听力障碍儿童到成人的内源性和外源性注意发展

目的:通过展开听力障碍儿童到成人的视觉注意发展研究,考察听力障碍是否会引起注意机制的改变.方法:采用瑞文标准推理测验排除智力障碍,将受试分成两组:听力障碍组(10～12岁儿童11名、14～16岁青少年15名、成人15名)和听力正常组(10～12岁儿童12名、14～16岁青少年16名、成人15名),采用DMDX系统呈现实验材料,并记录受试完成视觉注意任务的反应时和准确率.结果:10～12岁儿童受试的反应时长于14～16岁青少年受试和成人受试[(925.2±277.2)vs(784.7±240.4),(764.2±197.2);均P<0.05];组内变量线索的有效性主效应显著,被试对有效线索提示的反应快于无效线索的反应[(762.8±164.0)vs(849.1±238.6),P<0.001].结论:听力障碍改变了个体的视觉注意技能,但是听力障碍受试和听力正常受试在内源性和外源性注意方面表现一样,听力障碍并没有影响到个体的注意机制的发展.     

听力障碍儿童篇章阅读的眼动特征

目的考察听力障碍儿童与正常小学四、六年级儿童在基线、标记策略提示、图示策略提示和提纲策略提示阅读下的眼动特征。方法运用眼动实验法,采用3(被试类别)×4(阅读提示策略)混合实验设计,分层抽取被试各12人共36人。结果听力障碍儿童、正常四年级儿童、正常六年级儿童在4种阅读策略提示下阅读理解眼动注视次数、注视时间、注视频率的被试类别主效应不显著,阅读提示策略主效应均显著(F=6.507,df=2.260,P=0.0020.01;F=6.402,df=2.122,P=0.001;F=4.125,Ed=19.000,P=0.0210.05)策略间交互作用不显著。结论听力障碍儿童和听力正常儿童在注视次数、注视时间、注视频率上无显著差异;听力障碍儿童和听力正常儿童在提纲策略提示和图片策略提示阅读上的眼动特征显著好于基线和标记策略提示阅读;听力障碍儿童在4种阅读提示策略下的注视次数、注视时间、注视频率表现出一定的序列效应。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童图形和汉字的视觉加工特点

目的:考察汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童图形和汉字的视觉辨识能力,探索其视觉加工特点.方法:采用病例对照设计,根据ICD-10诊断标准筛选出53名阅读障碍儿童,按照年龄、性别、家庭一般状况等匹配条件,按1:1的比例选择同班级53名正常儿童为对照组.根据汉字特点,采用人机对话的方式.比较两组儿童完成图形视觉加工任务和汉字视觉加工任务的正确率和平均反应时.结果:图形视觉辨别任务显示:阅读障碍儿童正确率为(0.78±0.10),正常儿童正确率为(0.81±0.08);阅读障碍儿童平均反应时为(2494.42±488.23)ms,正常儿童为(2358.59 ± 593.48)ms,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).汉字视觉辨别任务显示:阅读障碍儿童正确率为(0.96±0.04),正常儿童为(0.96±0.04),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);阅读障碍儿童平均反应时[(1715.21±343.76) ms]有长于正常儿童[(1598.72±318.03)ms]的趋势(P=0.073).结论:视觉加工能力对汉语儿童的阅读能力有一定的影响,但不够显著,视觉加工能力可能只是汉字识别的必要条件,而非充分条件.     

震后创伤后应激障碍青少年与正常青少年价值驱动注意捕获的差异

目的:探讨震区创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)青少年与正常青少年价值驱动注意捕获的差异。方法:采用创伤后应激检查表(PCL-C)筛选出PTSD青少年28人作为实验组,同时按照年龄和性别匹配出28名正常青少年作为对照组,两组被试分别完成视觉搜索任务。结果:(1)训练阶段,所有青少年在高奖赏条件下的反应时[(710±74)ms]短于低奖赏条件下的反应时[(748±81)ms],并且差异具有统计学意义(F=30.077,P0.001);PTSD青少年的反应时[(719±88)ms]短于正常青少年的反应时[(739±64)ms],但差异不具有统计学意义(F=1.078,P0.05);(2)测试阶段,所有青少年在高奖赏条件下的反应时[(867±121)ms]均长于低奖赏条件下的反应时[(835±110)ms]和无奖赏条件下的反应时[(837±114)ms],并且差异具有统计学意义(F=18.004,P0.001);PTSD青少年的反应时[(830±118)ms]短于正常青少年的反应时[(862±111)ms],但差异不具有统计学意义(F=1.706,P0.05)。结论:震区创伤后应激障碍青少年存在价值驱动注意捕获。     

情绪及情绪调节策略对认知灵活性的影响

目的:考察不同情绪以及情绪调节策略对于被试认知灵活性的影响。方法:采用情绪调节问卷筛选出不同情绪调节策略的62名大学生作为被试。为启动对应情绪,随机分配每位被试观看积极、消极或者中性影片片段;之后要求58名情绪已启动的被试执行包括保持和转换两个阶段的数字分类任务。保持阶段要求被试对特定颜色的靶数字反应,同时忽略其他颜色的数字;转换阶段要求被试对其他颜色的靶数字反应,而原先的靶数字的颜色则作为分心数字的颜色。保持结束阶段与转换开始阶段的反应时之差为即为转换损失,作为表现认知灵活性的因变量。结果:不同情绪启动下被试的转换损失存在显著差异(F=3.474,P=0.038);积极情绪与消极情绪(P=0.031)、中性情绪(P=0.023)均存在显著差异,但消极情绪条件与中性条件(P=0.882)的差异不显著。情绪调节策略在转换损失上的差异不显著(F=0.562,P=0.457),情绪调节策略和启动情绪类型的交互作用也不显著(F=0.352,P=0.705)。结论:相比于消极和中性情绪,积极情绪能显著提高被试的认知灵活性;而认知重评和表达抑制这两种情绪调节策略对认知灵活性的影响并不存在显著差异。     

睡眠剥夺对词汇背景记忆的影响

目的:探讨睡眠剥夺对于背景记忆的影响。方法:将32名青年被试随机分为四组,分别为剥夺睡眠21小时、45小时、69小时和正常对照组,每组被试8名。正常对照组在早8:00,进行测试;睡眠剥夺组自第一天早7:00进入实验室开始剥夺睡眠,分别在第2天、第3天和第4天凌晨4:00离开实验室。测试为词汇背景记忆测验,通过按键反应,要求被试首先再认是否为旧词,再判断旧词的颜色。结果:除45小时组和69小时组漏过率外,同一组内背景记忆成绩低于再认(P<0.05);剥夺45小时后,与对照组比再认正确率下降(80.26±7.14/92.60±4.31,F=44.213,P=0.000)、漏过率增加(10.44±3.01/3.60±0.58,F=13.667,P=0.000)、反应时延长(0.71±0.25/0.65±0.16,F=22.315,P=0.000);而SD21后,与对照组比背景记忆正确率下降(62.23±7.71/80.10±8.21,F=31.54,P=0.027)、漏过率增加(9.69±3.11/5.83±2.47,F=3.712,P=0.028)、反应时延长(0.93±0.18/0.89±0.24,F=3.093,P=0.027)。结论:睡眠剥夺后再认和背景记忆成绩下降,并随睡眠剥夺时间的延长成绩下降更加明显;睡眠剥夺对背景记忆的影响更大。     

强迫症患者GO/NOGO任务的事件相关电位研究

目的:探讨强迫症患者执行GO/NOGO任务时所诱发的事件相关电位(ERPs)特点,初步探讨GO/NOGO任务所诱发的ERP成分与脑反应抑制过程的关系.方法:记录22名强迫症患者和21名正常对照在执行线索引导的视觉GO/NOGO任务时诱发的ERPs.该任务序列包括400个刺激,需要被试作出反应的GO刺激及需要被试抑制反应的NOGO刺激各占10%.结果:强迫症患者在GO任务中的平均反应时长于正常对照组(351.0±56.8/307.1±53.5 ms,t=2.605,P=0.013),但反应错误数与正常对照组差异不显著(2.5±2.3/1.5±1.7,t=1.626,P=0.112).强迫症患者的GO-P3波幅与对照组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但NOGO-P3波幅在FZ、FCZ、FC3、FC4点较对照组降低(16.0±7.6/20.1±5.7,19.2±8.6/24.7±6.3,14.6±6.3/18.4±5.6,15.7±6.8/20.8±5.7,t=-2.01～-2.65,均P＜0.05),强迫症患者的GO/NOGO-P3潜伏期与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).强迫症患者颅脑电位分布范围小于正常对照,其中以NOGO任务额区脑电活动减弱为明显.结论:强迫症患者GO/NOGO任务所诱发的事件相关电位表现异常.NOGO-P3可能是反应额叶反应抑制过程的重要成分.     

面孔识别的意识加工和自动加工及其发展性

目的:区别面孔识别的意识加工和自动加工,探讨其发展机制。方法:39名儿童和大学生进行东西方面孔识别和面孔再认,应用加工分离程序(PDP)区分再认过程的意识加工和自动加工,记录其正确率和错误率,进行组间和组内效应检验。结果:(1)在分类正确率上,年龄主效应显著(F=5.744,P0.05);(2)在分类错误率上,本异族面孔差异主效应显著(F=59.117,P0.01);本异族面孔差异及年龄存在显著的交互作用(F=7.167,P0.01);(3)在意识性及自动性提取比例上,年龄主效应达显著水平(F=6.06,P0.05),意识性/自动性提取与本异族面孔差异之间交互作用显著(F=7.459,P0.05),年龄、本异族面孔及意识性/自动性提取三者交互作用达显著水平(F=4.647,P0.05);(4)儿童被试在加工异族面孔时意识性提取与自动提取呈正相关(r=0.568,P0.01)。结论:(1)支持面孔识别的特殊性发展理论;(2)知觉专家理论更适合解释儿童异族效应机制;(3)成人在对面孔深加工的前提下,双加工理论能较好地解释其异族效应的产生。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的内隐视觉空间注意特点

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童被动和主动内隐视觉空间注意特点.方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)ADHD诊断标准的儿童25例,以及性别、年龄与之匹配的正常儿童18名.分别测试反映被动内隐视觉空间注意的pop-out视觉搜索任务及反映主动内隐视觉空间注意的线索-目标视觉搜索任务,比较两组反应时(RT)、正确率和个体内反应时标准差(ISD).结果:Pop-out视觉搜索任务中,ADHD儿童[(637.4±132.0) ms vs.(626.3±125.0) ms]和正常儿童[(635.5±131.1) ms vs.(626.6±138.5) ms]对左视野目标反应时均长于右视野(均P＜0.05),但是两组之间反应时、总体正确率差异无统计学意义(均P ＞0.05);正常儿童左视野正确率低于右视野[(92.3±9.4)％ vs.(94.5±8.1)％,P＜0.01],而ADHD儿童左右视野正确率差异无统计学意义[(91.9±7.4)％ vs.(90.7±7.5)％,P＞0.05],ADHD儿童ISD大于正常儿童[(185.4±48.0) ms vs.(137.5±36.7) ms,P＜0.01].线索-目标任务中,ADHD儿童和正常儿童对左视野的目标反应时均长于右视野[ADHD组,(641.1 ±94.2) ms vs.(629.1 ±83.1)ms;正常对照组,(626.3±128.6) ms vs.(614.9±133.1)ms;均P＜0.05],且线索提示有效目标反应时短于线索提示无效[ADHD组,(627.6±89.4) msvs.(654.3±84.6)ms,P＜0.01;正常对照组,(615.4±132.5) ms vs.(627.3 ±127.5) ms,P＜0.01];两组之间反应时和正确率差异无统计学意义,ADHD儿童ISD大于正常儿童[(200.1±46.8) ms vs.(147.8±32.8)ms,P=0.05].结论:与正常儿童相比,ADHD儿童无论是被动还是主动内隐视觉空间注意,其注意力状态均不稳定,波动性增大,注意力维持困难.     

手机依赖的大学生的情绪觉察特点

目的:调查手机依赖的大学生的情绪觉察特点,为未来手机依赖干预提供建议。方法:使用手机成瘾倾向量表(MPATS)对548名大学生进行施测,结合聚类分析和高低于平均数一个标准差的标准筛选出手机依赖组和非手机依赖组各40人。使用视觉搜索任务比较两组对愉悦、中性和悲伤表情面孔觉察的反应时间和正确率。结果:当呈现相同表情面孔时,面孔数量主效应有统计学意义[F(1,468)=11.26,P0.01],4个面孔的觉察速度快于8个面孔的觉察速度[(1079.1±187.9)ms vs.(1139.2±202.7)ms];当呈现的面孔图片不同时,表情面孔类型主效应有统计学意义[F(1,312)=10.30,P0.01],悲伤表情的觉察快于愉悦表情的觉察[(941.0±168.5)ms vs.(997.8±152.7)ms]。表情类型和被试分组的交互作用有统计学意义[F(1,312)=16.55,P0.01],手机依赖组对悲伤情绪的识别快于非手机依赖组[(975.5±112.4)ms vs(906.4±126.5)ms,P0.05]。结论:手机依赖大学生对悲伤表情面孔觉察较快,其对愉悦和悲伤情绪的搜索是系列搜索。     

609例听力残疾与听力康复状况分析

目的：通过对参与评残资料较为完整的609例听力残疾状况分析,了解掌握听力残疾者现状,便于针对性的进行听力康复指导。方法收集听力残疾者的相关数据,主要致残原因等,采用GSI原61诊断型听力计,对听力残疾者进行纯音测听,按0.5、1.0、2.0、4kHz均值进行残疾评定,并根据听力残疾者状况给予相应的听力康复指导建议。结果609例中,听力残疾：一级393例(64.5%);二级104例(17.1%);三级81例(13.3%);四级31例(5.1%)。结论本组听力残疾者以一级残疾为多占64.5%,多数患者因听力损失较重而失去了听力康复机会,因此早期发现和诊断,早期听力补修,早期训练的三早原则是听力残疾者康复的重要保证。     

Factors Influencing Hearing Aid Adoption in Patients With Hearing Loss in Korea

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to identify differences in the characteristics of adopters and non-adopters of hearing aids (HAs); and 2) to investigate factors influencing the purchase of HA.MethodsThis study was conducted among 1,464 subjects (818 male and 646 female) with hearing loss. A national face-to-face survey was performed from August 2019 to October 2020 by otologists or HA experts. The questionnaire consisted of three domains: demographic, audiological, and HA-related domains. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for degree of hearing loss.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 70.4 ± 12.2 years. Of the 1,464 respondents, 1,190 (81.3%) had already purchased HA. We identified educational level, household income, hearing loss period, place of HA purchase, and government HA assistance program status as factors influencing HA adoption. Among these factors, third party reimbursement was the most important factor affecting HA purchase intent. The main reasons for not adopting HA were feeling that their hearing was adequate, inability to afford HA, and perceptions that HA are uncomfortable.ConclusionVarious factors are involved in the purchase of HA, but disabled registration status and third party reimbursement were identified as the most critical factors. In the future, the government should take a more active role in increasing the distribution of HA to patients with hearing loss.     

Hearing and Speech Perception for People With Hearing Loss Using Personal Sound Amplification Products

BackgroundHearing loss (HL) is the most common chronic disease and has been linked to negative health outcomes. Hearing aids (HAs) are regarded as the gold standard for HL management, however, the adoption rate of HAs is relatively low for various reasons. With this background, hearing devices, such as personal sound amplification products (PSAPs) received significant attention as an alternative to conventional HAs. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of PSAPs in patients with mild to moderately severe HL.MethodsNineteen patients with mild hearing loss (MHL), 23 with moderate hearing loss (MDHL), and 15 with moderately severe hearing loss (MSHL) participated in the study. Electroacoustic analysis, simulated real-ear measurements (REMs), and three clinical evaluations were implemented.ResultsAll devices satisfied the electroacoustic tolerances. All devices provided sufficient gain for MHL and MDHL audiograms. However, in MSHL audiogram, the gains of PSAPs were insufficient, especially for high frequencies. In terms of clinical evaluations, sound-field audiometry showed significant improvements between aided and unaided thresholds in all groups for all devices (P < 0.001). Significant improvements of word recognition scores were only shown for HAs between aided and unaided conditions. The Korean version of the Hearing In Noise Test did not show any consistent findings for all devices and groups.ConclusionCertain PSAPs are beneficial for improving hearing and speech perception in patients with HL. Well-chosen PSAPs could be an alternative hearing rehabilitation option for these patients.     

What is “Acute Hearing”? Measures of the Frequency-Resolving Power of Hearing

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology - The current levels of development of diagnostic methods for the sensitivity and frequency resolving power (FRP) of hearing are significantly different....     

新生儿聋病易感基因筛查的现状与展望

新生儿聋病易感基因在先天性感音神经性聋的发病因素中占很大比例,对其探索和研究工作具有重要的临床意义。笔者就当前我国新生儿聋病易感基因的筛查及其与先天性感音神经性聋发病关系的主要相关性研究进行综述。     

Hearing Preservation Following Repeated Adenovector Delivery

Factors influencing the damage to the inner ear can include the surgical approach used for vector delivery, the volume of vector used, the buffer that the vector is suspended in as well as the host response to the vector capsid and vector genes that are transferred. We evaluated the effect of Ad5 capsid adenovectors on hearing function after delivery to the perilymph of adult C57Bl/6 mice. Hearing was evaluated before surgery and 3 days post-surgery by auditory brain stem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). A second group of mice underwent repeated delivery of adenovector two times to determine if a preliminary exposure to an Ad vector could induce an inflammatory response leading to further loss. The first adenovector (Ad.11D.LacZ) was delivered to the posterior semicircular canal or via round window. In the second surgery, a second adenovector (Ad.11D.gfp) was delivered to the horizontal semicircular canal. The functional outcome was tested prior, 7 days post first vector delivery, and 3 days post second vector delivery via ABR and DPOAE. Dual delivery via the semicircular canals resulted in preservation of hearing suggesting that pre-exposure to Ad5 capsid does not predispose to hearing loss. Delivery to the round window resulted in hearing loss that was worsened after the second vector delivery, suggesting that delivery route and prior injury to the inner ear rather than the repetition of delivery predisposes to further hearing loss. Anat Rec, 303:600–607, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy     

Social Skills in the Hearing Impaired

Assessed the social skills of hearing-impaired 6- to 17-year-olds in four studies. Measures included the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The CBCL Aggressive and Social Withdrawal subscales were consistent predictors of scores on the MESSY Inappropriate Assertiveness/Impulsiveness subscale. Significant differences were also observed between hearing and hearing-impaired students on measures of social withdrawal and aggression, although both groups were generally within the normal range. In addition, the CBCL Unpopular subscale was a significant predictor of scores on the MESSY Appropriate Social Skills subscale.     

Hearing loss in skeletal dysplasia patients

A hearing screening program was performed to determine the prevalence of hearing loss and abnormal tympanometry in individuals with short-stature skeletal dysplasias attending a national meeting. Behavioral audiometry, otoacoustic emission testing, and tympanometry were used to assess hearing. Failed hearing screen was defined as hearing ≥ 35 dB at one or more frequencies or by "fail" on otoacoustic emissions. One hundred ten of 112 subjects completed the screening. 58 (51.8%) were children. Seventy-three (65.2%) had achondroplasia, 34 (30.4%) had one of 11 other diagnoses, and 5(4.4%) were undiagnosed. 25.8% of children failed hearing screening in one or both ears, while 46.3% of adults failed in one or both ears. 55.1% of adults and 25.0% of children with achondroplasia failed screening. Abnormal hearing was also found in the some patients with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenital (SEDC; 75%), diastrophic dysplasia (66%), and Morquio (66%). Hearing was normal in those with hypochondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasia, and microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism. Tympanometry was abnormal in at least one ear in 53.3% of children and 38.5% of adults. Abnormal tympanometry in the absence of functioning tympanostomy tubes was associated with 9.5 greater odds of hearing loss in children and 2.8 greater odds of hearing loss in the total cohort. Only 3 (2.7%) respondents reported the use of hearing aids. Hearing loss and middle ear disease are common in both children and adults with skeletal dysplasia. Adults were more likely to fail hearing screening than children. Abnormal tympanometry is associated with hearing loss. Hearing screening with appropriate intervention is recommended for these patients.