中枢神经系统原发性血管炎的研究进展

中枢神经系统原发性血管炎(PACNS)是一种少见疾病,对该病的诊断存在某些争议,某些研究者提出PACNS诊断需要有尸检或活检的组织学证据,而其他则认可脑血管造影的表现。单纯脑动脉造影、脑脊液(CSF)及MRI检查或联合检查无足够证据证实PACNS诊断的阳性预测值,动脉造影所谓脉管炎的典型表现很可能在活检时不是脉管炎的诊断。临床高度怀疑而活检未证实的病人,还无资料能够证明发生PACNS的证据,也无证明免疫抑制剂治疗的益处,如果病人无PACNS则反而有害。     

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎的临床及病理学特点(附1例报告)

目的 探讨原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(PACNS)的临床及病理学特点.方法 回顾性分析1例PACNS患者的临床资料.结果 该患者临床表现为癫(癎)发作及左侧肢体无力;头颅MRI显示右额顶叶长T1、长T2异常信号;脑活检可见小动脉炎性细胞浸润,管腔狭窄.糖皮质激素及环磷酰胺治疗6个月,临床表现及MRI未见明显改变.结论 PACNS的临床表现无特异性,脑组织活检对诊断具有重要意义.     

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎1例临床报告

<正>原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(primary angiitis of the central nervous system,PACNS)是发病原因不清、临床表现复杂的非特异性疾病,曾被称为孤立性中枢神经系统血管炎、肉芽肿性血管炎等。平均发病年龄在40多岁(3～74岁),男     

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎的临床特点

目的探讨原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(PACNS)的临床特点。方法对27例PACNS患者的临床资料进行分析。结果PACNS好发于中青年,呈急性或亚急性起病,临床表现以头痛、大脑皮质功能减退、局灶性神经功能缺损及癫疒间样发作为主;头颅MRI示病灶处呈长T1、长T2改变,多有强化;脑组织病理检查示软脑膜血管炎性改变。经糖皮质激素以及抗血小板聚集、清除自由基、降低颅内压、改善微循环等综合治疗,病情明显改善。结论PACNS临床表现多样,综合临床表现、影像学及脑组织活检可作出诊断;应用糖皮质激素治疗可显著提高疗效。     

儿童原发性中枢神经系统血管炎1例报告

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎 （primary angiitis of the central nervous system, PACNS）作为一种独立疾病,没有全身其他部位的血管炎和其他炎症表现,     

结核性脑血管炎1例误诊分析

不典型或伴有并发症的结脑,易延误诊治.现将1例以卒中形式起病,CSF细胞数正常, 经剖检诊断为结核性脑血管炎误诊为非特异性脑动脉炎的病案报道如下.     

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎的临床与影像学特征

目的：探讨原发性中枢神经系统血管炎的临床和影像学特征。方法：报道1例23岁男性原发性中枢神经系统血管炎患者的临床、实验室检查和影像学资料。结果：本例患者有反复发作的头痛、多灶性神经功能缺损、认知功能下降等表现以及复发和渐进病程，临床和辅助检查排除了系统性血管病和其他中枢神经系统疾病，头颅MRI显示颅内多灶性和弥漫性病变，MRA和DSA显示右侧大脑中动脉狭窄。结论：原发性中枢神经系统血管炎需通过临床表现、实验室检查和影像学检查排除相关疾病后诊断。     

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎1例报道及文献复习

目的 总结分析原发性中枢神经系统血管炎（PACNS）的临床特点、影像学表现、病理特征、治疗和预后,探讨多学科团队（MDT）模式在中枢神经系统自身免疫性疾病诊疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析1例PACNS的临床资料,并结合相关文献进行总结。结果 术前初步诊断为右顶叶胶质瘤,在神经导航及荧光引导下完整切除病灶,术后病理检查及MDT讨论明确诊断为PACNS。明确诊断后,给予免疫调节及对症支持治疗,出院后随访6个月,病人症状逐渐恢复正常。结论 PACNS临床诊断困难,易与胶质瘤相混淆,通过MDT讨论,结合颅内血管造影及病理学检查有助于明确诊断。     

瘤样原发性中枢神经系统血管炎的诊治分析（附6例报道并文献复习）

目的 探讨瘤样原发性中枢神经系统血管炎（TLP-PACNS）的诊断、治疗及预后,以提高对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析2011年3月～2021年2月手术治疗的6例TLP-PACNS的临床资料,并对相关文献进行复习。结果 术前头颅MRI显示单发局限性病灶3例,考虑胶质瘤;多发病灶3例,考虑转移瘤。6例均行开颅病灶切除术,术后病理证实为PACNS。2例术后给予激素治疗后明显好转;1例多发病灶术后激素治疗后无变化,加用环磷酰胺后好转;3例单发病灶术后自然缓解;随访3个月～2年无复发。结论 TLP-PACNS是一种非常少见的疾病,临床表现和影像学表现缺乏特异性,术前易误诊,病理检查是诊断金标准,激素治疗是一种有效的方法。     

24例原发性中枢神经系统血管炎患者的MRI表现

目的观察24例原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(PACNS)的磁共振成像(MRI)表现,探讨PACNS的MRI诊断价值。方法对急性期进行了MRI检查的24例经病理证实的PACNS的MRI特点进行了回顾性分析。结果 24例患者中,病灶以幕上多见[19例(79.2%)],最常累及颞叶、额叶、顶叶及基底节区(包括丘脑),分别为13例(54.2%)、10例(41.7%)、8例(33.3%)、8例(33.3%);大部分病灶累及双侧大脑半球[15例(72.5%)],灰质和白质均受累[21例(87.5%)]。MRI上病灶可多发或单发,均为12例(50%)。病灶形态大致可分为四种类型:斑片状、肿块样、脑回状和混合性,分别为12例(50%)、8例(33.3%)、2例(8.3%)和2例(8.3%)。MRI上所有病灶均呈长(稍长)T1WI、长(稍长)T2WI异常信号,增强扫描可见病灶均有强化,FLAIR上均呈高或稍高信号,9例(37.5%)病灶中心呈散点状短T1WI、短T2WI混杂信号。17例行DWI和ADC序列检查者中,9例(52.9%)在DWI上呈高(稍高)信号,ADC上呈等信号或混杂信号影,8例(47.1%)在DWI及ADC上呈等信号。11例行GRE序列检查者,8例(72.7%)可见病灶局部有点状低信号影或病灶周围血管影增粗,余3例未见异常。8例行MRA序列检查者,仅1例发现异常,可见病灶供血区相应血管局部有狭窄。结论本组24例PACNS患者急性期头MRI均有异常,表现多样,病灶以幕上多见,可累及各个脑区,病灶可多发或单发,多数灰白质均受累。其形态可表现为斑片状、肿块样、脑回状或混合性,增强扫描均可见强化,以斑片状或脑回样强化多见。头MRI上病灶多变、灰白质受累、斑片状或脑回样强化等表现对PACNS诊断有一定提示性。     

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎的临床、影像及病理学特点

目的探讨原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(PACNS)的临床、影像及病理学特点。方法回顾性分析8例PACNS患者(4例临床拟诊,4例确诊)的临床资料。结果本组男5例,女3例;平均年龄32岁;平均病程11个月。首发症状头痛5例,肢体无力2例,言语不清1例。临床表现头痛8例,肢体无力麻木5例,言语障碍1例,癫癎样发作2例;7例呈缓慢进展病程,1例呈复发、缓解、缓慢进展病程。8例磁共振成像(MRI)均有异常,其中单侧病灶6例,双侧病灶2例;病灶位于脑叶7例,病灶边缘欠清晰、不规则或非典型楔形,同时累及皮质和皮质下,1例病灶位于左额顶部扣带回区,呈大片长条形,病变区外缘呈尖角或指状;病灶均有不同程度的强化,7例沿脑沟脑回强化,1例呈"肿块样"成堆不规则线条状强化;5例弥散加权成像(DWI)呈高信号,表现扩散系数(ADC)为低信号;8例磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查,表现为血管僵硬,血管边缘毛糙不清,管壁欠光滑,节段性狭窄、扩张,末段分支减少;4例全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,可见脑内动脉中末端呈节段性狭窄、扩张、分支减少。4例脑组织活检,病理结果示以淋巴细胞浸润为主的血管炎。5例行糖皮质激素、3例行环磷酰胺治疗,预后均良...     

IVIG in childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system: A case report

Aggressive immunosuppressive therapies have been proposed to treat primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS). Here, we report the first successfully stabilized case of childhood, small-vessel PACNS with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy.A 12-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital complaining of recurrent headaches and upper-left homonymous quadrantanopia, since the age of 11 years. Brain computed tomography scans revealed fine calcification in the right temporal and occipital lobes. Brain magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed white matter lesions, with gadolinium enhancement, which waxed, waned, and migrated for 1 year, without immunomodulatory therapies. A cerebrospinal fluid study showed pleocytosis (12 cells per µl). No clinical or serological findings suggested systemic inflammation or vasculitis. Brain angiography was unremarkable. Brain biopsy revealed thickened and hyalinized small vessels, with intramural infiltration of inflammatory cells, which confirmed the diagnosis of small-vessel PACNS. Because the patient developed surgical site infection following biopsy, the administration of monthly IVIG (2 g/kg) was prescribed, instead of immunosuppressive agents. After IVIG therapy, the patient remained stable, except for a single episode of mild radiological exacerbation at 16 months, which occurred when the IVIG interval was expanded. Oral prednisone was added and gradually tapered. At 50 months, his intellectual abilities and motor functions were normal, although he showed residual upper-left homonymous quadrantanopia and post-exercise headache. A temporary headache, associated with the immunoglobulin infusion, was resolved by slowing the infusion rate. PACNS should be treated aggressively to improve prognosis. However, when immunosuppressants are contraindicated, IVIG may be an alternative therapeutic option.     

B‐cell dominant lymphocytic primary angiitis of the central nervous system: Four biopsy‐proven cases

We report four cases of biopsy‐proven B‐cell‐rich primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS). The mean age of the patients was 29 years (range, 23–37 years). The patients suffered from unilateral weakness (n = 2), seizure (n = 1), and hypersomnia, anorexia and confusion (n = 1). The vital signs and the results of laboratory tests were within normal limits in all the four cases except erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C‐reactive protein (CRP). ESR was elevated in one patient and CRP was elevated in two patients. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans revealed single (n = 2) or multiple (n = 2) irregularly enhancing lesions. Radiological studies initially indicated tumors such as glioma (n = 2) or lymphoma (n = 1), except in one case, in which the radiological analysis indicated vasculitis or demyelinating disease. All the cases involved both medium‐sized (50–250 µm in diameter) and small‐sized vessels (20–49 µm in diameter). The vascular, perivascular and parenchymal lymphocytes were polymorphous; however, CD20‐positive B‐cells were predominated in blood vessels while the CD8‐positive T‐cells infiltrated predominantly in brain parenchyma. Therefore, our patients revealed B‐cell dominant lymphocytic vasculitis. Two patients who underwent active treatment (corticosteroid alone or with cyclophosphamide) showed remarkable clinical and radiological improvement but two patients still have initial neurological symptoms, namely, confusion and newly developed seizures, respectively, during the 19–101‐month follow‐up periods; this effect can be attributed to irreversible brain damage. Therefore, although early brain biopsy may be associated with histopathologic diagnostic pitfalls, it is a mandatory procedure for obtaining a confirmative diagnosis as well initiating early therapy, thereby reducing brain damage.     

A case of childhood unilateral relapsing primary angiitis of the central nervous system

The patient was a 17-year-old girl with transient right-sided weakness and dysesthesia associated with headache and nausea. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed white matter lesions confined to the left hemisphere. Initially, multiple sclerosis was suspected, and methylprednisolone (mPSL) pulse therapy was administered, followed by fingolimod hydrochloride. However, on day 267, the patient again experienced transient hypesthesia. Cranial MRI showed expansion of the highly infiltrated areas of the left hemisphere on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2 weighted image, accompanied by edema. Multiple contrasting areas were also observed. Susceptibility-weighted imaging demonstrated several streaks and some corkscrew-like appearances with low signals from the white matter to the cortex, suggestive of occluded or dilated collateral vessels. Multiple dotted spots indicating cerebral microbleeds (MBs) were also observed. A brain biopsy revealed lymphocytic, non-granulomatous inflammation in and around the vessels. Vascular occlusion and perivascular MBs were prevalent. The patient was diagnosed with relapsing primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS), and immunosuppressive treatment was initiated, mPSL 1000 mg/day pulse therapy. The patient's clinical symptoms and neuroradiological abnormalities gradually improved. She is now receiving oral prednisolone (6 mg/day) and mycophenolate mofetil (1750 mg/day). This case corresponds to unilateral relapsing, which has recently been reported as a specific clinicopathological subtype of PACNS.     

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: report of eight cases from Southern China

Background and purpose:  This study is to report the clinical, neuroimaging and pathological characteristics of patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) from Southern China.
Methods:  Eight patients with PACNS admitted between August 1995 and April 2006 were retrospectively studied. Records of clinical features, neuroimaging, brain biopsy and therapy were analyzed.
Results:  Primary angiitis of the central nervous system occurred predominantly in youth and middle-aged adults. Headache, hemiplegia and speech disturbance were the most predominant manifestations. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was slightly abnormal in only one case, MRI was abnormal in seven, magnetic resonance angiography in seven, diffusion-weighted imaging in five and digital subtraction angiography in four. Brain biopsy in four cases revealed lymphocytic angiitis. All cases had good outcome with the treatment of single corticoid or cyclophosphamide.
Conclusion:  We report eight cases of PACNS from Southern China associated with neurological and neuroimaging abnormalities; these patients presented a mild to moderate inflammatory disease that was correlated with few CSF abnormalities and good response to single steroid or cyclophosphamide treatment without relapses. Although brain biopsy represents the gold standard for diagnosis of PACNS, considering the difficulty and challenge of identification of this disease, combination with other examinations might be necessary to arrive at an early and definitive diagnosis.     

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎的多学科诊治意义探讨（附1例报道并文献复习）

目的 探讨原发性中枢神经系统血管炎（PACNS）的病因、临床特点、诊断、治疗方法以及多学科协作在其诊治过程中的相关意义。方法 回顾性分析1例PACNS的多学科联合诊治过程,并复习相关文献,总结治疗经验。结果 最开始,结合临床表现、影像学表现及活检结果,考虑炎性脱髓鞘病,甲强龙冲击治疗无效;请神经内科、影像科、病理科会诊,再次活检结果仍为炎性病变,结合炎性脱髓鞘治疗过程,基本排除炎性脱髓鞘。经北京宣武医院病理科诊断为PACNS,再次请神经内科会诊,进行系统免疫治疗（甲强龙+免疫抑制剂他克莫司）,3个月后复查头部MRI增强示病变明显缩小,病人神志清楚,失语症状较前改善,左侧中枢性面瘫较前好转,左侧肢体肌力较前恢复。结论 PACNS是一种罕见病,其临床表现、影像学表现无特异性,目前病理活检是其主要诊断手段,治疗过程中,多学科协作,可明显提高诊治效率,大幅提高诊治水平。