原发性纵隔恶性生殖细胞肿瘤

原发性纵隔恶性生殖细胞肿瘤临床少见,与相应原发性性腺生殖细胞肿瘤的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后均不相同。以顺铂为基础联合化疗是其主要治疗手段,近年通过综合治疗患者预后明显好转,原发性纵隔精原细胞瘤治愈率高,但非精原细胞瘤预后仍不理想。     

原发于纵隔的生殖细胞肿瘤47例临床分析

目的探讨原发于纵隔的生殖细胞肿瘤的临床特点、治疗方法及预后的影响因素。方法回顾性分析47例原发于纵隔的生殖细胞肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果47例患者中,男性41例,女性6例,中位年龄26岁;8例（17．0％）精原细胞瘤,39例（83．0％）非精原细胞瘤。全组患者中位生存期为16个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为63．4％、37．5％和34．8％;非精原细胞瘤患者1、3、5年生存率分别为56．4％、30．0％和27．3％,8例精原细胞瘤患者中,7例生存满5年。多因素分析显示,病理类型是原发于纵隔的生殖细胞肿瘤患者预后的独立影响因素（P=0．045）。结论纵隔精原细胞瘤患者对放疗、化疗敏感,预后较好;纵隔非精原细胞瘤患者预后差,化疗是其主要治疗手段,以顺铂为基础的化疗明显提高了这类患者的生存率。     

26例原发性纵隔恶性生殖细胞瘤的诊治

目的:探讨原发性纵隔恶性生殖细胞瘤的诊治及外科手术的作用.方法:对26例收治的原发性纵隔恶性生殖细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:22例手术治疗患者中,11例根治性切除,10例姑息性切除,1例探查,手术并发症发生率及死亡率分别为18.2%和9.1%,其中12例术后给予以顺铂为主的联合化疗,4例予以放疗.手术治疗患者术后病理为无性生殖细胞瘤12例,精原细胞瘤5例,未成熟畸胎瘤5例.3例未成熟畸胎瘤及1例胚胎癌患者明确诊断后未手术而给予放疗或放、化疗.本组26例患者中仅2例精原细胞瘤生存满5年,17例已证实死亡,除2例手术死亡外均死于肿瘤复发转移.结论:原发性纵隔恶性生殖细胞瘤的治疗应强调以化疗为主的综合治疗,外科切除只宜做为阶段性的辅助手段,手术时机把握应以具体患者情况而定.     

纵隔原发精原细胞瘤

纵隔原发精原细胞瘤为一罕见的位于前纵隔的肿瘤,患者大多数为男性。本病或性腺外的其他精原细胞瘤对化疗十分敏感,而作单纯放疗的效果不甚理想,这使得越来越多的人倾向于应用化疗。作者总结了4例纵隔原发精原细胞瘤的治疗经验,采用单纯化疗或联合化疗和放疗,对影响预后的因素、     

原发纵隔恶性生殖细胞瘤32例临床分析

目的:探讨纵隔恶性生殖细胞瘤(malignant germ cell tumors,MGCT)的临床特点、治疗和预后。方法:32例纵隔MGCT患者,精原细胞瘤18例,非精原细胞瘤14例。所有患者均采用手术和(或)放疗和(或)化疗等多学科综合治疗的方法。结果:非精原细胞瘤患者中位生存期(OS)32.4个月,中位无进展生存期(PFS)18个月,5年无复发生存率和总生存率均为28.6%。精原细胞瘤患者5年无复发生存率和总生存率分别为83.3%和85.6%,中位OS和PFS均未到达。精原细胞瘤患者OS和PFS均明显好于非精原细胞瘤患者,P值分别为0.001 4和0.000 7。结论:纵隔精原细胞瘤采用多学科综合治疗方法能取得较好的治疗效果,本研究的结果与文献报道相符。纵隔非精原细胞瘤的治疗效果有待进一步提高。非精原细胞瘤是影响纵隔恶性生殖细胞瘤预后的重要因素。     

原发恶性纵隔生殖细胞瘤的治疗与预后

目的:探讨纵隔原发恶性生殖细胞肿瘤的临床特征、治疗及预后.方法:回顾性分析四川大学华西医院2008年至2013年收治的生殖细胞瘤患者,筛选纵隔原发恶性生殖细胞肿瘤,采集临床病理资料分析预后.结果:经病理确诊生殖细胞瘤患者共1 523例,原发于纵隔163例,其中恶性14例,包括精原细胞瘤6例,非精原细胞瘤8例.病人接受手术、放疗及化疗的综合治疗.精原细胞瘤患者生存时间优于非精原细胞瘤患者(P=0.015).结论:精原细胞瘤患者生存优于非精原细胞瘤患者.手术对纵隔原发恶性GCT的价值仍难以断定,需要仔细评估疾病的具体情况.放化疗的综合治疗应当是此类病人的主要治疗模式.     

原发性输卵管癌预后因素分析

输卵管肿瘤 ;原发性顺铂 ;联合化疗目的 :探讨原发性输卵管癌的诊断及治疗方法。方法 :回顾性分析江苏省肿瘤防治研究所1978年～ 1995年治疗的 31例原发性输卵管癌 ,均给予手术治疗 ,基本术式为 :全子宫 双附件 大网膜切除 ,其中 7例给予盆腔淋巴结清除术。结果 :手术 噻口替哌化疗、手术 以顺铂为主的联合化疗、手术 盆腔淋巴结清除术 以顺铂为主的联合化疗 5年生存率分别为 14.2 % (1/ 7) ,50 .0 % (7/ 14) ,71 4 % (5/ 7)。结论 :彻底的手术治疗 ,辅以顺铂为主的联合化疗是提高生存率的关键。     

动静脉联合化疗与单纯静脉化疗对骨肉瘤疗效的比较

目的探讨术前顺铂动脉灌注化疗在改善骨肉瘤患者无瘤生存预后方面的价值。方法对24例行保肢术的IIB期膝关节周围骨肉瘤患者进行随访,其中12例患者术前行顺铂动脉灌注和表阿霉素静脉化疗,另外12例患者行静脉化疗,比较两组的无瘤生存率和生存时间。结果顺铂动脉灌注化疗组累计3年无瘤生存率为54.6%,而静脉化疗组累计3年无瘤生存率为50%,两组无瘤生存率无统计学差异(P=0.1497),Cox多因素分析提示化疗给药方式不是影响无瘤生存预后的独立因素(P=0.078)。结论术前顺铂动脉灌注化疗并不能改善骨肉瘤患者的无瘤生存预后,考虑到其相对高昂的费用和不良反应,多药联合静脉化疗仍是目前首选的术前化疗方式。     

原发于纵隔和腹膜后的生殖细胞肿瘤37例临床报告

目的 探讨原发于纵隔和腹膜后的生殖细胞肿瘤的临床特点、治疗方法、疗效以及影响预后的因素。方法 回顾性分析37例原发于纵隔和腹膜后的生殖细胞肿瘤的临床资料，其中25例原发于纵隔，12例原发于腹膜后；精原细胞瘤13例，非精原细胞瘤24例。结果 原发于纵隔的精原细胞瘤、非精原细胞瘤和原发于腹膜后的精原细胞瘤、非精原细胞瘤的5年生存率分别为40％、34％、100％和67％；相应的5年无进展生存率分别为34％、32％、100％和67％。单因素分析显示，病理类型、原发部位和国际预后评分均为有显著意义的预后因素。结论 原发于纵隔和腹膜后的生殖细胞肿瘤是1组有潜在治愈可能的疾病。影响预后的因素主要包括肿瘤原发部位、病理类型及国际预后评分。     

138例晚期食管癌的化疗疗效和预后因素分析

背景与目的:晚期食管癌患者预后差,目前仍无标准的治疗方案,影响其预后的独立因素也不明确。本研究旨在分析晚期食管癌的化疗疗效,并探讨影响其预后的因素。方法:回顾性分析中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学肿瘤医院1984年12月至2006年4月收治的、经病理和/或细胞学确诊的138例初治晚期食管鳞癌患者的临床资料。全组患者分为新药组(含紫杉醇、健择或草酸铂)和非新药组(不含紫杉醇、健择或草酸铂)。新药组有68例,其中化疗方案中含顺铂64例(94.1%);非新药组有70例,其中化疗方案中含顺铂48例(68.6%)。对可能影响生存因素的比较采用log-rank检验,死亡相对风险的比较采用Cox比例风险模型进行计算。结果:全组138例患者的化疗有效率47.8%,中位疾病进展时间4个月,中位生存时间10个月。采用含紫杉醇或健择化疗新药组患者有效率(58.8%)明显高于非新药组(37.1%)(P=0.011)。单因素分析表明,年龄、治疗前血红蛋白水平、化疗周期数、化疗近期疗效、疾病进展时间以及治疗手段与预后相关。多因素分析表明,疾病进展时间、治疗手段、疗前血红蛋白水平是影响生存的独立预后因素。结论:紫杉醇或健择联合顺铂方案用于晚期食管癌化疗有较高的有效性。疾病进展时间、治疗手段、疗前血红蛋白水平是影响生存的独立预后因素。     

Occurrence of malignant non-germ cell components in primary mediastinal germ cell tumours.

METHODS: Thirty-five patients with primary mediastinal germ cell tumours (PMGCT) underwent primary thoracotomy in a 30-year period (1965-1994). Of the 35 patients, 12 had benign teratomas, five pure seminomas and 18 non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. RESULTS: Out of 18 non-seminomatous germ cell tumours, 14 comprised more than one malignant component. In two cases malignant teratomas had an additional malignant non-germ cell component: one a mixed sarcomatous component and the other a neuroendocrinal component. There were different methods of treatment between 1965 and 1994. All but one of patients with seminomas survived for 5 years. Among 18 patients with malignant PMGCT, all but two died within 5 years (mean survival rate was 15 months). CONCLUSIONS: When planning treatment of patients with malignant PMGCT we have to take into account the fact that malignant non-germ-cell components may occur. In this circumstances, surgical resection after initial chemotherapy is recommended.     

Primary Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors—The University of Western Ontario Experience

Extragonadal germ cell tumors account for 2–5.7% of germ cell tumors (GCTs). Of these, primary mediastinal GCTs (PMGCTs) are responsible for 16–36% of cases. Given the rarity of these tumors, specific treatment strategies have not been well defined. We report our experience in treating these complex patients. In total, 318 men treated at our institution with chemotherapy for GCTs between 1980 and 2016 were reviewed. PMGCT was defined as clinically diagnosed mediastinal GCT with no evidence of testicular GCT (physical exam/ultrasound). We identified nine patients diagnosed with PMGCT. All patients presented with an anterior mediastinal mass and no gonadal lesion; four patients also had metastatic disease. Median age at diagnosis was 30 years (range, 14–56) and median mass size at diagnosis was 9 cm (range, 3.4–19). Eight patients had non-seminoma and one had pure seminoma. All patients received cisplatin-based chemotherapy initially. Surgical resection was performed in four patients; three patients had a complete resection and one patient was found to have an unresectable tumor. At a median follow-up of 2 years (range, 3 months–28 years) six patients had progressed. Progression-free survival was short with a median of 4.1 months from diagnosis (range 1.5–122.2 months). Five patients died at a median of 4.4 months from diagnosis. One and 5-year overall survivals were 50% and 38%, respectively. PMGCT are rare and aggressive. Our real-life Canadian experience is consistent with current literature suggesting that non-seminoma PMGCT has a poor prognosis despite prompt cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by aggressive thoracic surgery.     

Platinum-based chemotherapy of primary extragonadal germ cell tumours: the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group experience.

Extragonadal germ cell tumours (EGCT) are uncommon, most frequently arise in the mediastinum and retroperitoneum and have variable responses to platinum-based chemotherapy. A retrospective analysis was performed on 38 patients with EGCT treated with cisplatin-based (CDDP) or carboplatin-based (CBDCA) chemotherapy between 1984 and 1998. Twenty-four patients had nonseminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT) and 14 seminoma. Twenty-two tumours arose in the mediastinum (13 nonseminomas, 9 seminomas) and 16 in the retroperitoneum (11 NSGCT, 5 seminomas). Initial surgery included complete resection in 1 patient, biopsy in 27 patients and debulking surgery in 10 patients. Complete response rates with chemotherapy +/- surgery were as follows: mediastinum 14 of 21 (66.66%) patients (8 of 12-75% NSGCT, 6 of 9-66.66% seminomas) and retroperitoneum 14 of 16 (87.5%) patients (9 of 11-81.81% NSGCT, 5 of 5-100% seminomas). One patient who underwent complete resection of a mediastinal malignant teratoma combined, received PVB chemotherapy on an adjuvant basis and remains alive and disease-free. Three additional seminoma patients who achieved partial response after chemotherapy remain alive and disease-free following mediastinal radiotherapy. All 14 patients with extragonadal seminomas remain alive with no evidence of disease at a median follow-up of 49 months (range 7-164), giving an overall survival of 100%. Nine of 13 (69.23%) patients with mediastinal NSGCT are long-term disease-free at a median follow-up of 43.5 months (range 7-152). Nine of 11 (81.81%) patients with retroperitoneal NSGCT remain alive and disease-free at a median follow-up of 56 months (range 14-110). Complete surgical resection of residual mass was undertaken in 10 patients (3 seminomas, 7 nonseminomas). The histology revealed necrosis/fibrosis in 6 patients (3 seminomas, 3 NSGCT) and viable cancer in 4 patients. Patients who had viable malignant cells in the resected specimens received two more courses of VelP chemotherapy. None of our patients had relapsed at the time of this analysis. None of our 6 patients who underwent testicular biopsy (1 patient) or orchiectomy (5 patients) due to suspicious ultrasound of the testis were found to have testicular tumour or fibrotic scar. In conclusion, this retrospective analysis showed significant responses in patients with either mediastinal or retroperitoneal NSGCT treated with CDDP- or CBDCA-based chemotherapy +/- surgery. All patients with extragonadal seminomas remain alive with no evidence of disease, regardless of the site at presentation.     

Results of modern therapy for patients with mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of independent prognostic variables, such as prechemotherapy tumor markers, the extent of disease at diagnosis, the tumor markers postchemotherapy (PC), and the pathology of the PC residual mass on the overall survival of patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (PMNSGCT). METHODS: The authors undertook a retrospective review of 39 patients with PMNSGCT between 1983 and 1997 who received their initial chemotherapy at Indiana University and 36 additional patients referred for PC resection. All patients received chemotherapy based on the combination of cisplatin and etoposide. The median follow-up was 22 months (range, 12-144 months). RESULTS: The prechemotherapy tumor markers did not affect overall survival. Extent of disease (mediastinal only vs. visceral metastases) was an important prognostic factor for survival in univariate analysis (P = 0.042). Sixty-two of 75 patients underwent PC resection of residual disease. Fifteen of the 62 patients achieved a CR with chemotherapy alone, as the PC resection revealed only necrosis. Fourteen of these 15 patients continuously had no evidence of disease (NED). Forty-seven of the 62 patients had NED with chemotherapy and PC resection, including 31 with teratoma and 16 with carcinoma. However, 11 of 31 with teratoma and 11 of 16 with carcinoma subsequently relapsed. Although 18 patients had elevated tumor markers at the time of PC resection, 6 of 18 had only necrosis and 4 had teratoma. The PC tumor markers did not affect survival. The pathology of the resected specimen was the most significant predictor of survival in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-eight of 39 patients (71.8%) with PMNSGCT treated at Indiana University achieved NED status, but only 16 (41%) continuously had NED. Twenty of 36 (55.5%) referred for resection continuously had NED. Disease confined to the mediastinum and necrosis in the PC specimen were important prognostic factors for survival.     

Extragonadal germ cell tumors of the mediastinum and retroperitoneum: results from an international analysis.

PURPOSE: To characterize the clinical and biologic features of extragonadal germ cell tumor (EGCT) and to determine the overall outcome with currently available treatment strategies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of an unselected population of 635 consecutive patients treated from 1975 through 1996 at 11 cancer centers, 341 patients (54%) had primary mediastinal EGCT, and 283 patients (45%) had retroperitoneal EGCT. Five hundred twenty-four patients (83%) had a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (GCT), and 104 patients (16%) had a seminomatous histology. RESULTS: After platinum-based induction chemotherapy with or without secondary surgery, 141 patients (49%) with mediastinal nonseminomas (median follow-up, 19 months; range, 1 to 178 months) and 144 patients (63%) with retroperitoneal nonseminoma (median follow-up, 29 months; range, 1 to 203 months) are alive (P =.0006). In contrast, the overall survival rate for patients with a seminomatous EGCT is 88%, with no difference between patients with mediastinal or retroperitoneal tumor location (median follow-up, 49 months; range, 4 to 193 months; respective 70 months; range, 1 to 211 months). A significantly lower progression-free survival rate was found in seminoma patients treated with initial radiotherapy alone compared with chemotherapy. Nonseminomatous histology, presence of nonpulmonary visceral metastases, primary mediastinal GCT location, and elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin were independent prognostic factors for shorter survival. Hematologic malignancies (n = 17) occurred without exception in patients with primary mediastinal nonseminoma. Sixteen patients developed a metachronous testicular cancer despite the use of platinum-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Whereas patients with pure seminomatous EGCT histology have a long-term chance of cure of almost 90% irrespective of the primary tumor site, 45% of patients with mediastinal nonseminomas are alive at 5 years. This outcome is clearly inferior compared with patients with nonseminomatous retroperitoneal primary tumors.     

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in primary mediastinal germ cell tumors: A retrospective analysis of >20 years single institution experience

Objectives: To obtain information on outcome stratified by histology, extent and primary treatment patients’ data with primary malignant mediastinal germ cell tumors treated between 1998 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.Methods: The primary treatment for localized malignant mediastinal germ cell tumors was neoadjuvant bleomycin + etoposid + cisplatin (BEP) ± surgery (n = 22); or surgery ± adjuvant BEP (n = 16). For disseminated disease (n = 21) first line BEP ± second line chemotherapy were administered. For nonseminomas (NS) the NLR at start of BEP was analyzed in relation to disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).Results: After neoadjuvant treatment the 5-year DFS was 100% for seminomas (S), and 63.4% for NS. The 5-year OS was 100% for S, and 76.9% for NS. The 5-year DFS and OS after surgery ± BEP for S was 72.9% and 100%, for NS was 75% and 87.5%, respectively. The 5-year PFS and OS of metastatic patients for S was 60% and 80%, while the median PFS and OS of NS were 5.7 and 11.1 months, respectively. Objective response (P = 0.006) and low NLR (P = 0.043) were independent prognostic markers of longer OS.Conclusions: We confirmed the good outcome of BEP-treated S, while NS had poorer prognosis. Previously published prognostic models for NS were validated. Based on NLR and response a new prognostic model was developed.     

Primary germ cell tumors in the mediastinum: a 50-year experience at a single Japanese institution

BACKGROUND: Primary germ cell tumors (GCT) of the mediastinum share similar clinical and biologic characteristics, which are different from their testicular counterpart. The purpose of the current study was to review the authors' institutional experience of mediastinal GCT, emphasizing the clinical spectrum, time trends of treatment, and recent advances in therapeutic modalities for malignant GCT. METHODS: Between 1951 and 2000, 129 patients (70 males and 59 females) underwent surgical treatment for GCT, which accounted for 16.0% of the mediastinal tumors during the same period. There were 95 patients with mature teratomas, 13 patients with seminomas, and 21 patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) with median ages of 26.4 years, 27.6 years, and 28.5 years, respectively. RESULTS: Adult patients with mature teratomas were less symptomatic (33.3%) than pediatric patients (52.4%). All patients with mature teratoma were cured by resection alone. Eight of the 13 patients (61.5%) with seminoma were symptomatic and 10 of 13 patients (83.3%) survived after surgery and radiation with/without chemotherapy. Nineteen of 21 patients (90.5%) with NSGCT had dyspnea, chest pain, and superior vena cava syndrome. Before 1985, patients received radical resection and/or chemoradiotherapy. However, all patients died due to disease progression, with a median survival period of 7.6 months. After 1986, six of eight patients received cisplatin-based chemotherapy, including three who received additional high-dose chemotherapy with a supporting peripheral blood stem cell transplantation until tumor markers normalized. Five patients who underwent salvage resection are currently disease free with a median survival period of 58.3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The institutional experience indicates the benign nature of mediastinal mature teratomas and the excellent prognosis for patients with seminomas after resection. An improved survival advantage was ensured with cisplatin-based preoperative chemotherapy in patients with NSGCT.     

Second-line chemotherapy in patients with relapsed extragonadal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: results of an international multicenter analysis.

PURPOSE: Relapsed extragonadal germ cell tumors patients (EGGCT) are treated with identical salvage chemotherapy regimens, as are patients with metastatic testicular cancer. This investigation evaluates the results of second-line chemotherapy in nonseminomatous EGGCT and tries to identify prognostic factors for survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 142 patients treated at eleven European and American centers between 1975 and 1996. All had received cisplatin-containing regimens as induction treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-seven of 142 patients (19%) were long-term disease-free, 11% with primary mediastinal and 30% of patients with primary retroperitoneal disease. Median follow-up since start of salvage treatment was 11 months (range, 1 to 157) for all patients and 45 months (range, 6 to 157) for surviving patients. Forty-eight patients (34%) received high dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplant at relapse, and 10 of these patients (21%) are continuously disease-free. Primary mediastinal location (P =.003), sensitivity to cisplatin (P =.003), elevated beta-HCG at relapse (P: =.04), and normal LDH at diagnosis (P =.01) were shown to be significant negative prognostic factors for overall survival in univariate; mediastinal location [relative risk ratios (HR) = 1.9; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.2 to 3.0] and sensitivity to cisplatin [HR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 5.2] were significant negative prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Although current salvage strategies will cure between 20% and 50% of recurrent metastatic testicular cancer, relapsed nonseminomatous EGGCT patients appear to have an inferior survival rate, in particular in case of primary mediastinal location. Mediastinal primary tumor and inadequate response to cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy have been identified as independent negative prognostic factors, both associated with an approximately two-fold higher risk for failure of salvage treatment.     

Extragonadal seminoma: an international multicenter analysis of prognostic factors and long term treatment outcome

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long term outcome of patients with extragonadal seminomatous germ cell tumors (GCT) so that prognostic variables for disease recurrence and patient survival could be identified and to access the efficacy of different treatment modalities. METHODS: Six hundred thirty-five patients with extragonadal GCT who were treated consecutively at 11 centers in the United States and Europe during the cisplatin-based chemotherapy era between 1975 and 1996 were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients with primary retroperitoneal GCT (50%) and 51 patients with primary mediastinal GCT (49%) of pure seminomatous histology were identified (n = 1 patient with a primary cervical lymph node) representing 16.4% of 635 patients with extragonadal GCT who were included in the data base. The median age was 37 years (range, 18-70 years). Treatment consisted of platin-based chemotherapy in 77 patients (74%), radiotherapy in 9 patients (9%), and combined modality in 18 patients (17%). Ninety-two percent of patients (95% confidence interval, 87-97%) achieved a favorable response to primary therapy. After a median follow-up of 61 months (range, 1-211 months), 18 patients (17%) have had recurrent disease: 14% of those who received chemotherapy and 67% of those who received radiation therapy. The 5-year progression free survival rate favored the chemotherapy group, with 87% compared with 33% for irradiated patients (P = 0.006), whereas the overall survival rates were equal (90% vs. 67%; P = 0.13). No differences in overall survival or progression free survival were observed among patients with primary retroperitoneal and mediastinal seminoma. Prognostic factors that were identified to influence survival negatively were liver metastases (P = 0.01) and two or more metastatic sites (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with extragonadal seminoma, a survival rate of > 90% at 5 years is achieved with adequate cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Compared with patients with nonseminomatous extragonadal GCT, no difference in long term survival exists between patients with primary retroperitoneal or mediastinal seminoma location. Primary radiotherapy seems to be associated with a significantly higher rate of disease recurrence, although most patients will be salvaged by subsequent chemotherapy.