Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus in a suburban Sri Lankan community.

The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus was studied in a suburban Sri Lankan community using 1985 WHO criteria. Oral 75 g glucose tolerance tests were performed on 633 subjects aged 30-64 years. The age-standardized prevalence rates for diabetes mellitus were 5.02 (95% CI 3.59-6.43) and impaired glucose tolerance 5.27 (95% CI 3.74-6.78). A total of 21% of diabetic patients were not known to have diabetes and were diagnosed for the first time during the survey. Obesity was more common (P < 0.05) in diabetic patients (21%) when compared to non-diabetic subjects (10.5%). Diabetes mellitus is a common health problem in Sri Lanka, and there is a need for developing national policies for its prevention and control.     

上海社区青少年人群中2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期的患病率及其风险因素分析

目的调查上海社区青少年人群2型糖尿病、糖尿病前期及其相关代谢异常的发生情况,探讨其高危因素。方法取自1998年至2001年上海华阳及曹杨社区代谢综合征及其相关疾病的流行病学基线调查资料,将其中15～20岁的429名(男223名.女206名)具有完整体质指数、血压、血脂及血糖等资料者纳入本次分析。糖尿病及代谢综合征的诊断标准分别采用1999年世界卫生组织糖尿病诊断标准及2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会建议的工作定义。结果该自然人群中代谢综合征各组分患病率:糖调节异常为1.40%(空腹血糖受损为0.47%,糖耐量受损为0.93%),高血压为4.66%,血脂异常为21.45%,超重/肥胖为13.05%,其中后3项男性患病率均明显高于女性(P值均<0.01)。青少年人群中有1项代谢异常者占24.94%,有2项者占5.59%,代谢综合征患者均为男性,患病率为2.69%。结论上海社区青少年人群中已有较高的代谢异常患病率,因此对青少年有高危因素者应进行定期筛查,并对伴有代谢异常者及早进行干预治疗,以防止青少年糖尿病及代谢综合征的发生、发展。     

2型糖尿病与高血压关系的研究

目的：探讨2型糖尿病患者高血压患病情况以及有关影响因素,方法：根据WHO1985年糖尿病诊断标准,11700例血压、体重、腰臂围资料完整的1997－1998年广东省糖尿病流行病学调查人群,分析正常糖耐量、糖耐量低减和糖尿病患者的高血压患病情况。结果：糖尿病患者高血压患现率为44．9％,是糖耐量正常者的3．4倍,糖尿病伴肥胖（BMI≥27）者高血压患病率高达54．0％。Logistic回归分析提示腹部肥胖（腰臂围比,WHR）、糖尿病和BMI增加是高血压患病的独立危险因素,结论：2型糖尿病患者的高血压患病较非糖尿病者明显增高,尤其是伴有肥胖者,其原因可能与胰纱抵抗有关。     

多囊卵巢综合征患者糖代谢异常的发生与临床特征的相关性

目的 探讨多囊性卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者糖代谢异常的发生及临床特征.方法 对257例PCOS患者进行75 g葡萄糖耐量(OGTY)及胰岛素释放试验,分别检测空腹、餐后1、2 h血糖及胰岛素.应用世界卫生组织(WHO)对糖尿病及糖代谢异常的诊断标准进行诊断.结果 257例PCOS患者中178例(69.3%)糖耐量正常(NGT),73例(30.7%)糖代谢异常,其中67例(26.1%)为糖耐量损伤(IGT),12例(4.7%)为2型糖尿病(2DM)(P<0.05).NGT、IGT与2DM组间年龄、体重指数、卒腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后2 h胰岛素(2 hINS)及胰岛素抵抗指数均逐渐升高(P<0.05),胰岛素敏感指数逐渐降低(P<0.05);30～34岁年龄段糖代谢异常的发生率是20～29岁之间的2倍;肥胖PCOS患者中糖耐量异常(IGT/2DM)的发生率是非肥胖患者的近4倍(P<0.001).结论 PCOS患者中糖代谢异常的发生与年龄及体重指数有关;胰岛素抵抗是PCOS患者发生糖代谢异常的基础.     

Glucose tolerance abnormalities in Australian women with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of glucose tolerance abnormalities and to identify associated risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) attending a reproductive endocrinology clinic. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 372 women with confirmed PCOS attending a reproductive endocrinology clinic at Adelaide University's Research Centre for Reproductive Health. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of glucose tolerance abnormalities and association of such abnormalities with potential risk factors. RESULTS: 4.0% (15 women) had diabetes mellitus, 15.6% (58) had impaired glucose tolerance and 80.4% (299) had normal glucose tolerance. There was a significant trend towards increasing prevalence of diabetes with increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 0.60; P = 0.0085). The prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance (diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance together) was significantly higher with higher waist circumference (OR, 2.9; P = 0.05), higher body mass index (OR, 8.02; P = 0.0253), a family history of diabetes (OR, 1.56; P = 0.0192) and the presence of metabolic syndrome (OR, 5.62; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance is high in women with PCOS, especially in older women and those with abdominal obesity and a family history of diabetes.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇产后血糖随访结果分析

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇产后6周的75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果了解产后DM的发生率.方法:对115例GDM孕妇于产后6周行OGTT,按WHO标准进行再分类,分为正常组、糖耐量减低(IGT)组、糖尿病(DM)组.结果:115例产妇中血糖正常组86例,占74.8%;IGT组19例,占16.5%;DM组10例,占8.7%.结论:GDM孕妇产后糖代谢异常发生率高,是发生DM的高危人群,产后应定期随访,以便及早诊断糖尿病.     

Diabetes detection in Australian general practice: a comparison of diagnostic criteria

OBJECTIVES: To study the influence of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and characteristics of those diagnosed. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis of data from the general-practice-based Australian Diabetes Screening Study (January 1994 to June 1995). PARTICIPANTS: 5911 people with no previous diagnosis of diabetes, two or more symptoms or risk factors for diabetes, a random venous plasma glucose (PG) level > 5.5 mmol/L and a subsequent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) result. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes based on each of three sets of criteria: 1997 criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), 1996 two-step screening strategy of the Australian Diabetes Society (ADS) (modified according to ADA recommendations about lowered diagnostic fasting PG level), and 1999 definition of the World Health Organization (WHO). RESULTS: Prevalence estimates for undiagnosed diabetes using the American (ADA), Australian (ADS) and WHO criteria (95% CI) were 9.4% (8.7%-10.1%), 16.0% (15.3%-16.7%) and 18.1% (17.1%-19.1%), respectively. People diagnosed with diabetes by fasting PG level (common to all sets of criteria) were more likely to be male and younger than those diagnosed only by 2 h glucose challenge PG level (Australian and WHO criteria only). The Australian (ADS) stepwise screening strategy detected 88% of those who met the WHO criteria for diabetes, including about three-quarters of those with isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSION: The WHO criteria (which include an OGTT result) are preferable to the American (ADA) criteria (which rely totally on fasting PG level), as the latter underestimated the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes by almost a half. The Australian (ADS) strategy identified most of those diagnosed with diabetes by WHO criteria.     

Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in Indians

Prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally. India have the maximum increase during the last few years. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the commonest form of diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is 2.4% in rural population and 11.6% in urban population. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance is also high in the urban population. Subjects under 40 years of age have a higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance than diabetes. The important risk factors for high prevalence of diabetes include: High familial aggregation, obesity specially central one, insulin resistance and lifestyle changes due to rapid urbanisation. Diabetes Research Centre, Madras carried out many studies regarding the risk factors involved in causing type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results of these studies are mentioned here in this article to have a glimpse of overall risk factors involved in causation of diabetes mellitus.     

糖尿病与肥胖关系

目的：探讨2型糖尿病与肥胖的关系。方法：根据1985年WHO糖尿病诊断标准,11650糖耐量正常（NGT）、糖耐量低减（IGT）和糖尿病（DM）人群的肥胖情况进行研究,结果我省肥胖（BMI≥27）患病率为7．9％,BMI大于25,少于30人群,DM和IGT患病率是正常体重的倍和2．5倍。Logistic回归分析提示年龄、体重指数、腰臂围比均是IGT,DM患病的独立危险因素,结论：体重指数增加可增加糖尿病患病率。     

Risk factors for development of diabetes mellitus in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective To determine whether diabetes recurs in their later life when women have a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or abnormal glucose tolerance test (impaired glucose tolerance, IGT). Methods Three groups of women were investigated at 5-10 years postpartum. GDM group (n=45) had been diagnosed as having GDM in their previous pregnancy. IGT group (n=31) had a history of abnormal glucose tolerance test during previous pregnancy. Normal control group (n=39) was normal previous pregnant population. Their previous obstetric and medical histories were thoroughly reviewed. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and oral glucose (75 g) tolerance test (OGTT) were repeated in all women. Results Diabetes mellitus (DM) was diagnosed in 33.3% of patients in the GDM group, while in 9.7% in the IGT group and in 2.6% in the normal control group. Incidence of recurring DM in later life was significant higher in the GDM group (P=0.017). When one or more blood glucose values exceeding WHO criteria for diagnosis of diabetes in their previous pregnancy, the incidence of DM in later life was 60% (3/5, including GDM in women having four abnormal OGTT values), 41.7% (5/12) in women having three, 25% (7/28) in women having two and 9.7% (3/31) in women having one. The women with DM, also with a history of GDM and abnormal OGTT in previous pregnancy, tends to have a high pregnant body mass index (BMI &gt;25 kg/m(2)). Conclusion The women suffering from GDM during previous pregnancy have a high risk of recurrence DM. Two or more abnormal OGTT values during pregnancy, blood glucose level exceeding the maximal values at 1 and 2 hours after oral glucose loading and high pregnant BMI are concluded to be useful factors in predicting the recurring DM in their later life.     

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among James Bay Cree women in northern Quebec

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus has been reported to vary widely in aboriginal populations. Most of the data have come from the United States. To help determine the extent of gestational diabetes in Canada's aboriginal population, the authors assessed the prevalence in a population of Cree women in northern Quebec. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria. Information was obtained from patient charts on pregnancies between January 1995 and December 1996 among women residing in 9 Cree communities in the eastern James Bay region of northern Quebec. Women who were not Cree, had pre-existing diabetes, had spontaneous abortion or were receiving glucocorticoid treatment were excluded. RESULTS: Data on 654 pregnancies that met the inclusion criteria were available. Results of the screening oral glucose challenge test were available for 579 of the pregnancies; the remaining 75 were excluded. The mean gestational age at screening was 28.3 (standard deviation 2.6) weeks. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was 12.8% (74/579) (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.1%-15.5%). The prevalence in the inland communities was twice as high as that in the coastal communities (18.0% v. 9.3%, p = 0.002). Women with gestational diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance tended to be older, have had more pregnancies, weigh more before pregnancy and have heavier babies than those with a normal glycemic status. INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of gestational diabetes among James Bay Cree women in northern Quebec is twice as high as that among women in the general North American population and the second highest reported in an aboriginal group worldwide.     

无糖代谢异常史的冠心病患者糖调节受损的临床研究

摘要:目的:探讨无糖代谢异常史的冠心病住院患者的糖代谢异常状况.方法:对无糖代谢异常史的150例冠心病住院患者进行随意餐后2h血糖和口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),检测糖代谢状况.结果:无糖代谢异常史的冠心病住院患者中,经OGTT发现糖尿病患病率为21.3％,糖调节受损患病率为36.0％,糖代谢异常患病率为57.3％;...     

PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ABNORMAL CARBOHYDRATE TOLERANCE IN THE FAMILY MEMBERS OF KNOWN DIABETICS

204 healthy family members of 91 known diabetics were screened for abnormal carbohydrate tolerance (ACT). The prevalence of asymptomatic diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance were found to be 3.44% and 8.33% respectively. There was positive correlation in the prevalence of ACT and age of the family members. Male children of diabetic parents were at higher risk of inheriting the disease. The risk increased when compounded with obesity and mumps infection. Suitable preventive strategies have been highlighted.KEY WORDS: Abnormal carbohydrate tolerance (ACT), Diabetes mellitus (DM), Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)     

首次冠状动脉造影患者糖代谢分布及血管造影特点分析

目的调查首次冠状动脉造影人群的糖代谢分布,分析血管造影特点。方法对553例疑似冠心病患者测量形体参数,检验血液生化指标,进行冠状动脉造影。用1999 WHO糖尿病诊断标准评价糖代谢分布,美国心脏病协会规定的冠状动脉狭窄程度评判标准和Gensin i评分系统对造影结果进行定量评价,根据造影结果及糖代谢状态对患者进行分组比较。结果研究对象平均年龄60岁(60.1±9.7),277例(50.1%)糖耐量正常,276例(49.9%)糖代谢异常,其中糖调节受损127例(23.0%),新诊断糖尿病61例(11.0%),已知糖尿病88例(15.9%)。冠心病组中糖代谢异常者多于非冠心病组(56.4%和34.5%,P<0.05)。糖尿病组多支病变发生率和Gensin i积分均高于非糖尿病组,分别为63.8%和44.1%,15分和20分(P均<0.05)。结论冠状动脉造影人群糖代谢异常多见,糖尿病患者多支病变发生率和冠状动脉狭窄程度高于非糖尿病患者。     

Glucose tolerance in Polynesia. Population-based surveys in Rarotonga and Niue

Glucose tolerance and the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes in the Polynesian populations of Rarotonga and Niue were studied in 1980. Both Rarotongans and Niueans have been considerably influenced by sociocultural modernization and (in the case of Rarotonga) tourism. In both populations, the prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance exceeded 10% in men and 15% in women. There was an association between glucose tolerance and age and obesity in both sexes, but not between glucose tolerance and physical activity. Glucose tolerance did not differ between Rarotongans and Niueans after allowing for differences in age and obesity. Comparisons between normal subjects, those with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetic subjects with respect to factors that are traditionally associated with glucose intolerance provided some support for IGT as a truly intermediate diagnostic category of glucose tolerance.     

Glucose tolerance and mortality in diabetes mellitus in Maltese-born residents of Victoria

In view of the recognized high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Malta compared with Australia, 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 396 Maltese-born residents of Melbourne. Eighteen (4.5%) were found to have diabetes mellitus and 19 (4.8%) were found to have impaired glucose tolerance by current criteria. Glucose tolerance was correlated with family history of diabetes, with age, with obesity and with parity in women, but not with length of residence in Australia. Analysis of statistical data of death certification showed that Maltese-born residents of Victoria had a higher age-specific mortality from both diabetes mellitus and ischaemic heart disease than did Victorian Italian-born residents or the total Victorian population. This was most marked in women. The results suggest that Maltese immigrants to Australia after years of residence, still run a higher risk of becoming affected with diabetes mellitus or ischaemic heart disease than the average for the Australian population. The relative importance of genetic and environmental factors involved in this difference should be the subject of continuing study in the future.     

脑卒中急性期的糖代谢异常分析

目的：探讨脑卒中患者血糖代谢异常的发生率以及对卒中事件发生和影响预后的可能机制。方法：选择新入院脑卒中患者（A组）289例,抽取静脉血检查空腹血糖（FPG）和餐后2小时血糖（2hPG）,必要时进行口服葡萄糖耐量实验（OGTT）,并将存活者（B组）273例2周后复查。根据血糖结果分为糖代谢正常组和糖代谢异常组,并同时将A组行丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）测定。结果：糖代谢异常发生率在A和B组的发生率分别为77.8%和55.6%。无论A组还是B组患者,糖代谢异常组的MDA升高和SOD降低与糖代谢正常组比较差异均有显著性。结论：糖代谢异常在脑卒中患者发生率较高,其脂质过氧化程度高。     

An estimate of diabetes prevalence from a national population sample: a male excess

We report the prevalence of diabetes in a population sample of 10,083 persons who were aged 25 to 64 years in eight city centres. One hundred and sixty-nine persons were known to have diabetes and 48 persons were newly-discovered to have diabetes on the basis of fasting hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose level, equal to or greater than 7.8 mmol/L). Type-1 diabetes was identified by clinical criteria and accounted for 19% of cases of known diabetes, but this proportion ranged from 67% of persons with known diabetes in the age-group of 25-29 years, to between 9% and 15% in the age-groups of persons who were 50 years of age and over. For both known and newly-discovered cases, persons with type-2 diabetes showed a significant male preponderance, which suggests that an environmental factor is operating preferentially on male subjects to cause this form of diabetes. The results of the present study, when taken with those of other recent prevalence studies, enable an approximate estimate of numbers of persons with diabetes in Australia. Approximately 250,000 persons have diagnosed diabetes, of whom 40,000 persons have type-1 diabetes, including 7000 persons who are less than 25 years of age. The number of persons with undiagnosed diabetes who could be identified on the basis of fasting hyperglycaemia is estimated to be 75,000; an additional 150,000 persons would be diagnosed to have diabetes if they were to undergo glucose tolerance tests. This study gave prevalence rates for known diabetes in Australia in 1984 of 1.6% at all ages and 2.4% for adults who were 21 years of age and older; additionally, the estimated prevalence rates for undiagnosed diabetes were 1.4% for all ages and 2.2% for adults.     

无糖尿病病史的急性冠脉综合征患者新诊断糖代谢异常的研究

目的了解中国急性冠脉综合征患者新诊断糖代谢异常的状况,探讨糖代谢异常与传统心血管危险因素的相关性.方法中国7城市52中心连续入选2005年6月1日至2005年8月31日间因急性冠脉综合征入住心脏监护病房,既往无糖尿病病史且入院血糖＜11.1 mmol/L的1328例患者.通过统一调查表收集患者资料;并在出院前进行简化口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,了解患者糖代谢情况.结果在本研究入组人群（n=1328）中,高血糖人群（包括新诊断糖尿病和糖调节异常）的比例约为67%,符合糖尿病诊断的共287例,占全部入选病例的22%,糖调节异常为45%（601例）.不同糖代谢状态在血脂紊乱、高血压、体重指数、腰围、糖化血红蛋白之间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）.多元Logistic回归分析显示腰围水平和血脂紊乱是新诊断糖尿病组的相对危险因素（P＜0.05）.结论无糖尿病病史的急性冠脉综合征患者新诊断糖代谢异常非常常见,新诊断的糖代谢异常与腰围水平和血脂紊乱密切相关.     

Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population: The Hoorn Study

CONTEXT: Persons with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are known to have an elevated risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Less is known about diabetes risk among persons with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or with normal glucose levels. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of diabetes in relation to baseline fasting and postload glucose levels and other risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based cohort study conducted from October 1989 to February 1992 among 1342 nondiabetic white residents of Hoorn, the Netherlands, aged 50 to 75 years at baseline, in whom fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels and glucose levels 2 hours after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were measured at baseline and at follow-up in 1996-1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative incidence of diabetes, defined according to the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO-1985 and WHO-1999) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA-1997), during a mean follow-up of 6.4 years, compared among participants with IFG, IGT, and normal glucose levels at baseline. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 6.1%, 8.3%, and 9.9% according to the WHO-1985, ADA, and WHO-1999 criteria, respectively. The cumulative incidence of diabetes (WHO-1999 criteria) for participants with both IFG and IGT was 64.5% compared with 4.5% for those with normal glucose levels at baseline. The odds ratios for diabetes (WHO-1999 criteria), adjusted for age, sex, and follow-up duration, were 10.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1-16.5), 10.9 (95% CI, 6.0-19.9), and 39.5 (95% CI, 17.0-92.1), respectively, for those having isolated IFG, isolated IGT, and both IFG and IGT. In addition to FPG and 2-hour postload glucose levels (P<.001 for both), the waist-hip ratio also was an important risk factor for developing diabetes (P =.002). CONCLUSION: In this study, the cumulative incidence of diabetes was strongly related to both IFG and IGT at baseline and, in particular, to the combined presence of IFG and IGT.