DMFT, dmft and treatment requirements of schoolchildren in Asturias, Spain

An epidemiological survey was carried out in 1992 to study the dental health status of schoolchildren aged 6, 9 and 12 in Asturias, Spain. It focused on the caries prevalence, dmtf, DMFT, restoration indices and dental treatment needs of this population. A representative sample of 1839 subjects, randomly selected and proportionally assigned by age group (6, 9 and 12) with the classroom as the sample unit, was examined. Analysis of the data showed that in 6-year-old children the caries prevalence in primary teeth was 45.8%. The mean caries in-dices were 2.10 dmft and 0.25 DMFT. At 9 years old the prevalence of caries in primary teeth was 62.8% and in the permanent teeth 49.1%. The mean level of caries was 2.38 dmft and 1.50 DMFT. At 12 years old the caries prevalence in permanent teeth was 71% and in first molars 64.2%. The mean caries experienced was 3.30 DMFT. In all groups the D-component constituted the major part of the caries index. The results for girls were higher than for boys in almost all age groups. Surface fillings were the treatment most required in all age groups.     

Dental caries prevalence in Vietnamese children and teenagers in three London boroughs

Over one quarter of the 20,000 Vietnamese refugees resident in Britain live in the London boroughs of Lambeth, Lewisham and Southwark. Examination of 268 Vietnamese children showed a high caries rate in deciduous teeth and a low rate in permanent teeth. Five-year-olds had a mean dmft of 8.3 and none were caries free. The mean dmft was significantly related to the length of time the children had lived in Britain. Factors affecting the severity of dental caries in young Vietnamese children are discussed. Interviews with parents indicated that bottle feeding habits were being adopted for their children born in the UK. The results are compared with studies on Vietnamese refugees in other countries.     

Tooth and tooth surface survival rates in birth cohorts from 1965, 1970, 1975, and 1980 in Lahti, Finland

Differences in the tooth and tooth surface survival rates between four cohorts born in 1965, 1970, 1975, and 1980 were analysed in a historical cohort study including data on the permanent teeth of children aged 5–7 years at base-line and 19 years at the end of the study. A statistically signicant reduction in caries occurrence inssured surfaces in the three oldest cohorts was seen during the 3 years after the eruption of the teeth. Caries occurrence in the cohorts born in 1975 and 1980 did not differ from each other. The occurrence of caries in smooth surfaces was low in all age cohorts. Therefore, despite a systematic decrease in caries occurrence towards the younger cohorts, no signicant differences were found between the cohorts in smooth surface decay. After the 3 first posteruptive years, practically no differences in survival rates between the cohorts were observed. In the two youngest cohorts, thegures during the 3 first years after eruption did not differ from thegures for the later years. Throughout the study, caries occurrence was symmetric and no gender differences were observed. No postponement of decay was found by the end of the follow-up time.     

100例6岁儿童乳牙患龋与第一恒磨牙患龋关系的研究

目的 探讨乳牙患龋与第一恒磨牙患龋之间的相关性。方法 参照WH0龋齿调查标准，对100例6岁儿童进行龋齿检查，数据用SAS软件作统计学分析。结果 Fisher检验表明，6岁儿童乳牙患龋与第一恒磨牙患龋之间有联系；乳牙龋均与第一恒磨牙龋均呈正相关，r＝0．5629，统计学上均具有显著性差异。结论 儿童乳牙患龋经历可作为预测恒牙患龋的重要参考因素之一。临床及预防工作中，对乳牙多发龋的儿童应加强治疗及恒牙龋的预防。     

南京市区一年级儿童乳牙龋病流行状况及影响因素分析

目的：调查南京市区一年级儿童乳牙龋病患病现状并分析其相关影响因素。方法：随机抽取南京市620名一年级儿童进行口腔健康检查,并对其父母进行问卷调查,分析儿童乳牙龋齿状况与问卷调查内容的相关性。结果：一年级儿童乳牙总患龋率和龋均分别为69.19％和3.64,乳牙充填率为9.67％。多元线性回归分析显示刷牙时间、饮用碳酸饮料、甜点、糖果巧克力与儿童乳牙患龋有关。结论：南京市一年级儿童乳牙患龋情况较严重,充填率低,应加强龋病的防治工作,强调学校与父母一同开展口腔健康教育。     

Prevalence of dental caries and caries-related risk factors in premature and term children

This study evaluated the prevalence of enamel defects and dental caries and their risk factors on primary and permanent dentitions of prematurely-born children and term children. Eighty children were examined, 40 born prematurely (G1) and 40 born term (G2), in the age group between 5 and 10 years. The demographic variables, medical history and oral health behaviors were recorded on a questionnaire. The teeth were examined for presence of deficiencies of the enamel and caries that were registered. The caries were registered, focusing on the indices dmft (decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth) and DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth). The results showed that 75% of the total sample had enamel defects. The logistic regression model showed that other risk factors such as per capita family income, educational level, dietary and hygiene habits, fluoride exposure, trauma, and diseases had no correlation with enamel defects and caries. A smaller value of total DMFT (0.95) was found in the group of premature children in comparison to the term children (2.07) p = 0.0164. There was no difference concerning the permanent dentition between the two groups (p = 0.9926). One concludes that prematurity can't be a predisposing factor for the presence of dental caries.     

Dental caries status of preschool children in Hong Kong

OBJECTIVE: To describe the dental caries status of preschool children in Hong Kong and factors which affect their caries status. DESIGN: 658 preschool children aged 4 to 6 years from six randomly selected kindergartens in Hong Kong were surveyed in December 1997. A questionnaire to investigate possible explanatory variables for caries status was completed by their parents. Dental caries was diagnosed according to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (1997). RESULT: Caries experience as measured by the mean number of decayed, missing and filled primary teeth (dmft) of the 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children were found to be 0.9, 1.8, and 3.3 respectively. Overall, 61% of the children had a zero dmft score. Children born in Mainland China had a higher mean dmft score (4.6) than those born in Hong Kong (1.4). Statistically significant correlations were found between the children's dental caries status and their oral health practices as well as their socio-economic background. Parents' education level, dental knowledge and attitudes were also associated with the children's dental caries experience. CONCLUSION: In general, the caries status of Hong Kong Chinese preschool children was similar to that of children in industrialised countries and was better than that of children in the nearby areas. However, special dental programmes should be made available to children from lower socio-economic classes and new immigrants from Mainland China because they are the high risk groups for caries in Hong Kong.     

Applying modern survival analysis methods to longitudinal dental caries studies

Before the 1960s, tooth-specific caries risk was reported to be highest at 2 to 4 years after eruption. We studied the tooth-specific caries risk in three contemporary age cohorts in Finland. All together, 4072 boys and girls were followed annually from age 6 to age 18+ years in three age cohorts born in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. We used a survival model and Bayesian inferential methods in the statistical analyses to establish the secular changes during this period. The analysis was based on the caries risk in individual teeth as a function of tooth age instead of summary measures, such as DMFS values. Our first finding was a marked overall decrease of caries. Moreover, analyses of the 1960 and 1970 cohorts revealed that the risk in molar teeth was highest immediately after eruption; in the youngest cohort, however, the risks of individual teeth were so low that no such dependencies on tooth age could be established.     

Effect of war-time dietary changes on dental health of Finns 40 years later

During the Second World War the incidence of dental caries diminished due to reduced sugar consumption. It is possible that this reduction was more permanent in those age cohorts whose teeth erupted during the war because the teeth had an opportunity to mature before the caries attack. The aim of our study was to establish whether this reduction could still be demonstrated 40 yr after the war. The material consisted of consecutive age cohorts born in 1922-48 from the large Mini-Finland Oral Health Survey representing Finnish adults aged 30 yr or over in 1979. The results showed a systematic difference in the number of caries free premolars and second molars between the age cohort born in 1931-33 and the younger and older age groups in favor of the group 1931-33, indicating that the first years after eruption may have had a long-term effect on the health of the teeth.     

武汉市6～8岁儿童龋病及第一恒磨牙窝沟形态调查研究

目的调查武汉市6～8岁儿童龋病和第一恒磨牙窝沟形态情况,为儿童患龋风险评估和龋病预防政策的制定提供理论依据。方法选取武汉市区5所小学二年级学生,共检查1043名儿童,平均年龄7.6岁。由两名口腔医师检查龋病和第一恒磨牙窝沟形态。其中,龋指数采用改良世界卫生组织标准,使用单因素方差分析和t检验进行统计学分析。结果恒牙D3水平的患龋率为8.7%,乳牙d3水平的患龋率为68.7%。恒牙龋均和龋面均分别为0.11和0.14,乳牙龋均和龋面均分别为2.8和5.0。其中乳牙龋指数d3占d3mft的73.6%,而乳牙早期釉质龋牙数占乳牙d2水平牙数的36.4%。中窝沟和深窝沟第一恒磨牙的儿童占总受检人数的84.6%。结论武汉市6～8岁儿童的乳牙患龋率高,第一恒磨牙中度和深度窝沟比例较高,因此应对高患龋风险的儿童进行窝沟封闭等预防措施。     

Oral health status and oral health behaviour of urban and rural schoolchildren in Southern Thailand

AIM: To describe the level of oral disease in urban and rural schoolchildren in Southern Thailand; to analyse self-care practices and dental visiting habits of 12-year-olds, and to assess the effect of socio-behavioural factors on dental caries experience. DESIGN: A cross sectional study of 6- and 12-year-old children, urban and rural schools chosen at random from 19 districts of one province. SETTING: Suratthani Province, Southern Thailand. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,156 children of grade 1 (6 yrs) and 1,116 children of grade 6 (12yrs). METHODS: Clinical recordings of dental caries and periodontal CPI scores 0, 1 or 2 according to WHO; structured interviews of 12-year-olds (n=1,084) concerning oral health behaviour and attitudes. RESULTS: At age 6, 96.3% of children had caries and mean dmft was 8.1. In 12-year-olds, 70% had caries in permanent teeth and the level of DMFT was 2.4. Experience of pain during the previous 12 months was reported by 53% of 12-year-olds, 66% saw a dentist within the previous year and 24% reported that visits were due to troubles in teeth. Toothbrushing at least once a day was claimed by 88%. Significant numbers of the children reported having hidden sugar every day: soft drinks (24%), milk with sugar (34%), and tea with sugar (26%). Important predictors of high caries experience were dental visits, consumption of sweets, ethnic group (Muslim) and sex (girls) whereas lower risk was observed in children with positive oral health attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic health education may further improve the oral health of Thai children and the primary school provides a unique setting for such programmes.     

北京儿童乳恒牙患龋状况八年纵向研究

目的　研究同一样本儿童在 8年中乳牙龋与恒牙龋之间的相关性 ,确定乳牙龋是否可作为恒牙龋危险因素的预测指标。方法　在 1 992年和 2 0 0 0年对北京地区 362名 3～ 4岁儿童的乳恒牙龋调查的基础上 ,分析乳、恒牙龋的相关性。结果　儿童乳、恒牙的患龋率和龋均都有显著的相关性 (P <0 0 1 ) ,乳牙龋儿童的恒牙龋危险是乳牙无龋儿童的近 3倍 (RR =2 6 ,95 %CI=1 4～ 4 7,P <0 0 0 1 )。以乳磨牙龋预测恒牙龋危险的灵敏度达 93 9% (RR =3 3 ,95 %CI =1 8～ 6 1 ,P <0 0 0 1 ) ,特异度为 85 4%。结论　儿童乳牙龋可以作为恒牙龋危险的预测指标     

上海市闵行区2010-2014学年3～15岁儿童口腔健康状况调查

目的调查闵行区2010—2014学年不同年龄儿童的患龋率及龋均情况,分析5年来儿童易患龋年龄段及易患龋牙位情况。方法闵行区2010年9月—2015年8月公立中小幼机构3~15岁儿童进行口腔检查,获得其基线资料,建立个人口腔健康档案。应用SPSS 20.0软件包进行结果分析。结果从10至14学年,幼儿园学生、小学生5年来患龋率和龋均并无趋势可言(P>0.05),已趋于平稳,闵行区幼儿园学生患龋率在50%左右,小学生患龋率在60%左右;而中学生患龋率及龋均逐年下降,2014学年中学生患龋率下降至28.57%,龋均1.14,均明显低于幼儿园学生和小学生(P<0.01);就每个年级而言,3~8岁儿童随年龄增加患龋率和龋均升高,9~12岁儿童患龋率和龋均随年龄增加下降,13~15岁儿童随年龄增加患龋率下降,而龋均逐渐缓慢升高。结论幼儿园和小学学生的龋病预防和干预是关键,8岁前儿童主要预防乳牙龋,8岁以后第一磨牙的预防及早期干预尤为重要。     

乳牙列龋病对早期第一恒磨牙龋病的预测研究

为了探讨乳牙列龋病对第一恒磨牙龋病的预测价值，本研究依据１６０名儿童５岁时乳牙列ｄｍｆｔ指数与其８、９或１０岁时第一恒磨牙ＤＭＦＴ指数的纵向资料，对乳牙龋病与第一恒磨牙龋病进行相关分析并计算以乳牙列龋病状况来预测第一恒磨牙龋病的特异性，敏感性，正确预测率，阳性及阴性预测值。结果显示：５岁时乳牙列ｄｍｆｔ与早期第一恒磨牙ＤＭＦＴ显著相关，敏感性与特异性之和最大值为１２８％，出现在ｄｍｆｔ为８时，此时     

Social inequalities in oral health and in use of oral health care services among adolescents in Uganda

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe clinical and self-perceived indicators of oral health status and the use of oral health care services by social and demographic characteristics. METHODS: In 2001, a cross-sectional random sample survey was conducted in urban and rural settings in Uganda (Kampala and Lira, respectively), and 1146 secondary school students with a mean age of 15.8 years completed questionnaires in school. Dental caries was recorded by one examiner on a random subsample of 372 students. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses revealed that being an urban resident was associated with higher odds for having dental caries (dmft > 0), seeking care because of toothache (delayed treatment demand) and being dissatisfied with one's own oral health status [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.5-2.1]. Being an urban resident was associated with lower odds for oral health care attendance generally and for having missing teeth in particular (adjusted OR = 0.6-0.4). Students who had parents with a higher education and those with weak social ties were, respectively, less and more likely to be dissatisfied with their oral health status. As compared to caries-free participants, the odds for being dissatisfied with oral health and delayed treatment demand increased significantly with an increasing dmft score (adjusted OR = 2.1-3.2). CONCLUSION: Urban students were most likely to have a dmft > 0 and to rate their oral health status negatively. Having received dental care and the prevalence of missing teeth, and delayed treatment demand were, respectively, most and least prevalent among rural students. Dental caries at different diagnostic cut-off points and weak social ties affected self-reported oral health negatively, independently of social and demographic characteristics.     

Caries experience in the primary dentition of Tanzanian and Finnish 3–7-year-old children

Caries experience of primary teeth in relation to age, sex, ethnic group, socioeconomic status and frequency of consuming sweet snacks and drinks was studied among groups of Tanzanian and Finnish 3-7-yr-olds, a total of 1118 children. In all age groups the Tanzanian children had higher mean dmft scores than Finnish children did. In the Finnish group the mean dmft score was higher at age 7 than at age 3, while in the Tanzanian group no statistically significant difference in dmft scores was found between age groups. In both groups maxillary incisors and molars were the main teeth affected by caries. Frequent consumption of sweet snacks and drinks increased the risk for caries in Tanzanian but not in Finnish children. High socioeconomic status decreased the risk for caries in Finnish children but among Tanzanian children high SES was not associated significantly with the risk of developing caries. According to these results, caries experience in Tanzanian urban nursery school children was significantly higher than in Finnish children of the same age, the differences being especially high among the youngest age groups.     

A preliminary investigation of dental disease in children with HIV infection

Objective . To establish the levels of dental caries and gingivitis in a group of HIV-positive children.
Study group . The study group comprised 35 children with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus attending The Great Ormond Street Hospital For Children.
Outcome measures . Outcome measures included the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth and surfaces in both the primary and permanent dentitions; plaque and gingivitis scores.
Results . The children included 18 boys and 17 girls. They were aged from 6 months to 18 years, with 17 aged 5 years or less and 15 aged 6 years or older. Twenty-four of the 35 children had some caries experience. The mean dmft was 4·4 and for those with permanent teeth the mean DMFT was 0·7. Mean plaque and gingivitis scores were 16·7 and 5·1 for plaque and gingivitis adjacent to primary teeth and 8·0 and 5·7 for that related to permanent teeth.
Conclusions . There is a significant treatment need for children with HIV.     

佛山市禅城区一年级小学生乳牙龋病流行状况及影响因素分析

目的调查佛山市禅城区一年级小学生乳牙龋病状况及其相关影响因素,为龋病防治工作提供参考。方法采用随机整群抽样法,抽取291名一年级小学生进行乳牙龋病检查,同时向其家长派发口腔健康调查问卷。对数据进行统计分析。结果佛山市禅城区一年级小学生乳牙患龋率为33.7%,龋均为0.97±1.79,统计分析显示男女间差异无统计学意义（P＆gt;0.05）。进行影响龋病的单因素分析,发现是否独生子女、母亲的学历、日常的主要饮料、进食甜食的频率和进食后漱口的频率对小学生乳牙患龋率有影响。多因素Logistic回归分析表明是否独生子女、日常主要饮料和进食甜食的频率是儿童乳牙患龋的危险因素。结论加强口腔卫生知识宣教,改善小学生的饮食习惯,养成良好的口腔卫生习惯,是预防乳牙龋病发生的有效措施。     

Caries prevalence in primary teeth as a predictor of early fissure caries in permanent first molars

The study aimed to examine the validity of employing the caries experience of the primary dentition for predicting early caries in the permanent first molar fissures. Subjects consisted of 192 children who were followed for 2 yr, 91 of whom were pursued for a further year, all receiving semiannual check-ups. The caries prevalence in the primary dentition (dmft), excluding incisors, was recorded at baseline, which was the year the children became 6. Fissure caries in the permanent first molars was recorded as being confined to enamel or dentin, based on findings during cavity preparation. The correlation between dmft and the number of intact permanent first molars was -0.368 and -0.337 after 2 and 3 yr observation respectively. When the children were grouped according to their dmft, a statistically significant relationship was found between the dmft and the number of intact molars in each individual. The positive and negative predictive values as well as the sensitivity and specificity of different dmft values were calculated, and the relationship between them illustrated by the use of ROC curves. Even if there are no specific dmft values which seem obviously favorable for the purpose, these data give information relevant in planning for large scale use of fissure sealing in preventing early fissure caries in permanent first molars.     

Predicting caries in permanent teeth from caries in primary teeth: an eight-year cohort study

Several cross-sectional studies report that caries in primary teeth is correlated with caries in permanent teeth. This eight-year cohort study sought to determine if caries in the primary dentition can predict caries in the permanent dentition of the same individuals and, if so, with what degree of prediction accuracy. A total of 362 Chinese children, from 3 to 5 years old at the time of the 1992 baseline study, were re-examined in 2000. The study found statistically significant associations between caries prevalence in primary and permanent dentitions (p < 0.01). Children having caries in their primary teeth were three times more likely to develop caries in their permanent teeth (relative ratio = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.4-4.7; p < 0.001). Caries on primary molars had the highest predictive value (85.4%). This study demonstrates that caries status in the primary teeth can be used as a risk indicator for predicting caries in the permanent teeth.