected by F-18 FDG PET/CT During Follow-up for Primary Malignancy: Two Case Reports

As the survival rate of cancer patients has increased over the last few decades, the risk of cancer survivors developing second primary malignancies has gained attention. We report two rare cases of second primary hematologic malignancy detected by ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) during follow-up for primary solid malignancies. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed in a breast cancer patient and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in an anal cancer patient. F-18 FDG PET/CT findings led to the diagnosis of unexpected second primary hematologic malignancy in cancer survivors in these two cases.     

Changing patterns of abnormal vascular wall F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on follow-up PET/CT studies

Background  Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake may be increased in atherosclerotic plaques in asymptomatic patients. Repeat positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) studies were assessed for changes in patterns of FDG uptake and CT calcifications. Methods and Results  Fifty consecutive cancer patients (mean age, 68 ± 8 years) had repeat PET/CT studies 8 to 26 months apart. PET, CT, and PET/CT images were retrospectively evaluated for vascular wall abnormalities and for interval changes in the thoracic and abdominal aortas, as well as in carotid and iliac arteries, classified as PET+/CT+, PET+/CT-, and PET-/CT+. There were 485 abnormal sites in the first study and 495 in the second. CT calcifications were found in 46 patients (92%) in the first study and in 47 (94%) in the second. Vascular wall FDG uptake was found in both studies in 37 patients (74%). The pattern changed in 57 of 119 PET+ sites (48%) in the second study compared with 15 of 366 PET- sites (4%) (P < .0001). In the second study new PET+ sites were observed in 36 of 111 sites (32%) versus new PET-/CT+ sites in 19 of 384 sites (5%) (P < .0001). Conclusions  Changes in vascular FDG activity and CT calcifications can be assessed by repeat PET/CT. FDG-avid foci may represent a dynamic process, transient inflammation, whereas CT calcifications may indicate stable atherosclerosis. These preliminary results support the need for further research. This study was supported in part by the Eliyahu Pen Technion Research Grant.     

Evaluation of Dixon Sequence on Hybrid PET/MR Compared with Contrast-Enhanced PET/CT for PET-Positive Lesions

Purpose

Hybrid positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging performs a two-point Dixon MR sequence for attenuation correction. However, MR data in hybrid PET/MR should provide anatomic and morphologic information as well as an attenuation map. We evaluated the Dixon sequence of hybrid PET/MR for anatomic correlation of PET-positive lesions compared with contrast-enhanced PET/computed tomography (CT) in patients with oncologic diseases.

Methods

Twelve patients underwent a single injection, dual imaging protocol. PET/CT was performed with an intravenous contrast agent (85 ± 13 min after ¹⁸F-FDG injection of 403 ± 45 MBq) and then (125 ± 19 min after injection) PET/MR was performed. Attenuation correction and anatomic allocation of PET were performed using contrast-enhanced CT for PET/CT and Dixon MR sequence for hybrid PET/MR. The Dixon MR sequence and contrast-enhanced CT were compared for anatomic correlation of PET-positive lesions (scoring scale ranging from 0 to 3 for visual ratings). Additionally, standardized uptake values (SUVs) for the detected lesions were assessed for quantitative comparison.

Results

Both hybrid PET/MR and contrast-enhanced PET/CT identified 55 lesions with increased FDG uptake in ten patients. In total, 28 lymph nodes, 11 bone lesions, 3 dermal nodules, 3 pleural thickening lesions, 2 thyroid nodules, 1 pancreas, 1 liver, 1 ovary, 1 uterus, 1 breast, 1 soft tissue and 2 lung lesions were present. The best performance was observed for anatomic correlation of PET findings by the contrast-enhanced CT scans (contrast-enhanced CT, 2.64 ± 0.70; in-phase, 1.29 ± 1.01; opposed-phase, 1.29 ± 1.15; water-weighted, 1.71 ± 1.07; fat weighted, 0.56 ± 1.03). A significant difference was observed between the scores obtained from the contrast-enhanced CT and all four coregistered Dixon MR images. Quantitative evaluation revealed a high correlation between the SUVs measured with hybrid PET/MR (SUVmean, 2.63 ± 1.62; SUVmax, 4.30 ± 2.88) and contrast-enhanced PET/CT (SUVmean, 3.88 ± 2.30; SUVmax, 6.53 ± 4.04) in PET-positive lesions (SUVmean, ρ = 0.93; SUVmax, ρ = 0.95), although hybrid PET/MR presented a decrease of SUVs compared with contrast-enhanced PET/CT (mean reduction; SUVmean, 32.44 ± 15.64 %; SUVmax, 35.16 ± 12.59 %).

Conclusions

Despite different attenuation correction approaches, the SUV of PET-positive lesions correlated well between hybrid PET/MR and contrast-enhanced PET/CT. However Dixon MR images acquired for attenuation correction were insufficient to provide anatomic information of PET images because of low spatial resolution. Thus, additional MR sequence with fast and higher resolution may be necessary for anatomic information.     

18F-FDG PET Demonstration of Cancer Recurrence Presenting as Dermatomyositis in a Rare Case of Primary Pleural Lymphoma

Dermatomyositis (DM) or polymyositis (PM) are possibly considered to have an association with malignancies. We describe a case of dermatomyositis in which ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxy glucose (FDG)positron emission tomography (PET) was able to detect cancer recurrence earlier than any other modality in a patient with a history of primary pleural lymphoma, a very rare condition of malignancy. Further, a typical finding of dermatomyositis is diffuse hypermetabolism in the bilateral proximal shoulder and pelvic girdle areas was shown on ¹⁸F-FDG PET, which can implicate the inflammatory process in the skeletal muscle in dermatomyosistis. This case well illustrates the characteristic ¹⁸F-FDG findings of dermatomyositis as well as a capability of ¹⁸F-FDG PET in detection of recurrence of lymphoma, even in a rare condition.     

Osteonecrosis Mimicking Bone Metastasis in Femoral Head on 18F-FDG PET/CT: A Case Report

A 77-year-old woman underwent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and brachytherapy for cervical cancer 9 years ago. On a follow-up ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT image, focal FDG uptake was noted in a focal osteolytic lesion in the right femoral head. During magnetic resonance imaging, this lesion showed subchondral dark-signal-intensity rim on T1-weighted image and double line sign on T2-weighted image, suggestive of osteonecrosis. The lesion was pathologically confirmed as osteonecrosis after surgery. This case demonstrates that osteonecrosis of the femoral head may demonstrate focal FDG uptake mimicking bone metastasis.     

Differential Diagnosis of Parkinsonism Using Dual-Phase F-18 FP-CIT PET Imaging

Purpose

Dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging can demonstrate presynaptic dopaminergic neuronal loss in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, differentiating atypical parkinsonism (APD) from PD is often difficult. We investigated the usefulness of dual-phase F-18 FP-CIT positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism.

Methods

Ninety-eight subjects [five normal, seven drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP), five essential tremor (ET), 24 PD, 20 multiple system atrophy-parkinson type (MSA-P), 13 multiple system atrophy-cerebellar type (MSA-C), 13 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and 11 dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)] underwent F-18 FP-CIT PET. PET images were acquired at 5 min (early phase) and 3 h (late phase) after F-18 FP-CIT administration (185 MBq). Regional uptake pattern of cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres was assessed on early phase images and striatal DAT binding pattern was assessed on late phase images, using visual, quantitative, and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analyses.

Results

Striatal DAT binding was normal in normal, ET, DIP, and MSA-C groups, but abnormal in PD, MSA-P, PSP, and DLB groups. No difference was found in regional uptake on early phase images among normal DAT binding groups, except in the MSA-C group. Abnormal DAT binding groups showed different regional uptake pattern on early phase images compared with PD in SPM analysis (FDR < 0.05). When discriminating APD from PD, visual interpretation of the early phase image showed high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (75.4 % and 100 %, respectively). Regarding the ability to distinguish specific APD, sensitivities were 81 % for MSA-P, 77 % for MSA-C, 23 % for PSP, and 54.5 % for DLB.

Conclusions

Dual-phase F-18 FP-CIT PET imaging is useful in demonstrating striatal DAT loss in neurodegenerative parkinsonism, and also in differentiating APD, particularly MSA, from PD.     

18F-FDG PET/CT的特点及其在肿瘤诊断中的应用

最近几年,具有高性能PET和CT的同机PET/CT已投入临床,其在肿瘤学中的应用呈迅速增长之势.加入高档CT的PET较之传统的PET在技术和临床方面具有明显优势.CT扫描一方面为PET提供了快速、准确的衰减校正数据,大大缩短采集时间,另一方面为PET图像提供了精确的解剖定位,使结果更加肯定,但引入CT的PET扫描也带来了一些技术上的新问题.PET/CT在头颈、腹盆肿瘤具有明显优势,即使在生理运动影响较大的胸部也取得了满意的效果.初步临床研究表明,PET/CT较之单独CT或PET在临床肿瘤学中具有明显优势,PET/CT融合显像对肿瘤患者和临床医生具有越来越重要的价值.     

多发性骨髓瘤的~(18)F-FDG PET/CT诊断价值

目的：探讨在氟18-脱氧葡萄糖（18^F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18^F-FDG）PET/CT（positron emission tomography/computed tomography）显像诊断多发性骨髓瘤（mul-tiple myeloma,MM）的价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析2005-082009-06经骨髓穿刺或病理活检证实的31例多发性骨髓瘤患者的PET/CT影像特征。结果：MM18^F-FDG PET/CT表现出一定特征,大致可分为：骨质破坏型（28例）,表现为不同程度骨质破坏,而无骨髓外脏器侵犯,代谢不同程度活跃,最大标准化摄取值（SUVmax）介于2.515.4,平均标准化摄取值（SUVavg）介于2.011.3;②髓外侵犯型（2例）,除骨质不同程度破坏外,另有髓外脏器（肝脏、脾脏及淋巴结等）侵犯,代谢均有不同程度活跃,SUVmax介于2.28.3,SUVavg介于1.76.5;③骨髓弥漫型（1例）,全身骨髓弥漫代谢活跃,SUVmax为13.4,SUVavg为8.8,但未见明显骨质破坏。结论：18^F-FDGPET/CT能较准确显示MM的病灶形态、范围及肿瘤活性,为MM的诊断和准确分期提供帮助。个别需与溶骨型多发骨转移癌及骨淋巴瘤鉴别。     

18F-FDGPET／CT在腺样囊性癌术后中的应用价值

目的：探讨18F-FDGPET/CT在腺样囊性癌术后中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2007年8月-2014年3月13例腺样囊性癌术后18F-FDGPET/CT检查图像资料,分析其特点,以提高对该病局部复发或远处转移的认识,所有病例确诊肿瘤复发、转移的依据为再次手术或穿刺病理及临床随访证实。结果13例腺样囊腺癌中,其中位于右颌下腺3例,左颌下腺2例,而位于左上唇、左侧鼻腔、右侧鼻腔、右侧蝶窦及筛窦、右上颌窦、气管下段、口底、右侧硬颚各1例。经手术病理或随访证实,局部复发2例,未见局部复发11例,PET/CT诊断复发5例,未见局部复发8例,PET/CT对术区局部复发诊断敏感性为100％,特异性为78．6％;远处转移9例,PET诊断转移7例,转移性病变诊断敏感性为77.8％,特异性为100％,其中4例改变了临床分期。其中颈部淋巴结转移3例,双肺转移4例,肝脏及骨骼多发转移1例,双肺、骨骼转移1例,同时并双肺、肝脏、骨骼多发转移1例。肿瘤局部复发病例中,SUVmax最大值为15．3,SUVmax最小值为7．4;转移性病变中,其中SUVmax最大值为15．8,SUVmax最小值为0．8。结论腺样囊性癌是一种高度侵袭性恶性肿瘤,具有生长速度慢、手术治疗后易局部复发和长期随访易发生远处转移等特点。因此,18F-FDGPET/CT一次显影全身显像,不仅对腺样囊性癌术后局部有无复发有重要诊断价值,而且对远处转移也有很好的参考意义。     

Using 18F-FDG PET/CT to Detect an Occult Mesenchymal Tumor Causing Oncogenic Osteomalacia

Oncogenic osteomalacia is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by renal phosphate excretion, hypophosphatemia, and osteomalacia. This syndrome is often caused by tumors of mesenchymal origin. Patients with oncogenic osteomalacia have abnormal bone mineralization, resulting in a high frequency of fractures. Tumor resection is the treatment of choice, as it will often correct the metabolic imbalance. Although oncogenic osteomalacia is a potentially curable disease, diagnosis is difficult and often delayed because of the small size and sporadic location of the tumor. Bone scintigraphy and radiography best characterize osteomalacia; magnetic resonance imaging findings are nonspecific. Here, we report a case of oncogenic osteomalacia secondary to a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor that was successfully detected by ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT). This case illustrates the advantages of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in detecting the occult mesenchymal tumor that causes oncogenic osteomalacia.     

血管免疫母细胞T细胞淋巴瘤^18MF-FDGPET/CT的影像表现及其在临床分期中的价值

目的分析血管免疫母细胞T细胞淋巴瘤（angioimmunoblasticT-celllymphoma,AITL）^18F-FDGPET/CT的影像学表现及分布规律,探讨其在临床分期中的价值。方法回顾性分析22例AITL患者的^18F-FDGPET/CT显像结果,评价其在临床分期中的价值。结果（1）AITL结内侵犯的^18F-FDGPET/CT影像学表现：①全身弥漫性分布：左右对称性分布9例（40．9％）,左右不对称性分布2例（9．1％）;②多部位散在分布：与淋巴链走行有关4例（18．2％）,与淋巴链走行无关5例（22．7％）;③单部位局限性分布2例（9．1％）;（2）AITL结外侵犯的^18F-FDGPET／CT影像学表现：鼻咽部侵犯最常见有10例,其余依次为口咽8例,脾脏8例,骨骼及骨髓5例,胃肠道4例,肺、胸膜及皮肤各2例,乳腺及颅内侵犯各1例;（3）在AITL分期中的价值：PET/CT显像改变了4例（18．2％,4/22）患者的分期,均为分期上调。结论血管免疫母细胞T细胞淋巴瘤呈”F-FDG高摄取;其在病灶检测及分期方面,^18F-FDGPET/CT显像有优势。     

孤立性肺结节18FDG PET/CT诊断的数学模型建立

目的:利用二元Logistic回归法建立18FDG PET/CT诊断孤立性肺结节(SPN)良、恶性的数学模型。方法:接受PET/CT检查的连续182例SPN患者(良性67例、恶性115例)纳入研究,选择患者年龄、性别以及病灶部位、最大径、密度、瘤肺界面、分叶、毛刺、血管集束征、胸膜牵拉征和FDG摄取程度作为诊断的影响因子进行单因素和多因素分析,应用二元Logistic回归法建立SPN的PET/CT定性诊断数学模型。结果:SPN定性诊断的Logistic数学模型为p=ex/(1+ex),x=-4.146+0.041×年龄+2.226×密度-1.053×瘤肺界面+1.211×分叶+2.579×血管集束征+1.954×胸膜牵拉征+0.286×SUVmax。数学模型区分SPN良、恶性的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.889±0.025,显著高于单纯SUVmax(AUC=0.729±0.038,P<0.05)。结论:利用二元Logistic回归建立的18FDG PET/CT区分SPN良、恶性的数学模型有很高的诊断准确率。     

18F-FDG和11C-choline PET/CT诊断前列腺良恶性病变的影响因素研究

目的:探讨18F-FDG(18F-脱氧葡萄糖)和11 C-choline(11 C-胆碱)PET/CT显像诊断前列腺良恶性病变的影响因素,以提高PET/CT对前列腺病变的诊断价值。方法:选择可疑前列腺病变患者55例为研究对象,年龄57～82岁,28例为前列腺癌,转移程度不一;其余为前列腺良性病变。所有患者均行全身18 F-FDG和11 C-choline PET/CT检查,分析18 F-FDG和11 C-choline标准摄取值(SUV)与前列病变患者的年龄及病理类型的相互关系和意义。结果:55例前列腺病变患者,18F-FDG和11 C-choline标准摄取值与患者的年龄无统计学差异(P>0.05),18 F-FDG标准摄取值与患者的病理类型亦无统计学差异(P>0.05),而11 C-choline标准摄取值与患者的病理类型有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:前列腺病变患者的病理类型是影响11 C-choline标准摄取值的重要因素,11 C-choline PET/CT鉴别诊断前列腺良恶性病变具有重要的价值和意义。     

18F-FDG-PET／CT 检测实验兔模型主动脉动脉粥样硬化及其炎性状态

目的：动脉粥样硬化在体动态评估可应用于临床预防心血管事件。本实验目的是监测 F‐18‐氟脱氧葡萄糖（18 F‐FDG）在动脉粥样硬化不同阶段的摄取,研究利用正电子发射断层成像／计算机体层摄影技术（PET／CT ）检测易损斑块的可行性。方法22只雄性新西兰白兔随机分为2组：动脉粥样硬化组（A组,n＝11）和动脉粥样硬化＋他汀组（S组, n＝11）。实验兔在第18周通过药物触发以诱导血栓形成。实验过程中的4个阶段分别进行PET／CT扫描：高胆固醇饮食前（基线阶段,n＝6）,第8周时（高胆固醇饮食中期,n＝4）,第18周时（触发实验前,即高胆固醇饮食结束阶段,n＝22）,药物触发实验后（触发实验后,n＝15）。主动脉的18 F‐FDG摄取值用最大标准化摄取值（SUVmax）和平均SUV值（SU‐Vmean）表示。SUV值通过测量一系列7．5mm长度的动脉节段获得。结果 SUVmean 和SUVmax分别为基线阶段0.449±0．108和0．550±0．132,高胆固醇饮食中期0．694±0．117和0．754±0．129,触发实验前（高胆固醇饮食结束阶段）A组0．788±0．121和0．861±0．139,S组0．651±0．194和0．736±0．243。SUVmean 和 SUVmax在触发实验后血栓形成组分别为1．128±0．420和1．302±0．489,在无血栓形成组分别为0．774±0．159和0．859±0．191。22只实验兔中的10只经检测证实有血栓形成（45．5％）：A组11只中的8只血栓形成（72．3％）,S组11只中2只血栓形成（18．2％）（ P ＜0．001）。结论18 F‐FDG摄取值的定量分析可以检测动脉粥样硬化的炎性状态和易损斑块。PET／CT对预测临床中动脉粥样硬化患者的血栓形成事件有潜在应用价值。