多波长UPLC法同时测定冠心丹参胶囊中三七皂苷R_1等5种有效成分的含量

目的利用多波长超高效液相色谱法,建立冠心丹参胶囊中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA5种有效成分的含量测定方法。方法采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,柱温为30℃,以乙腈和体积分数为0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相,采用梯度洗脱,流速为0.4 m L·min-1,检测波长为203 nm(三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1)、286 nm(丹酚酸B)和270 nm(检测丹参酮ⅡA)。结果三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA分别在质量浓度10~200 mg·L-1(r=0.999 7)、20~800 mg·L-1(r=0.999 3)、20~800 mg·L-1(r=1.000 0)、20~800 mg·L-1(r=1.000 0)和1~50 mg·L-1(r=0.999 5)内与峰面积呈良好线性关系;加样回收率(n=6):三七皂苷R1为95.0%(RSD=1.2%)、人参皂苷Rg1为105.4%(RSD=1.9%)、人参皂苷Rb1为98.8%(RSD=0.9%)、丹酚酸B为97.4%(RSD=2.6%)、丹参酮ⅡA为104.9%(RSD=4.8%)。结论本方法简便可行,为冠心丹参胶囊质量控制提供了一种可靠的检测方法。     

三七接骨丸中三七的质量控制标准研究

目的建立三七接骨丸中三七的快速检测方法及含量测定方法。方法采用薄层色谱法快速检测三七接骨丸中的三七药材,采用HPLC法测定三七中主要成分人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1及三七皂苷R1的含量：采用Hibar ODS C18（4.6×250mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL·min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长203nm。结果人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1、三七皂苷R1分别在0.01270mg·mL-1~0.4064mg·mL-1（r=0.9997）、0.01416mg·mL-1~0.4530mg·mL-1（r=0.9998）、0.0054mg·mL-1~0.1742mg·mL-1（r=0.9999）范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为人参皂苷Rb195.41%（RSD=0.78%,n=6）、人参皂苷Rg195.32（RSD=0.39%,n=6）、三七皂苷R194.74%（RSD=0.82%,n=6）。结论该方法准确有效、重复性好,可作为三七接骨丸中三七的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定伤科七味片中人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1及三七皂苷R1的含量

目的:建立伤科七味片(三七、红花等)中人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1及三七皂苷R1的含量测定方法。方法:采用Zobax C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相以乙腈为A,以水为B,进行梯度洗脱;检测波长:203 nm;流速:1.0 mL.min-1;柱温:30℃。结果:人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1、三七皂苷R1的线性范围分别为0.102 6~1.026 mg.mL-1(r=0.999 8)、0.101 4~1.014 mg.mL-1(r=0.999 9)、0.022 68~0.226 8 mg.mL-1(r=0.999 8),平均回收率分别为98.55%(RSD为0.80%)、98.63%(RSD为0.81%)、97.95%(RSD为0.97%)。结论:本方法专属、重现性好,可用于伤科七味片中人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1及三七皂苷R1的含量测定。     

丹七片质量标准的研究

目的建立丹七片的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别丹参和三七,采用高效液相色谱法同时测定三七中的人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1的含量。结果薄层色谱法可检出丹参和三七;人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1分别在0.964~9.64、0.995~9.95、0.245~2.45μg的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均为0.999;人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1的平均加样回收率分别为101.3%(RSD=1.12%),97.8%(RSD=1.80%),97.5%(RSD=0.68%)。结论本方法操作简单,重现性好,结果稳定,可有效地控制丹七片的质量。     

血塞通包衣脉冲控释片体外释药特性的研究

目的建立血塞通包衣脉冲片体外释放度测定方法,考察其体外释药特性。方法 RP-HPLC梯度洗脱法测定血塞通包衣脉冲控释片中的人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1、三七皂苷R1的含量;在模拟人胃肠溶出介质环境下,比较血塞通包衣脉冲控释片与普通片剂体外释药时滞和累积释药的脉冲效果。结果人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1在3.0⁶0μg,三七皂苷R1在0.860μg,三七皂苷R1在0.8¹6μg内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,r值分别为0.999 8、0.999 4、0.999 6,低、中、高浓度平均回收率分别在99.0%16μg内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,r值分别为0.999 8、0.999 4、0.999 6,低、中、高浓度平均回收率分别在99.0%⁹9.4%、99.1%99.4%、99.1%⁹9.3%、98.7%99.3%、98.7%⁹9.6%,RSD均<3.0%(n=3);体外释放度试验表明与血塞通普通片剂相比,血塞通包衣脉冲控释片释药时滞为5 h,体外累积释药>80%。结论血塞通包衣脉冲控释片在体外具有明显的脉冲释药特性,从而指导及优化处方作进一步研究。     

HPLC法测定复方黄根颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1和三七皂苷R1含量

目的:建立复方黄根颗粒(无糖型)中有效成分三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的含量测定方法。方法:色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-水梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为203 nm,柱温25℃,进样量为10μl。结果:三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的线性范围分别为1.6~10.0μg·ml-1(r=0.999 6)、6.3~39.3μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8)和6.3~39.7μg·ml-1(r=0.999 7),平均加样回收率分别为98.81%(RSD=1.20%)、99.93%(RSD=0.93%)和99.22%(RSD=0.87%)(n=6)。结论:本方法操作简便、重复性好,可以更有效地控制该制剂的质量。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射测定血塞通注射液中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、Re及Rb1的含量

目的:用HPLC-ELSD测定血塞通注射液中三七皂苷R1 、人参皂苷Rg1、Re及Rb1的含量.方法:色谱柱填料为氨基键合硅胶,流动相为乙腈-水(80∶20);漂移管温度为90 ℃,载气流速为2.1 L*min-1.结果: 三七皂苷R1 、人参皂苷Rg1、Re及Rb1的线性范围和相关系数分别为:0.30～2.01μg(r=0.999 1)、1.50～9.98 μg(r=0.999 7)、0.45～3.00μg(r=0.999 2) 及1.20～8.03μg(r=0.999 6);回收率(n=6)分别为103.1%(RSD=2.7%)、98.1%(RSD=2.3%)、102.8%(RSD=2.6%)及96.9%(RSD=2.5%).结论:该方法简便、准确、分离效果好,无干扰,可用于血塞通注射液的质量控制.     

三七接骨丸中四环三萜类皂苷的含量测定及制粒稳定性研究

目的：建立三七接骨丸中三萜类皂苷（人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1）的HPLC含量测定方法并考察其处方稳定性。方法：色谱柱：COSMOSIL 5 C18MS-II（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相：水-乙腈,梯度洗脱;流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长：203 nm,进样量10μl;柱温为30℃。同时考察在不同温度下制粒,三七中皂苷含量的变化。结果：三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、和人参皂苷Rb1分别在0.211 8-2.648 0μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）,0.566 1-7.076 0μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 7）,0.317 2-3.964 5μg·m^l-1（r=0.999 7）之间线性范围良好。平均回收率：三七皂苷R1为98.2%（RSD=0.82%,n=6）,人参皂苷Rg1为98.1%（RSD=0.72%,n=6）,人参皂苷Rb1为98.1%（RSD=0.59%,n=6）。三种皂苷随着温度增加降解也随之增加。结论：该方法简单、迅速,耐用,能够控制三七接骨丸的质量,同时建议三七接骨丸制粒干燥温度控制在60℃以下。     

血塞通滴丸溶出行为研究

目的 考察血塞通滴丸中三七皂苷R¹、人参皂苷Rg¹、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb¹、人参皂苷Rd在不同溶出介质中的溶出行为。方法 采用小杯法,以水、pH 4.5醋酸盐缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液为溶出介质,体积200 mL,转速50 r?min_-1。采用HPLC测定血塞通滴丸中5种成分的累积溶出量。绘制溶出曲线图,并通过f²相似因子法进行溶出度比较。对溶出数据进行模型拟合,确定血塞通滴丸的最佳溶出模型。结果 在水中,不同厂家及批号的血塞通滴丸5种指标成分溶出行为差异性较小,15 min溶出达到平衡,同一样品5种指标成分的溶出呈现同步性。在pH 4.5醋酸盐缓冲液中,同一种成分批次间差异较小;同一样品中人参皂苷Rb¹与人参皂苷Rd较其他3种成分溶出量低。在pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中,其溶出行为存在显著性差异。各厂家及批次血塞通滴丸指标成分的溶出数据拟合结果略有不同,主要以Weibull模型最佳。结论 血塞通滴丸在水中更有利于其指标成分的溶出,偏碱性溶液对指标成分的溶出影响较大。该研究准确可靠,可用于血塞通滴丸的质量控制,同时也为其质量一致性评价研究及工艺改进提供了数据基础。     

HPLC法测定三七药材中3种皂苷的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法同时测定三七中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1的含量.方法采用luna C18(2)分析柱;以(A)乙腈-(B)0.05%磷酸二元线性梯度洗脱:0～8 min(20%A∶80%B),8～20 min(20%A～40%A)∶(80%B～60%B),20～30 min(40%A～20%A)∶(60%B～80%B),检测波长203 nm.结果测得三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1的回收率分别是(97.7±1.6)%、(98.6±1.1)%、(99.2±0.8)%.线性范围分别是:三七皂苷R112～150 μg·mL-1(r=0.9990)、人参皂苷Rg140～500 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 4)、人参皂苷Rb144～550 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7).结论采用高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法能将多种皂苷很好地分离检测,方法准确可靠,重复性好,结果稳定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.