白城地区市售淡水鱼华支睾吸虫感染情况调查

[目的]了解白城地区华支睾吸虫第二中间宿主感染情况。[方法]分别从白城地区大安市、白城市和镇赉县市场购买麦穗鱼、船丁鱼、鲫鱼,草鱼、鲤鱼、鲶鱼、胖头鱼、黑鱼、河虾,采用压片法显微镜下镜检,每种鱼检出囊蚴的放在一起,采用胃蛋白酶消化法进行消化,并计算每种鱼的囊蚴感染率和每种鱼平均每100克鱼肉的囊蚴数及其成熟情况。[结果]麦穗鱼、船丁鱼、鲫鱼、草鱼检出华支睾吸虫囊蚴,检出的囊蚴感染率和平均每100g的数量为:麦穗鱼33.3%,720个;船丁鱼29.6%,365个;鲫鱼10.0%,106个;草鱼8.5%,87个。成熟囊蚴所占的比率为84.9%~91.7%。[结论]白城地区市售淡水鱼中可检出华支睾吸虫囊蚴,仍应加强华支睾吸虫方面的控制和宣传教育工作。     

广州市区集贸市场淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染调查

目的了解广州市区集贸市场淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴的感染状况,为华支睾吸虫病的预防和宣教工作提供依据。方法从广州市区不同方位随机抽取五个市场,每个市场购买市民经常食用的淡水鱼进行检测,包括:鲩鱼、鲮鱼、鳙鱼、鲫鱼各10条,取肌肉、鳃、鳞、鳍等部位总共200个样本。采用人工消化法检查华支睾吸虫囊蚴。结果华支睾吸虫囊蚴阳性5例,感染率为2.50%,其中以鲩鱼(4.00%)、鳙鱼(6.00%)为主,肌肉刚性率最高。结论广州市区集贸市场淡水鱼仍有华支睾吸虫囊蚴的感染,对华支睾吸虫防治应予高度重视。     

深圳市南山区食用淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况调查

目的了解深圳市南山区食用淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况,为疾病控制部门采取预防措施提供参考资料.方法取6种常见淡水鱼鱼肉,采用直接压片法和人工消化法检查囊蚴,再将囊蚴感染家兔进一步确证.结果共采集标本336份,其中白鲩(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)116条,鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)82条,鲈鱼(Percocypris pingi)72条,鳊鱼(Parabramis pkinesis)28条,鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)25条,鲢鱼(Hypophthalmictuthys molitrix)13条,大多数来自本地养殖场,但也有少数淡水鱼从中山、广州、东莞等地运来.结果发现所有该市产的淡水鱼均未检出华支睾吸虫囊蚴,而在来自中山的1条白鲩中,共查出囊蚴1 440个,阳性鱼感染度为7.1个/g,总体感染率为0.3%.结论深圳市本地产食用淡水鱼均未受华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染,但少数来自周边地区的淡水鱼仍有感染.     

广西横县集贸市场淡水鱼虾华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染调查

目的了解广西横县集贸市场食用淡水鱼虾华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况,为采取预防措施提供参考资料。方法取6种常见淡水鱼鱼肉和淡水虾,采用直接压片法和人工消化法检查囊蚴,再将囊蚴感染家兔进一步确证。结果共采集标本651份,其中白鲩116条,鲫鱼82条,鲈鱼72条,鳊鱼28条,鲤鱼25条,鲢鱼13条,315只淡水虾,大多数来自本地养殖场,但也有少数淡水鱼虾从贵港、南宁等地运来。结果发现感染华支睾吸虫囊蚴的鱼21条,感染率6.25%。淡水虾未检出华支睾吸虫囊蚴。在来自贵港的1条白鲩中,共查出囊蚴1 440个,阳性鱼感染度为7.1个/g,总体感染率为3.2%。结论本地市场食用淡水鱼有华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染,而且感染率比较高,要增强疾病控制部门的监管预防措施。     

2008年惠州市2种淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况调查

[目的]了解目前惠州地区常见食用淡水鱼华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况。[方法]2008年,从惠州地区所辖惠东县、惠阳市采集鲩鱼和鳙鱼,用人工消化法检查鱼肉中华支睾吸虫囊蚴。[结果]检查鲩鱼287条,华支睾吸虫囊蚴阳性率为11．85％,阳性鱼囊蚴平均感染度为15．76个／尾;检查鳙鱼299条,华支睾吸虫囊蚴阳性率为1.67％,阳性鱼囊蚴平均感染度为1．60个／尾。[结论]惠州地区淡水鱼中存在一定程度的华支睾吸虫感染,鲩鱼的感染情况较鳙鱼严重。     

桐庐县淡水鱼华支睾吸虫感染现状调查

目的 了解桐庐县淡水鱼华支睾吸虫感染现状,为预防华支睾吸虫病健康教育提供依据.方法 取桐庐县二大水系3个乡镇捕获的淡水鱼,采用鱼肉压片法进行解剖检查和显微镜鉴定华支睾吸虫囊蚴.结果 检测淡水鱼248尾,检出华支睾吸虫囊蚴14尾,感染率为5.65%;其中以桐君街道捕获的淡水鱼感染率最高为10.47%;富春江镇和分水镇分别为3.85%和2.38%.在捕获的淡水鱼中以麦穗鱼感染率最高为7.34%;其次为石斑鱼和柳条鱼,感染率分别为5.56%和3.23%.结论 二大水系中的淡水鱼存在一定程度的华支睾吸虫感染,其中以麦穗鱼感染率最高.     

武昌区市售淡水鱼类华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况的初步调查

目的　调查武昌区市售淡水鱼类华支睾吸虫囊蚴的感染情况。方法　取武昌区市售的淡水鱼类 ,用直接压片法和人工消化法检查囊蚴。结果　所查样品华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率为 35 .6 %。结论　武昌区市售淡水鱼类有较高的华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率 ,应采取相应预防措施     

广西横县集贸市场淡水鱼虾华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染调查

目的了解广西横县集贸市场食用淡水鱼虾华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况,为疾病控制部门采取预防措施提供参考资料。方法取6种常见淡水鱼鱼肉和淡水虾,采用直接压片法和人工消化法检查囊蚴,再将囊蚴感染家兔进一步确证。结果共采集标本651份,其中白鲩116条,鲫鱼82条,鲈鱼72条,蝙鱼28条,鲤鱼25条,鲢鱼13条,315只淡水虾,大多数来自本地养殖场,但也有少数淡水鱼虾从贵港、南宁等地运来。结果发现感染华支睾吸虫囊蚴的鱼21条,感染率6．25％。淡水虾未检出华支睾吸虫囊蚴。在来自贵港的1条白鲩中,共查出囊蚴1440个,阳性鱼感染度为7．1个／g,总体感染率为3．2％。结论广西横县市场食用淡水鱼受华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染,而且感染率比较高,要增强疾病控制部门的监管预防措施。     

武昌区市售淡水鱼类化支睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况的初步调查

目的：调查武昌区市售淡水鱼类华支睾吸虫囊蚴的感染情况，方法：取武昌区市售的淡水鱼类，用直接压片法和人工消化法检查囊蚴。结果：所查样品华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率为35．6％。结论：武昌区市售淡水鱼类有较高的华支睾吸虫囊蚴感染率，应采取相应预防措施。     

白城地区市售淡水鱼东方次睾吸虫感染情况调查

目的了解白城地区东方次睾吸虫第二中间宿主感染情况。方法分别从白城地区大安市、白城市和镇赉县市场购买麦穗鱼、船丁鱼、鲫鱼，草鱼、鲤鱼、鲶鱼、胖头鱼、黑鱼、河虾，采用压片法显微镜下镜检，每种鱼检出囊蚴的放在一起，采用胃蛋白酶消化法进行消化，并计算每种鱼的囊蚴感染率和每种鱼平均每100g鱼肉的囊蚴数及其成熟情况。结果麦穗鱼、船丁鱼、鲫鱼、草鱼检出东方次睾吸虫囊蚴，检出的囊蚴感染率和平均每100g的数量为：麦穗鱼40％，760个；船丁鱼36％，465个；鲫鱼10．0％，126个；草鱼9．5％，97个。成熟囊蚴所占的比率为89．7％～92．2％。结论白城地区市售淡水鱼中可检出东方次睾吸虫囊蚴，应加强东方次睾吸虫方面的控制和宣传教育工作。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.