BAEP预测自发性蛛网膜下隙出血昏迷病人预后价值

目的探讨脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）监测对自发性蛛网膜下隙出血导致昏迷病人预后的预测价值。方法对2010年1—12月我科收治的42例自发性蛛网膜下隙出血昏迷病人,进行格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）和BAEP检查,并计算两种方法的预后预测准确率。结果 GCS评分预测准确率为73.8%,而BAEP预测准确率为90.5%,两者比较差异有显著性（χ2=3.977,P〈0.05）。6例GCS评分低,同时BAEP重度异常病人,最后均恢复不良。结论 BAEP能更敏感地反映昏迷病人脑功能状态;多种检查结合,可以使预测更为准确。     

Detection of brain death onset using the bispectral index in severely comatose patients

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring for the diagnosis of brain death in severely comatose patients. DESIGN: A prospective study in an intensive care unit of a university hospital. POPULATION: Fifty-six severely comatose patients (Glasgow Coma Score < or = 5) admitted to the ICU mainly because of intracerebral hemorrhage, head injury, or postanoxic coma. METHODS: BIS was recorded continuously during the hospitalization in the ICU. Where necessary, clinical brain death was confirmed by EEG or cerebral angiography. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Twelve patients were already clinically brain dead at the time of admission, and their individual BIS values were 0. In each of these 12 patients brain death was thereafter confirmed by EEG or cerebral angiography. Forty-four patients were not clinically brain-dead at the time of admission, and their individual BIS values were between 20 and 79. Twenty-seven of these patients became brain-dead, and their individual BIS values dropped to 0 in a few hours to a few days. In these 27 patients EEG or cerebral angiography was performed after the BIS value decreased to 0 and confirmed brain death in all cases. Seventeen patients who did not become brain dead during their hospitalization in the ICU had persistent electrocerebral activity on EEG, and their average BIS values remained above 35. CONCLUSION: BIS can be used in severely comatose patients as an assessment of brain death onset, enabling appropriate scheduling of either EEG or cerebral angiography to confirm brain death.     

Decreased Glasgow Coma Scale Score Does Not Mandate Endotracheal Intubation in the Emergency Department

Background: Decreased consciousness is a common reason for presentation to the emergency department (ED) and admission to acute hospital beds. In trauma, a Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) of 8 or less indicates a need for endotracheal intubation. Some advocate a similar approach for other causes of decreased consciousness, however, the loss of airway reflexes and risk of aspiration cannot be reliably predicted using the GCS alone. Study Objective: A survey of all poisoned patients with a decreased GCS who were admitted to an ED short-stay ward staffed by experienced emergency physicians, to establish the incidence of clinically significant aspiration or other morbidities and endotracheal intubation. Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted of all patients admitted to the ED short-stay ward with a decreased level of consciousness (GCS < 15). Results: The study included 73 patients with decreased consciousness as a result of drug or alcohol intoxication. The GCS ranged from 3 to 14, and 12 patients had a GCS of 8 or less. No patient with a GCS of 8 or less aspirated or required intubation. There was one patient who required intubation; this patient had a GCS of 12 on admission to the ward. Conclusions: This study suggests that it can be safe to observe poisoned patients with decreased consciousness, even if they have a GCS of 8 or less, in the ED.     

Strong and weak aspects of an established post-resuscitation treatment protocol-A five-year observational study

Aim of study

Favourable hospital survival increased from 26% to 56% in the implementation phase of a new standard operating procedure (SOP) for treatment after out-of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in 2003. We now evaluate protocol adherence and survival rates after five years with this established SOP.

Methods

This observational study is based on prospectively collected registry data from all OHCA patients with cardiac aetiology admitted with spontaneous circulation to Ulleval Hospital between September 2003 and January 2009. Three patient categories are described based on early assessment in the emergency department: conscious, comatose, and comatose patients receiving only palliative care, with main focus on comatose patients receiving active treatment.

Results

Of 248 patients, 22% were consciousness on admission, 70% were comatose and received active treatment, while 8% received only palliative care. Favourable survival from admittance to discharge remained at 56% throughout the study period. Among actively treated patients 83% received emergency coronary angiography and 48% underwent subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention. In this cohort 63% had an acute myocardial infarction, ten of whom did not receive emergency coronary angiography. Among actively treated comatose patients, 6% survived with unfavourable neurology, while 51% of the deaths followed treatment withdrawal after prognostication of severe brain injury.

Conclusion

The previously reported doubling in survival rate remained throughout a five-year study period. Establishing reliable indication for emergency coronary angiography and interventions and validating prognostication rules in the hypothermia era are important challenges for future studies.     

急诊创伤患者死亡的相关因素与救治对策分析

目的探究影响急诊创伤患者死亡的相关因素,并分析其救治对策。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月于我院接受急救但无效死亡的46例急诊创伤患者(死亡组)和同期抢救成功的178例急诊创伤患者(存活组)的临床资料。通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归方程分析两组患者的年龄、性别等相关因素,评估影响急诊创伤患者死亡的独立危险因素,并通过总结患者的死因,分析其临床救治对策。结果经单因素分析,两组年龄、ISS评分、GCS评分、就诊时间、损伤部位、机械通气情况有显著差异(P<0.05);而两组的性别、致伤原因、损伤数量、抢救措施比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、ISS评分、GCS评分、损伤部位、机械通气均属于急诊创伤患者死亡的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。46例死亡患者中,中枢性呼吸循环衰竭25例(54.35%),多器官功能衰竭12例(26.09%),失血性休克7例(15.22%),其他2例(4.35%)。结论年龄、ISS评分、GCS评分、损伤部位、机械通气均属于急诊创伤患者死亡的独立危险因素,临床应引起重视,提高抢救质量。     

Brain arrest neurological outcome scale (BrANOS): predicting mortality and severe disability following cardiac arrest

BACKGROUND: To create a predictive scale of neurological outcome following cardiac arrest (CA) that incorporates radiological and clinical markers of brain injury. METHODS AND RESULTS: Brain arrest neurologic outcome scale (BrANOS) is a prospective 16-point scale. It consisted of three variables: (1) duration of arrest (DAR), (2) reversed Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and (3) Hounsfield unit (HU) ratio on non-contrast CT scan of the head. Reversed GCS score was defined as 15-GCS (best GCS in the first 24 h). HU ratio was defined as the density ratio of the caudate nucleus over the posterior limb of the internal capsule measured on unenhanced CT scan of the brain. We identified 32 comatose patients who had: (1) CT scan performed within 48 h of event; (2) no previous history of either coma, severe head trauma, cardiac arrest or stroke. Primary outcome was defined as alive or dead. Secondary outcome was the Glasgow outcome score recorded on discharge. Patient demographics were collated from retrospective chart review. Patients' mean age was 63 +/- 3 years (mean +/- S.E.M.); 44% were females. Mortality rate was 81%. Mean DAR was 21 +/- 2 min. Survivors had a significantly lower BrANOS score (8 +/- 2 points) compared to non-survivors (13 +/- 1) (P = 0.006). BrANOS was a strong predictor of mortality alone (ROC = 0.86) and mortality with severe disability combined (ROC = 0.9). The scale had a 100% specificity and positive predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: BrANOS is a reliable predictor of neurological outcome following CA. It is the first scale to incorporate clinical and radiological markers of brain injury.     

Middle latency auditory-evoked potential index for predicting the degree of consciousness of comatose patients in EDs

IntroductionDigitized assessment of the degree of consciousness is a universal challenge in emergency departments (EDs) and intensive care units (ICUs). The middle latency auditory-evoked potential index (MLAEPi) monitor aepEX plus (Audiomex, Glasgow, Scotland, UK) is the first mobile middle latency auditory-evoked potential monitor. We speculated that the initial MLAEPi determined on arrival at EDs could indicate cerebral function and predict the degree of consciousness of comatose patients.MethodsWe used MLAEPi-related data from 50 comatose patients with disturbance of consciousness (DOC), 50 patients with cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA), and 50 healthy volunteers (control). Comatose patients were defined as those with an initial Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less. The CPA group consisted of patients who arrived at EDs without restoration of spontaneous circulation. Among the patients with DOC who underwent sedation at EDs, the change in the MLAEPi was evaluated between arrival at the ED and ICU admission.ResultsThe initial MLAEPi was significantly lower in the DOC group than in the control group but significantly higher in the DOC group than in the CPA group. Among the comatose patients, the receiver operating characteristic curve for the initial MLAEPi showed an area under the curve of 0.93 (P < .01) for the DOC group. Thirty patients with DOC underwent sedation at EDs, and the initial MLAEPi was significantly higher than those at other periods during emergency care.ConclusionThe MLAEPi (simple numerical value) may be used to evaluate the degree of consciousness in comatose patients while performing emergency care in EDs.     

针刺与运动疗法对重型颅脑损伤后功能恢复的影响

目的观察针刺与运动疗法干预重型颅脑损伤后功能障碍的交互作用。方法120 例重型脑外伤急性期患者在常规治疗基础上分为4 组：综合组(针刺配合运动疗法)、康复组、针刺组、对照组。治疗前后采用格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)、Fugl-Meyer评定法(FMA)、改良Brathel 指数(MBI)及神经功能缺损程度评分(MESSS)进行评定。结果治疗2 个月后,综合组GCS、FMA、MBI 及MESSS 评分均优于对照组(P<0.05),针刺组、康复组MESSS 及GCS 评分优于对照组(P<0.05),综合组MESSS 评分明显优于康复组(P<0.01)。结论针刺腧穴和运动疗法对重型颅脑损伤均有促醒和减轻神经缺损的作用,相互间有协同作用。     

刺激性护理干预对创伤性脑损伤昏迷患者促醒效果的研究

目的探讨早期刺激性护理对创伤性脑损伤昏迷患者促醒的影响。方法将昏迷时间超过6h,格拉斯哥昏迷评分3—8分的重型创伤性脑损伤患者72例,按人院时间分成两组,对照组采用常规护理方法,实验组在此基础上,采用听觉、触觉、运动3种刺激性护理方法进行干预,并采用格拉斯哥昏迷评分对患者进行治疗后2周、4周、6周的疗效评价。结果治疗后2周、4周两组患者格拉斯哥昏迷评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,治疗后6周两组患者格拉斯哥昏迷评分差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论早期刺激性护理对创伤性脑损伤昏迷患者有一定的促醒效果,对降低患者伤残率和促进患者早日康复具有积极作用。     

颅脑交通伤的临床特点及手术治疗分析简

目的 探讨颅脑交通伤的临床特征及救治措施.方法 采用深圳市卫生局重点项目＂深圳市急性创伤现状及防治对策研究＂提供的1994～2003年急性创伤的基本资料,抽取其中颅脑交通伤患者病例资料进行分析.结果 颅脑损伤住院病例10 607例,颅脑交通伤病例5 427例,手术3 478例,手术率64.1%;死亡295人,住院病死率5.4%,急诊手术1 086例;手术病例死亡124例,手术病死率3.3%;非手术治疗死亡181例,病死率9.3%;入院时有效GCS评分3 360例,GCS评分≤8分的病例654例,死亡232例,病死率35.5%.结论 颅脑交通伤病情重,病死率高,手术是重要的治疗方式.加强颅脑交通伤的预防和救治可降低伤残率及病死率.     

Can death unrelated to secondary causes be predicted in intubated comatose tricyclic antidepressant-poisoned patients?

Context. It has been stated that the level of consciousness at presentation is the most sensitive clinical predictor of dysrhythmia and seizure in patients with tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) overdose. Objective. To assess the prognostic value of the clinical characteristics and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters in intubated comatose TCA-poisoned patients for predicting death. Materials and methods. In this retrospective, unmatched case-control study – conducted in Loghman-Hakim Poison Hospital in Tehran, Iran, between March 2005 and September 2010 – the medical charts of 25 non-survived (cases) and 72 survived (controls) TCA-poisoned patients, initially presenting with deep coma (GCS ≤ 8) and being intubated before or after hospital presentation, were evaluated. Exclusion criteria were multiple drug ingestion, head trauma, underlying heart diseases, history of previous convulsive disorders, and late death. Age, gender, specific TCA ingested, manner of poisoning, time between ingestion and presentation, occurrence of seizure, and the patient's initial emergency department vital signs were extracted and recorded. The first 12-lead ECG performed after hospital presentation was evaluated. Results. Ten cases and none of the controls had advanced ECG changes (ventricular fibrillation, torsades des pointes, or asystole). Using a logistic regression model, from variables with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (i.e. ingestion of nortriptyline and amitriptyline, pulse and respiratory rates at presentation, occurrence of seizure [before and after presentation or both], height of R wave in lead aVR, T40-ms frontal plane QRS axis, and occurrence of premature ventricular contraction), only seizure after hospital presentation reached significance regarding prediction of death (OR = 40.88; 95% CI = 9.93–168.39; p < 0.001). Conclusion. Neither ECG parameters nor clinical characteristics of the intubated comatose patients with TCA toxicity predicts death in patients who had not died due to the secondary causes. The only prognostic indicator of death in such patients is seizure after hospital presentation.     

Coverage of coma in headlines of US newspapers from 2001 through 2005

OBJECTIVE: To review journalists' preferences and accuracy in reporting comatose states. METHODS: Using the Lexis-Nexis database, we selected newspaper headlines from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2005, that included the words coma, comatose, unconsciousness, vegetative state, awakening, and brain dead. RESULTS: We identified 340 stories by headlines. The median age of persons in coma was 26 years. Coma cases in men were twice as common as those in women. In 71% of coma cases, the cause of coma was associated with motor vehicle crashes or violence. Persistent vegetative state was reported in 25 articles (7%), frequently when a family or physician conflict emerged. In 33 stories (10%), coma was medically induced but not mentioned in the headline. Three "miracle" recoveries involved resumption of speech in patients in a minimally conscious state. CONCLUSION: Few news reports had gross inaccuracies or misrepresentations; however, definitional difficulties of unconscious states with the reporters remain. The reporting of coma may be biased toward violence and trauma. Medically induced coma was present in 1 of 10 reports but rarely mentioned in the headline.     

75岁以上老年人急性硬膜下血肿近期预后相关因素的分析

目的探讨75岁以上急性硬膜下血肿(ASDH)患者近期预后的影响因素.方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年12月福建医科大学附属第二医院神经外科106例75岁以上ASDH患者的临床资料及预后情况,对入院格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、合并脑挫裂伤、血肿侧别、血肿厚度、中线偏移、脑疝、环池状态等指标行单因素分析,对有意义的指标再行Logistic多因素分析.结果入院GCS评分低于8分患者预后不良率为87.1%,合并脑疝的患者预后不良率为95.0%.单因素分析显示,血肿厚度与预后无明显相关性(P>0.05).入院GCS评分、合并脑挫裂伤、血肿侧别、血肿厚度、中线偏移、脑疝、环池状态与近期预后发生具有相关性(P<0.05).Logistic多因素分析显示,入院GCS评分、环池状态对近期预后的影响有明显统计学意义(P<0.05),两者Wald值分别为6.518、11.616,表明两者对近期预后影响最大.结论75岁以上AS-DH患者近期预后为多因素影响的结果.入院GCS评分和环池状态对近期预后影响最大,入院GCS评分≤8分、环池闭塞是预后不良的重要预测因素.     

Effectiveness of direct and non‐direct auditory stimulation on coma arousal after traumatic brain injury

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of direct and non‐direct auditory stimulation on arousal in coma patients with severe traumatic brain injury and to compare the effects of direct vs. non‐direct auditory stimulation. A crossover intervention study design was used. Nine participants who were comatose after a severe traumatic brain injury underwent direct and non‐direct auditory stimulation. Direct auditory stimulation requires a higher level of interpersonal interaction between the patient and stimuli such as voices of family members, orientation by a nurse or family member and familiar music. In contrast, non‐direct auditory stimuli were characterized as more general, less familiar, less interactive, indirect and not lively such as general music and TV sounds. Participants received both direct and non‐direct auditory stimulation in randomized order for 15 minutes. Recovery of consciousness was measured with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Sensory Stimulation Assessment Measure (SSAM). The Friedman test with post hoc analysis by Wilcoxon's signed‐rank test comparisons was used for data analysis. Patients who received both direct and non‐direct auditory stimulation exhibited significantly increased GCS (p = 0.008) and SSAM scores (p = 0.008) over baseline. The improvement in SSAM scores after direct auditory stimulation was significantly greater than that after non‐direct auditory stimulation (p = 0.021), but there was no statistically significant difference in GCS scores (p = 0.139). Auditory stimulation, in particular direct auditory stimulation, might be useful for improving the recovery of consciousness and increasing the arousal of comatose patients. The SSAM is more useful for detecting subtle changes from stimulation intervention than the GCS.     

Prognosis in Patients Presenting with Non-Traumatic Coma

Background: Studies of patients presenting with coma are limited, and little is known about the prognosis of these cases. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and long-term prognosis after an episode of non-traumatic coma. Methods: Adults admitted consecutively to an emergency department in Stockholm, Sweden between February 2003 and May 2005 with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 10 or below were enrolled prospectively. All available data were used to explore the cause of the impaired consciousness on admission. Patients surviving hospitalization were followed-up for 2 years regarding survival. Results: The final study population of 865 patients had the following eight different coma etiologies: poisoning (n = 329), stroke (n = 213), epilepsy (n = 113), circulatory failure (n = 60), infection (n = 56), metabolic disorder (n = 44), respiratory insufficiency (n = 33), and intracranial malignancy (n = 17). The hospital mortality rate among the 865 patients was 26.5%, varying from 0.9% for epilepsy to 71.7% for circulatory failure. The accumulated total 2-year mortality rate was 43.0%, varying from 13.7% for poisoning to 88.2% for malignancy. The level of consciousness on admission also influenced the prognosis: a GCS score of 3–6 was associated with a significantly higher hospital mortality rate than a GCS score of 7–10. Conclusion: The prognosis in patients presenting with non-traumatic coma is serious and depends largely on both the level of consciousness on admission and the etiology of the coma. Adding the suspected coma etiology to the routine coma grading of these emergencies may more accurately predict their prognosis.     

Prehospital deaths in the Yorkshire Health Region.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of prehospital deaths in a British population of trauma victims which may be preventable, and to investigate the effect of death at the scene and death in transit on potential survivorship. METHODS: Blinded review, by four specialists with an interest in trauma, of necropsy results and details of age, sex, and mechanism of injury for prehospital trauma deaths in the Yorkshire Health Region in a 12 month period. RESULTS: Complete records were traced on 305 of 337 trauma deaths, 190 being recorded as dead on arrival of emergency services and 115 dead on arrival at hospital. In the group declared dead at the scene, three of the four assessors considered 93% of deaths to have been inevitable and only 2% as potential survivors (25% of this group sustaining inevitably fatal injuries such as brain avulsion or decapitation). In the group dead on arrival 81% were felt to be inevitable deaths and 5% potential survivors. CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be less scope for salvage of victims of trauma death in a British population than has been recorded in America, possibly due to a higher proportion of blunt trauma deaths here. Those who die in transit consist of a less severely injured group with a higher potential for survival.     

颅脑损伤昏迷病人院前救护程序改进的效果观察

目的探讨改良颅脑损伤昏迷病人院前急救护理程序的效果。方法按颅脑损伤昏迷病人救护车出诊先后顺序编号，单号为观察组60例，双号为对照组59例。观察组实施改良的救护程序：第1步先进行快速护理诊断，根据GCS昏迷评分标准确定昏迷等级；第2步保持呼吸道和静脉通道有效开放；第3步测定瞳孔、脉搏、血压、呼吸、血氧饱和度，为进一步采取急救措施提供依据；第4步，应对措施处于预启动状态，包括心肺复苏、抗休克、伤口处理、头部CT检查和术前准备，形成院前救护-CT室一手术室的绿色通道。对照组实施常规急救护理流程。比较两组接到“120”呼救电话至气管插管、头部CT检查、入手术室时间，两组术后3d内意识进展情况、并发症发生率和死亡率。结果与对照组比较，观察组接到呼救电话至入手术室时间、至头部CT检查时间、至气管插管／气管切开时间均较对照组提前（P〈0．05）；术后3d内意识好转、意识恢复率提高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），2周内并发症的发生率和死亡率明显降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论改良院前救护程序能有效缩短颅脑损伤昏迷病人的院前急救时间，是减少并发症及死亡率的有效急救护理措施。     

The use of benchmarking to identify top performing critical care units: a preliminary assessment of their policies and practices

PURPOSE: To describe the policies and practices of intensive care units (ICUs) with good patient survival and highly efficient resource use and to identify relevant variables for future investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used clinical data for 359,715 patients from 108 ICUs to compare the ratios of actual with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III predicted hospital mortality, ICU and hospital stay, and the proportion of low-risk monitor patients. The best performing ICUs (top 10%) were defined by a mortality ratio of 1.0 or less, and either the lowest ratio for ICU stay, hospital stay, or percentage of low-risk monitor patients. The medical and nursing directors of top performing ICUs completed a questionnaire to describe their unit's structure policies and practices. RESULTS: Among the 108 ICUs, 61 (56%) had a ratio of actual to predicted hospital mortality of 1.0 or less and the best performing units had ICU stay ratios of 0.62 to 0.79, hospital stay ratios of 0.73 to 0.77, and admitted 10% to 38% low-risk monitor patients. ICU structure varied among the best performing ICUs. Units with the shortest ICU and hospital stay had alternatives to intensive care, methods to facilitate patient throughput, used multiple protocols for high-volume diagnoses and care processes, and continuously monitored resource use. Units with the fewest low-risk monitor patients screened potential admissions, had intermediate care areas, extended-stay recovery rooms, and care pathways for high-volume diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Benchmarking can be used to identify ICUs with good patient survival and highly efficient resource use. The combination of policies and practices used by these units might improve resource use in other ICUs.     

Hospital mortality among poisoned patients presenting unconscious

Objectives. The hospital mortality from acute poisoning in the western world is approximately 0.6%. However, this figure is based on series of consecutive cases, including mild intoxications. The aim of this paper was to investigate the mortality among poisoned patients with CNS depression on admission. Design. This report is based on two case series. One observational study of 352 prospectively included cases of poisoning with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score ≤?10 at presentation during the 2-year-period 2003–2005, and one retrospective review of all poisonings admitted to a hospital in Stockholm 2009–2011. Results. The observational study showed a hospital mortality rate of 2.8%. Nine of the 10 fatalities had a GCS score below 7 on admission. The more recent retrospective review consisted of 1314 cases of poisoning of whom 419 (32%) had a GCS score ≤?10 on admission. The hospital mortality among these 419 cases was 2.4%. All 10 deaths in this cohort had a GCS score below 7 at presentation. The subgroup of patients pooled from both case series with a GCS score of 3–6 (n =?444) had a mortality rate of 4.3%. Conclusions. Based on the findings in this report, and on a literature search, about 30% of hospitalized poisonings have a significant CNS depression on admission. Based on our experience, cases of poisoning with a GCS score of 7–10 on admission do not seem to have a worse prognosis than poisonings in general. However, cases of poisoning presenting with deeper coma (GCS score 3–6) have a mortality rate approximately seven times higher than the overall hospital mortality from acute poisoning.