腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤手术46例临床分析

目的：探讨腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的临床价值。方法：回顾分析2007年10月至2009年10月为46例患者行腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床资料。结果：44例手术成功,2例中转开放手术。手术时间30~120min,平均80min,术中出血30~150ml,平均60ml,无严重并发症发生。术后住院4~9d,平均5.2d。结论：腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤手术具有患者创伤小、出血少、并发症少、康复快、住院时间短等优点,可作为肾上腺肿瘤手术的首选方法。     

电视腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术治疗肾上腺疾病(附33例报告)

目的　探讨电视腹腔镜下经腹膜后径路肾上腺切除术治疗各类肾上腺疾病的适应证、手术技巧及优缺点。　方法　电视腹腔镜下经腹膜后径路肾上腺切除术治疗 33例肾上腺疾病。　结果　 31例腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术成功 ,2例中转开放手术。手术时间 ( 12 0～ 2 0 0 )分钟 ,平均 15 8分钟。术中平均出血 15 0ml,均不需输血。平均住院日 6 4天。　结论　电视腹腔镜下经腹膜后径路肾上腺切除术具有创伤小、出血少、并发症少、术后病人恢复快、住院时间短等优点。肿瘤不大于10cm ,肿瘤无转移、无局部重要脏器及大血管浸润和粘连均适合行腹腔镜手术切除。     

经腹膜后与经腹腔入路腹腔镜下侧位肾上腺手术的比较

目的 比较经腹膜后入路和腹腔入路腹腔镜下肾上腺手术的方法、优缺点，总结腹腔镜下肾上腺手术的适应证、禁忌证以及2种入路手术的选择。方法 回顾分析1996年7月-2005年12月105例腹腔镜肾上腺手术经验，其中经腹腔入路50例，经腹膜后入路55例。比较2组患者的手术时间、手术优缺点、中转开放手术率、手术并发症等指标。结果 经腹腔入路者5例（10％）中转开放手术，其中1例因为肝损伤，2例因发生肾上腺血管难以控制的出血，2例因粘连严重镜下难以分离；经腹膜后入路者2例（4％）中转开放手术，其中1例肾损伤，另1例暴露困难。余98例手术均成功。经腹腔入路手术时间50～180min，平均82min；出血量15～180ml，平均65ml；36h即下床活动；术后住院5～14d。经腹膜后途径者手术时间45～130min，平均60min；出血量15～100ml，平均30ml；24h后下床活动；术后住院3～7d。术中并发症：经腹腔途径者1例发生肝损伤，2例嗜铬细胞瘤患者发生难以控制的肾上腺出血；经腹膜后入路者中1例发生肾损伤。结论 腹腔镜下肾上腺手术应根据病变性质、肿瘤大小、位置及患者的具体情况选择手术入路，对体积较大、位于肾蒂前内方的肿瘤或血运丰富的嗜铬细胞瘤应采用经腹腔入路。     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术35例报告

目的:总结腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的临床经验。方法:回顾分析2003年5月至2008年12月我院行腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤35例患者的临床资料。结果:33例腹腔镜手术成功,2例术中探查为胃肠道肿瘤,中转开放手术。手术时间40~275min,平均(136.2±62.3)min。术中出血20~200ml,平均(91.0±48.2)ml。术后住院5~7d,平均(6.2±0.8)d。发生腹膜损伤2例,瘤体破裂出血1例,Trocar穿刺口脂肪液化3例。结论:用腹腔镜行肾上腺肿瘤切除术具有患者创伤小、术中出血少、术后康复快等优点,但需根据肿瘤大小和病理类型严格掌握,同时应重视局部解剖关系。     

腹腔镜在肾上腺手术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在肾上腺手术中的临床应用价值。方法2000年12月-2006年5月,对86例肾上腺占位性病变行腹腔镜肾上腺切除术,其中经腹腔途径1例,经腹膜后途径81例,经腹手助腹腔镜4例。结果86例手术全部成功,无中转开放手术,无严重并发症发生。手术时间50-175 min,平均72 min。术中出血量15-120 ml,平均54 ml。术后住院时间5-8 d,平均6.3 d。86例术后随访2-65个月,平均26.5月,影像学检查未见肿瘤复发或转移,功能性肿瘤病人的症状减轻或消失。结论腹腔镜肾上腺切除术创伤小,术中出血少,术后恢复快,是治疗大多数肾上腺占位性病变的首选术式。     

后腹腔镜在肾上腺手术中的应用(附72例报告)

目的 探讨腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除的方法 和应用体会. 方法 采用腹膜后腹腔镜对72例患者行肾上腺占位性病变切除术.左侧30例.右侧42例. 结果 完成腹膜后腹腔镜手术69例,因术中出血、脂肪过多和粘连而解剖位置不清中转开放手术各1例.手术时间40～200 min,平均110 min.术中出血20～200 ml,平均70 ml.住院时间3～7d,平均5.2 d.所有患者均未输血,无严重并发症.对完成手术的69例患者随访6～54个月,平均26个月.其中2例皮质癌患者原位复发. 结论 腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺占位性病变切除术具微创、安全有效、患者术后康复快和住院时间短等优势,是治疗肾上腺占位性病变的首选方法 .     

层面解剖技术在腹腔镜肾上腺手术中的应用技巧

目的总结层面解剖技术在腹腔镜肾上腺切除术中的应用体会。方法应用层面解剖技术对56例肾上腺疾病患者进行腹腔镜下手术切除。其中22例实施经腹腔途径腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术,34例实施经后腹腔途径腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术。观察、分析手术的效果及安全性。结果 56例患者均顺利完成手术,无中转开放手术。手术路径明确,手术创面干净,无出血或少量出血,解剖层面清晰。经腹腔途径术后未发生并发症,经腹膜后途径术后2例血淀粉酶轻度升高,考虑为术中胰尾部轻度损伤所致,经保守治疗痊愈。2例腹膜后感染病例,给予抗感染治疗及充分引流后恢复。结论应用层面解剖技术实施腹腔镜肾上腺手术,能够快速、准确确定手术路径,手术创面清洁,基本没有出血,手术目标及路径周边结构清晰,从而确保精准操作,最大程度减少副损伤和并发症,手术安全性高。     

后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术的临床分析

目的探讨后腹腔镜切除肾上腺病变的手术方法和效果。方法对23例肾上腺病变患者行后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术。经腰部置入3个Trocar,手指法建立后腹膜气腹,建立腹膜后操作通道。游离出病变肾上腺达中央静脉后以钛夹夹闭后切断,将切除的肾上腺置入标本袋后取出。结果本组除2例改为开放手术外均获得成功,手术时间55～300min,平均70min。术中出血10～100ml,平均30ml,所有病例均未输血。2例中转开放手术,均为腹膜破裂致后腹腔显露困难所致。无大出血、感染、腹腔脏器损伤等并发症发生。随访1～24个月,平均8个月,未发现肿瘤复发和转移。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术是治疗肾上腺疾病的一种微创、安全、有效的手术方式。     

腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床应用

目的 :总结腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的疗效。方法 :应用腹腔镜外科技术行肾上腺肿瘤切除术 2 5例 ,左侧 11例 ,右侧 14例。左侧 5例经腹膜后途径。结果 :2 5例中 2 3例手术成功 ,2例中转开腹 ,其中 1例因术中出血、止血困难 ,另 1例因肿瘤与腹膜后及下腔静脉致密粘连。平均手术时间为 130min ,平均失血 110ml,术后5～ 7d出院 ,无手术并发症。结论 :腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全、有效 ,具有微创手术的一切优点     

优先精准解剖肾上腺中央静脉在后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术中的应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术中优先精准解剖肾上腺中央静脉的要点及应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2016年4月2018年6月收治的46例肾上腺肿瘤患者的临床资料,均为单侧病变,左侧肿瘤28例,右侧18例;肿瘤直径1.5~6.7 cm,平均(2.8±0.9)cm。采用腹膜后入路,术中优先精准解剖游离并酌情结扎肾上腺中央静脉,后行肾上腺切除。观察手术时间、术中出血量、腹膜后引流管留置时间、术后并发症及随访情况。结果本组46例患者均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,无中转开放手术。手术时间平均43(25~93)min,术中出血量平均20(10~50)ml,腹膜后引流管留置时间2~5 d,平均(2.8±0.6)d。所有患者术中及术后均未发生腹膜损伤、肾蒂血管损伤、腹膜后血肿、皮下血肿及切口感染等并发症。术后病理示:肾上腺腺瘤32例,皮质增生3例,嗜铬细胞瘤8例,髓样脂肪瘤2例,神经节细胞瘤1例。术后随访1年,未见肿瘤复发。结论后腹腔镜下肾上腺切除术中优先精准解剖并结扎肾上腺中央静脉,具有出血少、手术视野清晰,安全性高,值得进一步深入研究。     

Complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in 75 patients treated by the same surgeon.

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the complications of endoscopic adrenalectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the operative and postoperative complications among 75 patients with adrenal tumors who underwent endoscopic adrenalectomy by the same surgeon. RESULTS: Five patients (6.7%) were converted to open surgery. Of these, there were 2 with metastatic adrenal carcinoma, and 1 with adrenal tuberculosis. A total of 21 patients (28%) had 24 complications (32%). There was no mortality. As for access and pneumoperitoneum-related complications, 5 cases of subcutaneous emphysema and 3 of radiating shoulder pain occurred. Intraoperative complications included 2 cases of vascular injury, 2 of organ injury, and 4 of massive bleeding (>500 ml). Postoperative complications included 2 cases of mild paralytic ileus, 2 asthma, and 1 each of angina, wound infection, retroperitoneal hematoma, and contralateral atelectasis. Except for the patients with adrenal malignancy and adrenal tuberculosis, 71% of the complications occurred among the initial 25 patients with laparoscopic adrenalectomy and 80% occurred in the initial 10 retroperitoneoscopic patients. CONCLUSION: Although endoscopic adrenalectomy is a valuable alternative to open surgery, it should be done by a skilled laparoscopist in patients with adrenal inflammatory lesions or malignancy. Careful patient selection and correct choice of surgical approach according to the tumor size and the patient's condition are the most important points for avoiding the complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy.     

Comparison of laparoscopic versus open surgery for adrenal tumor

We performed 25 laparoscopic adrenalectomies for adrenal tumor between January 1998 and December 2000. In 23 cases, adrenal tumors were successfully removed laparoscopically, but in 2, the laparoscopic procedure was converted to open surgery because of liver injury and endoscopically uncontrolled bleeding at the renal hilum. Postoperative complications, involving retroperitoneal hematoma, hypercapnia, and wound infections, could be managed without surgical treatment. We compared laparoscopic adrenalectomy with conventional open surgery, which had been performed for 24 adrenal tumors in our clinic. The mean operative time for the laparoscopic adrenalectomy (228.8 +/- 65.5 minutes) was significantly longer than those for the open surgery (156.0 +/- 43.8 minutes). The estimated blood loss (82.3 +/- 125.4 g) was significantly less than those for the open surgery (210.8 +/- 167.7 g), and the laparoscopic adrenalectomy had significant advantages in lessening postoperative analgesic requirements, shortening postoperative recovery period, and preserving good physical appearance. Therefore, we conclude that the laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a less invasive surgery, and is acceptable as a standard operation for adrenal tumors.     

经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术初步探讨

目的探讨经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术的安全性和可行性。 方法2015年1月1日至2018年12月30日,临沂市人民医院共收治252例肾上腺肿瘤患者。其中行经腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺手术115例(经腹腔组),行经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术137例(经脂肪囊内组)。经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术方法：手术常规建立腹膜后空间,打开肾筋膜后直接经肾脏中上极与肾周脂肪囊之间的无血管层面分离、解剖肾上腺,行肾上腺全切术或部分切除术。分析、比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间等临床资料。 结果经腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺手术115例及经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术137例均顺利完成,无一例中转开放手术。经腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺手术平均手术时间(52.7±19.7)min,平均术中出血量(33.1±23.2)ml,平均术后住院时间(3.5±0.9)d。经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术平均手术时间(54.4±22.7)min,平均术中出血量(31.8±21.4)ml,平均术后住院时间(2.8±0.4)d。两组比较,手术时间、术中出血量无统计学差异,经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术组术后住院时间缩短,差异有统计学意义。 结论经肾周脂肪囊内入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术解剖肾上腺操作简便,患者术后康复较快,是安全可行的手术方式。     

腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术272例报告

目的总结腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的经验。方法2001年8月至2007年10月,我们采用腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤272例。其中男175例,女97例。年龄21±74岁,平均45±2岁。肾上腺肿瘤直径0.4-18cm。结果本组272例,行腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术284例次,其中腹腔镜手术切除成功266例,有6例次（2.96％）中转开放手术。手术时间45-275min,平均135±35min。术中出血40ml-250ml,平均75±25ml。术后住院时间7-10d。手术并发症为腔静脉损伤1例,胸膜损伤2例,腰部血肿8例,Troear穿刺口脂肪液化6例。结论腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤创伤小,并发症少,安全有效,患者术后恢复快。对于直径大于6cm的肿瘤也可采用腹腔镜手术切除,但要求手术医师有比较丰富的腹腔镜手术技巧和经验。     

肾上腺肿物切除术后再行腹腔镜肾上腺手术

目的：总结既往有肾上腺手术史者再行腹腔镜肾上腺手术的经验。方法：2005年5月～2007年3月采用腹腔镜经腹腔途径对3例肾上腺肿物切除术后患者再行腹腔镜肾上腺肿物切除术。3例原发性醛固酮增多症患者均为女性,平均48岁（35～56岁）,左侧1例,右侧2例,肿瘤平均直径1．4cm（1．2～2．0cm）,2例曾行腹腔镜经后腹腔肾上腺肿物切除,1例曾行经腰切口开放’肾上腺肿物切除。观察手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数、并发症及手术效果。结果：3例手术均顺利完成。平均手术时间90min（75～110min）,术中平均出血量20ml（10-30ml）。平均住院时间5天（4～6天）,术中术后无并发症发生。随访8～25个月肿瘤无复发。结论：对于有肾上腺手术史者再行腹腔镜肾上腺手术难度增加,但腹腔镜再次手术是可行有效的。     

Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: outline of the preoperative management, surgical approach, and outcome

The laparoscopic approach to the adrenal gland has evolved to be the gold standard for most cases of adrenal conditions requiring surgical treatment. There is general consent about the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of laparoscopic adrenal surgery. Compared to the open surgery, significant advantages with regard to shorter hospitalization time, decreased postoperative morbidity, improved cosmetics, and quicker convalescence are evident. The anatomic location of the adrenal gland led to the development of various approaches, including lateral transperitoneal, anterior transperitoneal, lateral retroperitoneal, posterior retroperitoneal, and even transthoracic approaches. The lateral transperitoneal approach is the technique most frequently used for laparoscopic adrenalectomy. A large operative field provides good orientation and visualization of familiar landmarks known from open surgery. In particular in the early learning curve this represents an advantage of the transperitoneal laparoscopic approach. This article describes in detail the indications, contraindications, preoperative evaluation, surgical technique, management of intraoperative complications, and outcome after lateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy.     

Laparoscopic retroperitoneal renal and adrenal surgery in children

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively assess the use of a retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach for simple nephrectomy and adrenalectomy in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal and adrenal procedures carried out in children and completed between 1993 and March 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Analgesic requirements, hospital stay, complications and blood loss were reviewed. The technique is described in detail. RESULTS: Forty-eight retroperitoneal laparoscopic procedures were completed in 48 patients (mean age 5.5 years, range 0.5-16). The procedures included nephrectomy (22), nephroureterectomy (15), renal biopsy (six), cyst ablation (two) and simple adrenalectomy (three). In all, 11 procedures were undertaken in children aged < 2 years. Forty-one (91%) of the children undergoing renal procedures were discharged in < 24 h. Two patients underwent three adrenalectomies. Two children required conversion to open surgery, one undergoing a right-sided adrenalectomy and one a nephrectomy. The mean operative duration for nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy was 75 min, and for adrenalectomy was 115 min. CONCLUSION: Renal and adrenal surgery in children is a safe and rapid procedure with retroperitoneal laparoscopy. The operative duration for nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy are frequently < 1 h. In addition, laparoscopic surgery offers significant advantages in terms of cosmesis and a quicker recovery.     

后腹腔镜肾上腺手术401例

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除的方法和临床应用价值。方法2002年8月～2007年12月，行后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术401例，其中无功能腺瘤151例，原发性醛固酮增多症139例，皮质醇增多症37例，嗜铬细胞瘤19例，髓样脂肪瘤13例，其他42例。结果5例中转开放手术，其中1例瘤体过大腹腔镜操作困难，2例肿瘤与下腔静脉粘连紧密，2例出血；余396例手术成功，手术时间30～270min，平均105min，术中失血20～1000ml，中位数45ml，2例术中各出血1000、800ml，输红细胞2U。术中下腔静脉破裂1例，膈肌破裂1例，均在腹腔镜下完成修补。364例随访1～64个月，平均23．9月，无远期并发症，361例良性肿瘤未见复发。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全，有效，创伤小，恢复快，应为肾上腺良性疾病的首选治疗方法。     

International Consultation on Urological Diseases and European Association of Urology International Consultation on Minimally Invasive Surgery in Urology: laparoscopic and robotic adrenalectomy

The aim of this study was to provide an evidence‐based systematic review of the use of laparoscopic and robotic adrenalectomy in the treatment of adrenal disease as part of the International Consultation on Urological Diseases and European Association of Urology consultation on Minimally Invasive Surgery in Urology. A systematic literature search (January 2004 to January 2014) was conducted to identify comparative studies assessing the safety and efficacy of minimally invasive adrenal surgery. Subtopics including the role of minimally invasive surgery for pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and large adrenal tumours were examined. Additionally, the role of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches, as well as laparoendoscopic single‐site (LESS) and robotic adrenalectomy were reviewed. The major findings are presented in an evidence‐based fashion. Large retrospective and prospective data were analysed and a set of recommendations provided by the committee was produced. Laparoscopic surgery should be considered the first‐line therapy for benign adrenal masses requiring surgical resection and for patients with pheochromocytoma. While a laparoscopic approach may be feasible for selected cases of ACC without adjacent organ involvement, an open surgical approach remains the ‘gold standard’. Large adrenal tumours without preoperative or intra‐operative suspicion of ACC may be safely resected via a laparoscopic approach. Both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches to laparoscopic adrenalectomy are safe. The approach should be chosen based on surgeon training and experience. LESS and robotic adrenalectomy should be considered as alternatives to laparoscopic adrenalectomy but require further study.     

Transabdominal laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the standard technique for the surgical removal of the adrenal gland at many centers worldwide. Functional adrenal tumors such as aldosteronoma, glucocorticoid, androgen/estrogenproducing adenomas, and small-to-moderate sized solitary pheochromocytomas are amenable to removal via a laparoscopic approach. The advantages of laparoscopic adrenalectomy over open adrenalectomy are well documented and include a shorter hospital stay, a decrease in postoperative pain, shorter interval between surgery and return to preoperative activity level, and improved cosmesis. Various laparoscopic approaches to the adrenal gland have been described. Among these are the lateral transabdominal, anterior transabdominal, lateral retroperitoneal, and posterior retroperitoneal approaches. Each of these methods has specific advantages and disadvantages. This article reviews the transperitoneal approach to laparoscopic adrenalectomy, and discusses indications, operative technique, and a survey of the available literature.