Deep vein thrombosis due to migrated graft bone after posterior lumbosacral interbody fusion. Case report

The authors report the case of an 83-year-old woman with refractory sciatica attributable to isthmic spondylolisthesis at L-5. Her symptoms were successfully improved after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) at L5-S1; however, notable swelling in her left leg suddenly developed 2 days postoperatively. Anterior migration of a fragment of bone graft was demonstrated on computed tomography scanning, and there was obvious occlusion of the left common iliac vein (CIV) on magnetic resonance venography. Ultrasonography revealed a thrombus in the left CIV at the site of compression. To prevent a pulmonary embolism during manipulation of the affected vein, an inferior vena cava filter was placed just before excision of the migrated bone fragment. The swelling in the patient's leg subsided quickly after the surgery, and she was treated with heparin and warfarin to prevent recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Six months after the second surgery, complete restoration of blood flow to the left CIV and no recurrence of DVT were demonstrated on magnetic resonance venography. Especially in elderly patients with degenerative disc disease, excessive curettage and impaction of disc materials during the PLIF procedure may cause migration of bone graft fragments. Surgeons should be aware of the possible vascular complications of PLIF.     

左髂总静脉狭窄与急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的探讨左髂总静脉狭窄程度与深静脉血栓形成的关系。方法对１９９１年９月～１９９７年３月的６３例急性髂股静脉血栓（ＤＶＴ）病例的一般资料、血栓形成诱因、手术方法及结果进行了回顾性分析。结果左髂总静脉直径较正常狭窄≥４７．１％时血栓形成的病例数骤然增加。结论左髂总静脉直径狭窄接近一半时，随时可能发生血栓形成，但因侧支代偿而不发病。一旦血栓形成的诱因出现，将可引起血栓发生。因而，遇有血栓形成的诱因时，应行多普勒超声检查。     

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目的 了解左髂总静脉与下腔静脉分叉处的解剖结构特点，探讨髂静脉受压综合征形成的解剖基础。方法 2001～2002年，观察并测量：100例成人左髂总静脉与右髂总动脉及腰骶椎的位置关系，下腔静脉合成平面及左髂总静脉内粘连结构的形成，以及左髂总静脉受压处的管径变化。结果 左髂总静脉汇入下腔静脉的角度大于右侧。右髂总动脉及向前突出的腰骶椎共同对左髂总静脉产生压迫，左髂总静脉受压处的前后径缩小，有静脉内粘连结构者横径缩窄。反之横径增宽，静脉内粘连结构的发生率为25％。结论 髂静脉受压综合征的解剖基础在于右髂总动脉和腰骶椎对左髂总静脉的共同压迫和静脉内粘连结构的形成，引起了左髂总静脉受压处管径变化，静脉内粘连结构时静脉管径的影响明显。     

Iliac vein compression syndrome: Case report and review of the literature

Iliac vein compression syndrome is a clinical condition that occurs as a result of compression of the left iliac vein between the right iliac artery and the fifth lumbar vertebrae. Patients usually have marked edema of the left leg. We report a case of a 16-year-old man who sought medical attention with significant left lower leg edema and four previous episodes of left leg cellulitis. Evaluation demonstrated venous hypertension as a result of left iliac vein compression. The patient underwent surgical correction; his symptoms resolved. Details and management of the case are presented and discussed. A review of the current literature regarding this condition also is included. (J Vasc Surg 1996;24:477-81.)     

Cockett综合征的介入治疗

目的探讨Cockett综合征(CS)的有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2004年8月至2011年10月收治的25例CS的病例资料。结果左髂总静脉压迫24例,其中23例合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT),1例为左下肢深静脉血流减慢;右髂外静脉压迫1例,为下肢深静脉血流减慢。合并DVT患者,首先行下腔静脉滤器置入术、左股静脉切开取栓术,后行髂总静脉经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA),根据PTA术后造影结果决定是否行支架置入术;未合并DVT患者,经股静脉穿刺行髂静脉PTA术和支架置入术。手术成功率100%。22例术后恢复良好,3例患者出院时肢体轻度肿胀。18例获得随访,随访时间1个月至5年(平均26个月),3例出现活动后下肢肿胀,余15例下肢无肿胀,无静脉曲张;随访患者均行彩超检查,2例髂静脉闭塞,16例髂静脉通畅,通畅率为88.9%。结论介入治疗CS可获得满意疗效。     

B-cell lymphoma related iliac vein occlusion treated by endovenous stent placement

Unilateral leg swelling is most often caused by deep vein thrombosis but other conditions may mimic this disorder. We describe the case of a patient with symptoms of unilateral lower extremity swelling caused by external compression of the iliac vein by a mass originating from the iliopsoas muscle. Initially this mass was diagnosed as an iliopsoas hematoma in a patient using anticoagulants. However, it proved to be B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Compression was relieved by placement of an endovenous stent in the left common iliac vein. Endovenous stenting is a relatively new treatment modality that is used to treat post-thrombotic venous occlusions and chronic venous insufficiency. Only a few case series have been described of stenting of compressed pelvic veins by adjacent structures such as gynecological malignancies. Although stent patency lasted only four weeks in this patient, venous stent placement quickly reliefs symptoms and should therefore be considered as an option to bridge time to allow development of sufficient venous collaterals.     

左髂静脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗

目的 探讨介入治疗左髂静脉狭窄或闭塞在左髂静脉受压综合征治疗上的地位和意义.方法 经股静脉行左髂总静脉病变介入治疗316例,189例二期行左大隐静脉高位结扎、抽剥术,82例加做左股静脉瓣膜缩窄术.随访231例,时间6～120个月(平均52个月),均做彩超检查,116例静脉顺行造影.结果 球囊扩张成功305例,髂静脉内置支架272例,无死亡和肺动脉栓塞.随访结果,98.5%的患者静脉曲张消失,93.7%肿胀消失或明显缓解,74%溃疡愈合,术后三年彩超检查见5.34%的患者支架内血栓或狭窄,造影见5.4%的患者支架内血栓阻塞.结论 左髂静脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗远期效果良好.     

Unilateral iliac vein occlusion, caused by bladder enlargement, simulating deep venous thrombosis

A variety of conditions cause unilateral leg swelling and thus mimic deep venous thrombosis (DVT). A heretofore-underappreciated condition that may lead to unilateral iliac vein compression, simulating DVT, is massive enlargement of the bladder caused by urinary retention. A case that demonstrates this condition is described. Although this disorder has been reported only three times before, its occurrence should be recognized by clinicians in light of the overall aging of our society. In addition, this case highlights the need for careful and thorough evaluation of patients who have unilateral lower-extremity edema.     

Spontaneous rupture of the iliac vein: Report of a case

We reprot a rare case of a spontaneous rupture of the iliac vein which was then surgically treated with good results. A 66-year-old woman was admitted complaining of leg swelling and lower abdominal pain. On the 3rd day after admission, an operation was performed because of a gradually increasing hematoma in the retroperitoneal space. Laparotomy revealed a 17 mm longitudinal tear on the anterior surface of the left external iliac vein with a thrombus inside the lumen. Most of the previously reported 14 cases of this nature have required emergency operations.     

腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性深静脉血栓的临床经验

目的探讨腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的临床效果。方法 2008年10月～2011年9月,19例急性DVT接受手术取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内支架置入术。DVT位于左髂-股静脉及下腔静脉3例,双侧髂-股静脉2例,其余14例均在左髂静脉。均有患肢明显肿胀,其中12例伴患肢疼痛。DVT发病时间(3.2±1.3)d。取栓前均先置入下腔静脉滤器,取栓后即刻静脉造影发现髂静脉狭窄者先行球囊扩张再置入自膨式支架。结果 18例取栓后造影示髂静脉狭窄,其中髂静脉压迫综合征(iliac vein compression syndrome,IVCS)15例(78.9%),残留狭窄3例;1例未发现髂静脉狭窄。18例有狭窄者共置入22枚自膨式支架,手术均获成功。1例术后伤口血肿。随访16例,随访时间2～26个月(平均10.3月),疼痛症状均消失,2例行走后下肢轻度肿胀,均未出现血栓复发。结论腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性DVT安全、有效,早期临床结果满意。     

髂静脉受压综合征并下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合性腔内治疗

目的：探讨综合性腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床效果。 方法：选取2004年10月—2012年10月,315例髂静脉压迫综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,左侧277例,右侧38例。均行局麻下患侧股静脉穿刺,并在导丝引导下,采用12~14 F鞘管机械性血栓抽吸或配合Fogarty球囊取栓,对髂静脉狭窄或闭塞病变行血管成形术或支架植入,术后根据血栓清除情况,行抗凝或置管溶栓治疗。 结果：患肢肿胀、疼痛均于术后1~2 d内开始消退或减轻。血栓清除III级（清除率>95%）80.32%、II级（清除率50%~95%）18.09%、I级（清除率<50%）1.59%。支架植入后,治愈86.03%、显效10.79%、好转2.54%、无效0.64%。出院时健、患肢膝上、下15 cm处周径差均小于入院时（均P<0.05）。随访通畅率分别为3~6个月95.87%,7~12个月95.53%,13~24个月94.25%,25~36个月92.33%。 结论：综合性腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓形成,疗效显著、恢复时间短,是安全有效的方法。     

髂静脉压迫综合征继发下肢静脉溃疡治疗的临床研究

目的 探讨髂静脉压迫综合征(IVCS)继发下肢静脉溃疡的愈合情况及诊治体会.方法 收集2018年4月至2021年9月就诊于上海市中西医结合医院的54例IVCS合并下肢静脉溃疡患者的临床资料,观察患者的病变长度、溃疡愈合情况、凝血功能指标[D-二聚体、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、国际标准化比值(INR)、凝血酶时间...     

Alternative management of iliac vein injury during anterior lumbar spine exposure

Vascular injuries are, unfortunately, common complications during anterior approach to lumbar spine, with venous injuries occurring most frequently. The L4-L5 level of exposure is associated most commonly with venous injuries because it requires significant mobilization of the vascular structures. We present two cases of left common iliac vein tears encountered during redo anterior exposure for spine revision. This was in the setting of an anterior lumbar interbody fusion at the L4-L5 level and for the repeat disc arthroplasty at the L5-S1 level. We describe the endovascular technique used to successfully repair venous tear with the deployment of a covered stent across the injury, preventing the ligation of the left common iliac vein.     

Retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy for retroaortic renal vein draining into left common iliac vein

Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) for both retroaortic and circumaortic veins is described. LDN for left retroaortic vein draining into the common iliac vein (CIV) is not described previously. We report 2 cases of laparoscopic harvesting of left kidney having retroaortic renal vein draining into the left CIV and successful transplantation.     

Occlusion of left common iliac vein by a distended urinary bladder in a male with paraplegia due to spinal cord injury

STUDY DESIGN: A report of a male subject who sustained paraplegia at T-5 level due to spinal cord injury (SCI) 18 years ago, and in whom, occlusion of the left common iliac vein by a distended bladder was detected during a routine follow-up. OBJECTIVES: To illustrate a rare complication of chronic distension of the urinary bladder viz occlusion of the left common iliac vein, which persisted even after providing adequate bladder drainage by intermittent catheterisation. SETTING: Regional Spinal Injuries Centre, Southport, UK. METHODS: As part of a routine follow-up, we performed intravenous urography by injecting 50 ml of Ultravist 300 in a vein over the dorsum of the left foot. Opacification of collateral veins in the pelvis was seen in the 5- and 10-min films, which suggested iliac venous occlusion. In order to confirm the diagnosis, contrast was injected intravenously in the left foot and venography was performed. RESULTS: Venography revealed a distended left common iliac vein with contrast flowing into the right internal iliac vein through collateral veins in the pelvis; the right common iliac vein and inferior vena cava were patent. Duplex Doppler sonography showed compression of left common iliac vein by the posterior wall of a distended bladder with absence of blood flow through the compressed segment. Computerised tomography (CT) confirmed the diagnosis of extrinsic compression of the left common iliac vein against the promontory of sacrum by a distended bladder. CT excluded other causes for iliac vein occlusion. CONCLUSION: In a male subject with SCI, chronic bladder distension produced occlusion of the left common iliac vein. Health professionals caring for individuals with SCI should be aware that long-standing bladder distension could cause pressure effects upon adjacent structures in the pelvis.     

Right-sided Cockett’s syndrome

Background Cockett and Thomas described and named Cockett’s syndrome in 1965, commonly referred to as iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS). It is often found as underlying cause in iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT). They described the syndrome mostly seen on the left side and predominantly in women during the second to the fourth decade of life. In this article, we present a patient with a Cockett’s syndrome on the right side.

Case presentation Our patient is a 52-year old female with edema of the right leg since 4 months. She had no signs of a DVT and did not benefit from a 3-month compression therapy. She was diagnosed using a CT-scan. Endovascular treatment was performed with a venous stent in the right common iliac vein (CIV). No postoperative complications were seen. After a 6-month follow-up, patient was free of pain and had no residual edema of the right leg.

Conclusions Our patient presented with a non-complicated right-sided Cockett’s syndrome. She was successfully treated with balloon dilatation and additional stenting of the right common iliac vein. Because of the clinical improvement of the patient together with the excellent long-term results and good patency results of the stenting, guidelines nowadays advise more and more venous stenting to prevent DVT and to relieve symptoms in case of vein compression syndromes.     

Subclavian vein obstruction without thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Unilateral arm swelling caused by subclavian vein obstruction without thrombosis is an uncommon form of venous thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). In 87 patients with venous TOS, only 21 patients had no thrombosis. We describe the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with arm swelling, cyanosis, and venograms demonstrating partial subclavian vein obstruction were treated with transaxillary first rib resection and venolysis. RESULTS: Eighteen (86%) of 21 patients had good-to-excellent improvement of symptoms. There were two failures (9%). CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral arm swelling without thrombosis, when not caused by lymphatic obstruction, may be due to subclavian vein compression at the costoclavicular ligament because of compression either by that ligament or the subclavius tendon most often because of congenital close proximity of the vein to the ligament. Arm symptoms of neurogenic TOS, pain, and paresthesia often accompany venous TOS while neck pain and headache, other common symptoms of neurogenic TOS, are infrequent. Diagnosis was made by dynamic venography. First rib resection, which included the anterior portion of rib and cartilage plus division of the costoclavicular ligament and subclavius tendon, proved to be effective treatment.     

左腰静脉、左腰升静脉和骶正中静脉的解剖形态及其临床意义

目的：观察左腰静脉、左腰升静脉及骶正中静脉的解剖学变异情况，为前侧腹膜外入路人工腰椎间盘置换术提供该区域的解剖学依据，以减少术中血管副损伤。方法：解剖40例成人尸体标本L3椎体以下左侧以及骶前的下腔静脉属支，重点观察左侧腰静脉、左腰升静脉及骶正中静脉的解剖学特点。结果：左侧L3、L4、L5静脉存在于85％、97．5％和67．5％的标本中，位置与外径相对恒定，内侧汇入下腔静脉或左髂总静脉，外侧与左腰升静脉相交通：左腰升静脉存在于47．5％的标本中，位置较恒定，但起点、外径以及形态均有较大的变异；所有标本中均可找到骶正中静脉，其外径变异不大，但是数目及止点均有明显变异，并且可不伴行骶正中动脉。结论：下腔静脉于下腰椎水平左侧及骶前的属支变异多样，从左侧腹膜外手术入路暴露下腰椎间盘时，需要术前了解左腰静脉、左腰升静脉及骶正中静脉的情况并在术中做相应处理。     

Clinical anatomic study of the lower lumbar anterolateral vein: with respect to retroperitoneal endoscopic surgery

Objective： To study the anatomy of veins of the lower lumbar spine and provide the anatomic basement for laparoscopic lumbar surgery. Methods： A total of 15 formaldehyde-preserved cadav- ers were studied with special attention to the variety and surrounding structure of ascending lumbar vein （ALV） and iliolumbar veins （ILV）, and their relationship with lumbar plexus. Results： ALV and ILV can be found on every sides, which have four variants including separate entry and common entry. The ascending vein and iliolumbar vein separately enter common iliac vein in 18 cases, and as a common stem enter the common iliac vein in 12 cases. Retracting common iliac vein medially both the ascending lumbar and the iliolumbar veins are always at risk of avulsion on exposure of the disc space. The injury of obturator nerve and lumbosacral trunk of lumbar plexus should be avoided. Conclusion： Awareness of these anatomic variation can prevent the hemorrhage and be helpful for the surgeon in performing a careful ligation of these veins before medial retraction of the common iliac vein. Our findings emphasize the need for proper dissection of ALV and ILV before ligature during exposure of the lower lumbar spine.     

手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性深静脉血栓的临床分析

目的 总结手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性髂股深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床经验.方法 2008年10月至2010年12月,15例急性DVT患者接受手术取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内支架植入术.男性6例,女性9例;年龄36～71岁,平均57.4岁.DVT位于左股、髂及下腔静脉内2例,双侧髂静脉1例,其余12例均在左髂股静脉.所有患者表现患肢明显肿胀,其中12例伴有患肢疼痛.DVT发病时间平均为3.3 d.诱发DVT的原因包括外科手术6例,DVT复发2例,其余7例病因不清.并发症包括消化道出血1例,胃溃疡1例,高血压3例,脑梗死1例.取栓之前均先经右股静脉穿刺植入下腔静脉滤器(包括1例双髂静脉血栓患者),取栓之后术中造影均发现髂静脉受压致重度狭窄或完全闭塞,均先行球囊血管成形后植入自膨式支架.结果 术中造影证实髂静脉压迫综合征12例,取栓后残留狭窄3例.共植入18枚自膨式支架,手术成功率15/15,30 d病死率为0;1例术后伤口出现血肿,保守治疗后痊愈.12例获得随访,随访时间为2～26个月,平均13.3个月.所有患者疼痛消失,仅2例表现为活动后患肢轻度肿胀.所有患者均未出现血栓复发.结论 手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性DVT安全有效,早期临床结果满意,并发症发生率低.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcome of surgical venous thrombectomy and simultaneous stenting in patients with acute, symptomatic iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis ( DVT) .Methods From October 2008 to December 2010, a total of 15 patients with acute symptomatic DVT underwent combined surgical venous thrombectomy and endovascular stenting in ipsilateral iliac vein. There were 6 male and 9 female patients, with a mean age of 57. 4 years ( ranging from 36 to 71 years) . All patients underwent Duplex ultrasonography for diagnosis of DVT. The location of thrombosis was femoroiliocaval vein in 2 cases, bilateral iliac vein in 1 case and left iliofemoral vein in 12 cases. All patients had leg swelling and 12 cases had severe leg pain. The mean time of symptomatic DVT occurring at operation was 3. 3 d. The factors related to DVT were operation in 6 cases, DVT reoccur in 2 cases. Coexist diseases were digestive tract bleeding in 1 case, gastric ulcer in 1 case, hypertension in 3 cases and 1 case had cerebral infarction. The inferior vena cava filter was inserted before thrombectomy, iliac vein compression and residual stensosis were treated with a self-expandable stent after thrombectomy. Results Intraoperative venography showed severe venous stenosis in all patients including 80% of iliac vein compression syndrome, 18 self-expandable stents were inserted successfully, the procedural successful rate was 100% , the 30-day mortality rate was 0. One case was suffered from hematoma at incision after operation.3 patients were lost during follow-up. Median follow-up was 10. 3 months ( ranging from 2 to 26 months). There was no case of re-thrombosis. Leg pain was disappeared in all cases and only 2 patients showed slight leg swelling after excise. Conclusion Combined surgical thrombectomy and endovascular treatment for patients with acute symptomatic iliofemoral venous thrombosis is an effective and safe technique with low morbidity and good clinical results.