Sludge, gallstones and aspirin

This article reviews our present knowledge concerning the so-called sludge, an echographic entity, which is formed by mucus and cholesterol microcrystals. Several physiological and pathological states are associated with gallbladder sludge. Experimental data suggest that sludge could precede gallstones and that aspirin could be used as a preventive agent against the appearance of gallbladder sludge and stones.     

Effects of aspirin,naloxone and placebo

Summary This study was designed to examine the effects of aspirin, naloxone and placebo treatment on serum beta-endorphin concentration and joint pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Ten patients with definite or classical RA were studied. All treatments were administered in a randomized sequence. On each study day, the following measurements were carried out at specified time intervals: serum beta-endorphin concentration, serum salicylate concentration and joint pain score on a visual analogue horizontal scale. We conclude that in patients with rheumatoid arthritis suffering from chronic joint pain, serum beta-endorphin does not appear to play a role in pain relief.     

First-generation agents: aspirin, heparin and coumarins

Aspirin, heparin and the coumarins are the classical anti-thrombotic agents. They represent the platform upon which newer drugs holding the promise of greater efficacy and less toxicity are being developed. Even as such newer drugs arrive into clinical practice, the older agents remain remarkable for their decades-long pre-eminence. All derive from natural sources, and none from a search for therapeutic anti-thrombotic agents; they have saved countless lives but also served as essential probes into basic mechanisms of thrombosis. Testament to their clinical importance is that these agents are the only drugs profiled on a regular basis in special scientific statements by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology and by the American College of Chest Physicians. This chapter reviews their biology, uses and limitations.     

阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、西洛他唑抗血栓形成作用及其机制的研究

目的观察常用抗血小板药物阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、西洛他唑的抗血栓形成作用,并探讨其机制。方法将70只SD大鼠随机分成7组各10只,其中对照组不做特殊处理;模型组、阿司匹林组、氯吡格雷组、西洛他唑组、三联组均制备冠状动脉微栓塞模型,建模成功后分别灌服安慰剂、阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、西洛他唑及阿司匹林＋氯吡格雷＋西洛他唑,连续7 d;假手术组在冠状动脉微栓塞模型制作中以生理盐水代替血栓微粒注入左心室,术后灌服安慰剂。实验期间各组均经腹主动脉取血,用自动血凝分析仪分别测定凝血参数凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）和凝血酶时间（TT）,采用血小板聚集率检测仪在6μmol/L的腺苷二磷酸（ADP）诱导下测量最大血小板聚集率,采用ELISA法测定环腺苷酸（c AMP）、血栓素A2（TXA2）和Ⅲ型磷酸二酯酶（PDEⅢ）水平;实验结束后,将各组大鼠仰卧固定消毒、麻醉,采用左颈外静脉、右颈总动脉置入聚乙烯管法检测血栓形成抑制率。结果与模型组比较,4个用药组PT、APTT及TT均明显延长,血小板聚集率明显降低,血栓形成抑制率显著升高,血浆c AMP显著升高、TXA2及PDEⅢ显著降低,尤以三联组为著（P均〈0.01）。实验第3～7天假手术组、阿司匹林组、氯吡格雷组和三联组上述凝血参数均无统计学差异。结论阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、西诺他唑均可抑制血栓形成,三者联用具有协同增效作用;主要作用机制包括减少血小板聚集、上调血浆c AMP及下调TXA2及PDEⅢ水平。