Employer Health Insurance and Local Labor Market Conditions

Theory suggests that an employer's decisions about the amount of health insurance included in the compensation package may be influenced by the practices of other employers in the market. We test the role of local market conditions on decisions of small employers to offer insurance and their dollar contribution to premiums using data from two large national surveys of employers. These employers are more likely to offer insurance and to make greater contributions in communities with tighter labor markets, less concentrated labor purchasers, greater union penetration, and a greater share of workers in big business and a small share in regulated industries. However, our data do not support the notion that marginal tax rates affect employers' offer decision or contributions.     

Premium Variation in the Individual Health Insurance Market

Recent proposals to decrease the number of uninsured in the U.S. indicate that the individual health insurance market's role may increase. Amid fears of possible risk-segmentation in individual insurance, there exists limited information of the functioning of such markets. This paper examines the relationship between expected medical expense and actual paid premiums for households with individual insurance in the 1996–1997 Community Tracking Study's Household Survey. We find that premiums vary less than proportionately with expected expense and vary only with certain risk characteristics. We also explore how the relationship between risk and premiums is affected by local regulations and market characteristics. We find that premiums vary significantly less strongly with risk for persons insured by HMOs and in markets dominated by managed care insurers.     

成都市补充医疗保险需求的影响因素研究

根据成都市补充医疗保险实施的现状,对其4种补充医疗保险办法分别建立了需求模型.结果显示:对于补充医疗保险的需求不仅取决于其属性即其所覆盖的医疗费用风险损失及其发生概率以及价格,而且也取决于职工本人的社会经济特征及其保险意识.4种补充医疗保险办法的平均价格弹性在-4.67～-18.70之间.补充医疗保险的完善和发展应充分考虑到补充医疗保险方案的本质属性.     

Worker Decisions to Purchase Health Insurance

Studying worker health insurance choices is usually limited by the absence of price data for workers who decline their employer's offer. This paper uses a new Medical Expenditure Panel Survey file which links household and employer survey respondents, supplying data for both employer insurance takers and decliners. We test for whether out-of-pocket or total premium better explains worker behavior, estimate price elasticities with observed prices and with imputed prices, and test for worker sorting among jobs with and without health insurance. We find that out-of-pocket price dominates, that there is some upward bias from estimating elasticities with imputed premiums rather than observed premiums, and that workers do sort among jobs but this does not affect elasticity estimates appreciably. Like earlier studies with less representative worker samples, we find worker price elasticity of demand to be quite low. This suggests that any premium subsidies must be large to elicit much change in worker take-up behavior.     

补充医疗保险的需求研究

根据上海市社会基本医疗保险的框架，我们设计了与之相对应的4个补充医疗保险方案，并调查了职工以这些补充医疗保险方案的意愿支付，分别建立了需求模型。结果显示：4个补充医疗保险方案各具特性，其需求不仅取决于各个方案的属性（其所覆盖的医疗费用风险损失及其发生概率）、价格与职工家庭收入，而更重要的是取决于职工本人的保险意识、态度与信息。补充医疗保险方案需求的平均价格弹性在－0．59～－3．84之间。对补充医疗保险的政策推动与市场监管应充分考虑到不同补充医疗保险方案的本质属性。     

Price elasticities in the German Statutory Health Insurance market before and after the health care reform of 2009

This paper investigates the change in price elasticity of health insurance choice in Germany after a reform of health insurance contributions. Using a comprehensive data set of all sickness funds between 2004 and 2013, price elasticities are calculated both before and after the reform for the entire market. The general price elasticity is found to be increased more than 4-fold from −0.81 prior to the reform to −3.53 after the reform. By introducing a new kind of health insurance contribution the reform seemingly increased the price elasticity of insured individuals to a more appropriate level under the given market parameters. However, further unintended consequences of the new contribution scheme were massive losses of market share for the more expensive sickness funds and therefore an undivided focus on pricing as the primary competitive element to the detriment of quality.     

联邦儿童医疗保险计划

美国政府于1997年制定的联邦儿童医疗保险计划是自1965年创立Medicaid以来美国政府对贫困儿童的医疗保健进行的最大投资。介绍了联邦儿童医疗保险计划制定的时代背景、实施概况、抗排挤措施和效果,以及实施的总体效果,为我国相应保险政策的制定提供参考价值。     

医疗保险中的道德风险分析

该主要分析了事后道德风险的特性,道德风险与医疗服务利用和医疗保险价格的关系。提出了道德风险的福利损失这一概念。认为克服道德风险的方法包括管理医疗方法的付费制度的设计等。     

医疗保险模式对深圳市职工看病就医的影响分析

为了研究医疗保健模式对职工就知行为的影响，采用分层整群随机拉的方法对深圳市职工进行了调查分析，结果表明：实施医疗保险新模式，采用按平均费用标准偿付的支付方式，对职工看病就医的行为及卫生服务利用程度上都有很大的影响，职工两周就诊率和年住院率均高于１９９３年全国大城市平均水平，而年人均住院日与之比较则偏低。     

上海市少年儿童住院医疗保险费用分析

本文研究了上海市少年儿童住院医疗保险的费用水平、特点和影响因素。研究结果表明:手术与否、患者年龄、就诊地点、家长医疗保健制度和医院等级的差异造成次均费用的差异;次均费用构成比较合理,药品费比例低于全市水平。病种费用居前三位的是白血病、肺炎和先天性心脏病;特殊病种占总医疗服务人次的4.90％,而医疗费用占总费用的32.57％。     

The effect of Health Savings Accounts on group health insurance coverage

This paper presents new empirical evidence on the impact of tax subsidies for Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) on group insurance coverage. HSAs are tax-free health care expenditure savings accounts. Coupled with high deductible health insurance plans (HDHPs), they together represent new health insurance options. The tax advantage of HSAs expands the group health insurance market by making health care more affordable. Using individual level data from the Current Population Survey and exploiting policy variation by state and year from 2004 to 2012, I find that HSA tax subsidies increase small-group coverage by a statistically significant 2.5 percentage points, although not coverage in larger firms. Moreover, if the tax price of HSA contribution decreases by 10 cents, small-group insurance coverage increases by almost 2 percentage points. I also find that for older workers or less-educated workers, HSA subsidies are associated with 2–3 percentage point increase in their group insurance coverage.     

日、德医疗保险制度中对个人责任的激励及启示

个人责任对医疗保险的发展具有重要作用,个人责任的释放主要取决于激励,日、德两国在医疗保险制度中非常重视个人责任问题,并采取了多方面的有效激励措施,取得了很好的成效,这对我国医疗保险改革有一定的启示。     

试论我国基本医疗保障制度的现状与发展

介绍了我国基本医疗保障体制的划分现状,论述了现行体系存在的四大问题,提出了基本医疗保障体系统筹发展的短期和长期策略,论述了体系发展可采取的三种路径选择之利弊。     

Consumer price sensitivity in Dutch health insurance

Aim To estimate the price sensitivity of consumer choice of health insurance firm. Method Using paneldata of the flows of insured between pairs of Dutch sickness funds during the period 1993–2002, we estimate the sensitivity of these flows to differences in insurance premium. Results The price elasticity of residual demand for health insurance was low during the period 1993–2002, confirming earlier findings based on annual changes in market share. We find small but significant elasticities for basic insurance but insignificant elasticities for supplementary insurance. Young enrollees are more price sensitive than older enrollees. Conclusion Competition was weak in the market for health insurance during the period under study. For the market-based reforms that are currently under way, this implies that measures to promote competition in the health insurance industry may be needed.      

农村医疗保险需求影响因素分析

农村医疗保险市场的发展有赖于市场需求的不断扩张，而医疗保险需求又受到医疗保险价格、消费者收入水平、疾病风险程度预期、健康状况、文化水平、消费者对政府政策稳定性预期等因素的影响。     

商业健康保险在我国医疗保障体系中的作用研究

本文介绍了商业健康保险的定义，讨论了商业健康保险的市场潜力和经营环境，说明了商业健康保险在完善我国医疗保障体系中的重要地位和作用，提出了商业健康保险对社会医疗保险进行补充的具体形式     

Consumer Choice in Dutch Health Insurance after Reform

This article investigates the scope and effects of enhanced consumer choice in health insurance that is presented as a cornerstone of the new health insurance legislation in the Netherlands that will come into effect in 2006. The choice for choice marks the current libertarian trend in Dutch health care policymaking. One of our conclusions is that the scope of enhanced choice should not be overstated due to many legal and non-legal restrictions to it. The consumer choice advocates have great expectations of the impact of enhanced choice. A critical analysis of its impact demonstrates that these expectations may not become true and that enhanced consumer choice should not be perceived as the 'magic bullet' for many problems in health care.