河南省中小学教师高血压危险因素的病例对照研究

本文以河南省１１所中不瞠教师健康体检中发现的８０名高血压患者为病例，按１：１配对进行高血压危险因素的病例对照研究，结果显示，超体重、高血压家庭史在病例与对照两组间有显著性差异，以上结果表明，高血压患病有一定的遣传倾向性，控制体重是降低高血压患病率的重要措施。     

高血压危险因素的研究

本文采用病例对照分析方法，对１５３例确诊高血压病例和８３５例对照的有关因素进行了研究。结果显示，缺乏体力活动、父母脑卒中史和高血压史、高体积指数、腰臀围比值大和血清甘油三酯高有增加发病的作用，而受教育水平高呈保护作用。未发现吸烟、饮酒及紧张行为类型与高血压的确切联系。     

饮酒、吸烟与高血压关系的病例对照研究

本调查是在１９９２年底对上海市３个居民点３５岁以上居民高血压普查基础上进行的人群中病例对照配对研究。着重分析饮酒、吸烟及高血压家族史与高血压患病的关系。病例及对照用随机抽样方式分别选自普查得到的高血压人群和正常血压人群。配对条件为性别相同、年龄相近。共调查４９３对病例对照，用配对χ２分析各因素与高血压关系，并用条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析各因素间的混杂和交互作用。调查结果表明，在上海地区饮酒与高血压病有关，ＯＲ为１．９８（９５％ＣＩ：１．０～３．９）；高血压家族史与高血压病密切相关，在不吸烟者中ＯＲ值高达１８．８（９５％ＣＩ：１０～３５）。研究结果未提示吸烟与高血压有明显关系，ＯＲ值为１．４９（９５％ＣＩ：０．９１～２．４４）。     

脑血栓形成相关因素的病例对照研究

对１４８例确诊的脑血栓新发病例配以相等数量的社区和医院对照，分别作１：１配比分析。结果表明，病例与社区对照比较，高血压史、收缩压高、打鼾和经常接触噪声为脑血栓形成的危险因素，而经常喝奶和较高文化程度为其保护性因素；病例与医院对照比较发现，高血压史、嗜盐为脑血栓形成的危险因素，经常喝奶为其保护性因素。未发现吸烟、饮酒等因素与脑血栓形成有明显相关关系。     

药物治疗配合自我保健降低高血压初步评价

药物治疗配合自我保健降低高血压初步评价王秀群，郑迎芳为进一步探索防治高血压的有效措施，我们采用分组对照的方法，观察评价自我保健在其中的作用，报道如下：一、资料与方法１．病例选择：按世界卫生组织关于原发性高血压病诊断标准，选择门诊高血压男性病人８１例，...     

原发性高血压患者发中化学元素的含量分析

目的探讨原发性高血压与发中化学元素的关系。方法选取广州地区80例高血压病人进行成组病例对照研究,采用原子吸收分光光度法分析80例高血压病例和160例健康对照发中化学元素K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe的含量。结果高血压病例组的Ca、Mg、Zn元素含量及Ca/Mg比值显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05),高血压病例组的Fe元素含量显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Ca/Mg与原发性高血压的发生有一定的关系。     

我国原发性开角型青光眼危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）发病的危险因素。方法 调查两组不同类型的人群资料，采用logistic回归分析法探索POAG的危险因素。第一组资料由1995－2000年的107例POAG住院患者组成病例组，由同期住院的149例非POAG患者组成对照组。第二组资料由2000年3－12月就诊的40例POAG患者作为病例组，由同期就诊的120例非POAG患者组成对照组。产者采用成组病例对照研究设计，后者采用1：3匹配病例对照研究设计。对年龄，性别，家族史，糖尿病，高血压，眼压，心血管病，吸烟，饮酒和TIGR基因突变等因素与POAG发病危险性的关系进行研究。结果 单因素分析提示年龄，家族史，高血压，眼压，心血管病，吸烟，饮酒和TIGR基因突变（T353I）等与POAG发病有关。logistic回归分析进一步表明：眼压，家族史，高血压，吸烟，饮酒和TIGR基因突变（T353I）与POAG关系密切。结论 国人POAG发病的最主要危险因素是眼压，其次是家族史，高血压，吸烟和TIGR基因突变（T353I），而饮酒则是POAG的保护因素。     

农村老年人高血压与前列腺增生的研究

目的 探讨老年性高血压与良性前列腺增生(BPH)的关系。方法 采用以人群为基础的现况调查及病例对照研究，病例组为沈阳市某郊区农村60周岁以上的前列腺增生(BPH)患，对照组为无前列腺增生(排除前列腺癌、前列腺炎等疾病)的老年男性，病例与对照各100例，单因素分析采用χ^2检验，多因素分析采用非条件Logistic回归分析。结果 该地农村老年人高血压组BPH患病率高于非高血压组，舒张压水平与BPH间呈现剂量一反应关系．调整其他因素后舒张压仍与BPH发病有关(OR=1．10，95％CI：1．07～1．14)。结论 舒张压升高可能是BPH发生的的危险因素．     

中年知识分子原发性高血压危险因素研究

中年知识分子原发性高血压危险因素研究王英，刘玉飞，李纪荛，杨二旺，林莲芬，李静，李素兰中年知识分子是高血压的易患年龄段，高血压是冠心病和脑卒中发病的主要危险因素。我们对包头钢铁公司中年知识分子中新发现的原发性高血压病人．进行了１：１病例对照研究。１对...     

女性原发性高血压危险因素病例对照研究

为了研究女性高血压危险因素,我们利用1985年天津市5个市区高血压抽样调查资料进行配比病例对照研究,442例病例选自1981～1985年诊断的或在抽样调查中新诊断的女性高血压病人.病例和对照按年龄、性别和在天津生活的街道配比.应用条件logistic回归模型进行资料分析.病例和对照比较显示:女性高血压的危险因素可能有高血压家族史、较早的初潮和自然绝经年龄、较早的初产年龄、较低的文化水平和职业.女性高血压与家庭收入、脑卒中和吸烟的关系未达到统计学显著性水平.     

Continuing care of patients with cardiovascular risk in general practice: diabetic patients and their care

INTRODUCTION: Both types of diabetes mellitus are conditions with high cardiovascular risk. AIMS: This work was aimed to study the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors, macrovascular and microvascular complications and to assess the results of continuous diabetes care in an adult population with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Method of the study was a questionnaire survey, altogether 400 patients, 49 with type 1 and 351 with type 2 diabetes, were enrolled to it. RESULTS: Frequency of cardiovascular complications, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia was higher in type 2 diabetes, smoking and microvascular complications were more frequent in type 1 diabetes. The ratio of conservative intensive and conventional insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes was 70% and 30%, respectively. Treatment methods used in type 2 diabetes were: diet only: 8%, oral antidiabetic therapy: 78%, antidiabetic agent and insulin: 7%, insulin therapy 7%. Ratios of the patients having at least three laboratory results were: fasting blood glucose: 50%, postprandial blood glucose: 30%, haemoglobin A(1C): 10%. Ratios of patients reached the target results were in type 1 and type 2 diabetes were: fasting blood glucose: 27% vs. 14%, postprandial blood glucose: 26% vs. 18%, haemoglobin-A: 29% vs. 34%. Ratios of the patients in micro- and macrovascular risk category were: fasting blood glucose: 59% vs. 68%, postprandial blood glucose: 54% and 53%, haemoglobin-A(1C): 40% vs. 27%. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of investigations to estimate glycemic control as well as ratio of patients reached target values were rather low, ratio of patients in micro- and macrovascular risk category was high. For these reasons there is a need for a more intensive continuous diabetes care to reach better results.     

A predictable comeback: the second pandemic of infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A subgroup III in Africa, 1995.

Between 14 January and 4 April 1995 we isolated and characterized 44 meningococcal strains in Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Burkina Faso; among these was the strain A:4:P1.9/clone III-1, which was involved in the second meningitis pandemic. This isolate was found in the clonal form in Niger and strains of the ET-37 complex were also found in the other three study countries, but apparently did not cause epidemics. One strain (Y:2a:P1.2,5 (ET-37 complex)) was isolated in January 1995 and another (A:4:P1.9) in March 1995 in Garoua (Cameroon). Eight strains were isolated in Moundou (Chad) between January and April 1995: the A:4:P1.9/clone III-1 (1 strain); members of the ET-37 complex (Y:2a:P1.2,5 (4 strains), Y:NT:P1.2,5 (1 strain), and Y:2a:-(1 strain)); and serogroup X (1 strain). In Niger, 31 strains were isolated between February and April 1995 from different regions. All were A:4:P1.9/clone III-1; between November 1994 and April 1995 there were 23814 cases of meningitis reported of which 2227 resulted in death. Three strains were isolated in Burkina Faso in April 1995: two were Y:2a:P1.2,5 (ET-37 complex) and one was A:4:P1.9/clone III-1. Thus in 1995 the epidemic and invasive strain (A:4:P1.9/clone III-1) responsible for the second pandemic was present in the four countries (Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Burkino Faso) that make up the area frequently affected by such epidemics and where cases are generally reported during the dry season.     

Identification and typing of Yersinia enterocolitica biotypes and serotypes isolated

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica in otherwise healthy pigs slaughtered for human consumption. METHODS: One hundred pharyngeal tonsils were sampled in a slaughterhouse in the state of Mexico. The minimum sample size (n=100) was calculated based on a preliminary sample of 20 cases, which had 20% positive cases. The collected tonsil samples were inoculated in Rappaport broth, and Salmonella-Shigella and McConkey media. The biotyping identification process was based on biochemical and serological tests using O:3, O:8 and O:9 antisera. RESULTS: Twenty-two isolates were obtained. Most were biotype 1 (8 cases of O:3 and 8 cases of O:9), but 6 cases could not be serotyped. None of the isolates were of O:8 group. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first time that Y. enterocolitica serotypes were isolated from pig tonsils in Mexico. Its importance rely on the fact that the isolated serotypes are the most commonly found in public health problems.     

Treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhages in an isolated mountainous area

From January 1997 to December 2001, patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) among 14,008 residents in an isolated mountainous area; Oguni and Minamioguni towns in Kumamoto Prefecture, were evaluated. The subjects were patients being treated at Oguni Municipal Hospital. Over a period of 5 years, 19 patients were found to be suffering from SAH in this area, 3 of whom were visitors (residing outside this area). The annual incidence rate of SAH in this area was calculated as 22.9 per 100,000. The sex ratio (men:women) was 4:12. The average age was 67.9 years; 65.0 years for men and 68.8 years for women. Eleven patients were older than 65, and constituted 68.8% of the subjects. The risk factors of SAH were recognized, and both hypertension and smoking constituted 31.6%. Alcohol was 21.1% and hyperlipemia was 15.8%. In 13 clipping operated cases excluding 1 test craniotomy, Hunt & Kosnik's Grades at admission were G.I: 2, G.II: 5, G.III: 3, G.IV: 2 and G.V: 1, and Fisher's Groups were G.I: 0, G.II: 8, G.III: 3 and G.IV: 2. The sites of 16 operated aneurysms were internal carotid-posterior communicating artery (IC-PC): 2, anterior communicating artery (A Co.A): 4, middle cerebral artery (MCA): 10 and vertebral artery-basilan artery (VA-BA): 0. The aneurysmal size were < 5 mm: 5, 6-10 mm: 9 and 11 mm < :2 (average 7.6 mm, 2-15 mm). The results were evaluated at discharge, excluding 1 SAH of unknown etiology. 9 were good, 2 were dependent and 7 including 5 non-operative cases had died. We were satisfied with these results, because we were treating older patients. Although we attempted the clipping operation using only a three dimensional computed tomographic angiograply (3D-CTA; X-Vision GX (TOSHIBA) & X-Tension), we had no problem, except for 1 test craniotomy. 3D-CTA was useful during the clipping operation in the small hospital, especially, in regard to cost.     

Prevalence of viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens among young children with acute diarrhoea in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

The prevalence of viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens among children of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, was investigated. During December 1995-October 1996, 576 faecal samples were collected from children (0-5 year(s) old) suffering from acute diarrhoea and attending hospitals and outpatient clinics in Jeddah. One or more enteropathogen(s) were identified in 45.6% of the stool specimens. Mixed infections were detected in 12.2% of the diarrhoeal cases. Rotavirus was detected in 34.6% of the specimens of the hospitalized patients and in 5.9% of the specimens of the outpatients. Fifty-one percent of the rotavirus-positive specimens were long electropherotype, 26% were short electropherotype, and 23% could not be electropherotyped specifically. Among those of the long electropherotype, there were six patterns; and of the short electropherotypes, there were four patterns. Serotyping of these specimens revealed a distribution of 39.6%, 4.2%, 6.3%, and 15.6% for rotavirus serotype 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Mixed serotypes were found in 3.1%, and 31.3% of the specimens were untypeable. Other aetiologic agents recognized included Escherichia coli (13%), of which 3.8% were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and 1.9% enterohaemorrhagic E. coli. Among the E. coli (EPEC) serotypes, O111:K58:B4, O55:K59:B11, and 0127:K63:B8 were found in 31.8%, 18.2%, and 13.6% of the cases respectively. Serotype 026:K60:B6, 0124:K72:B17, and 0112:K66:B11 each was found in 9.1% of the EPEC cases. 0128:K67:B12 and 0125:K70:B13 each was found in one case only. Other detected pathogens were: Klebsiella pneumoniae (4%), Giardia lamblia (3.1%), Salmonella sp. (3%), Shigella flexneri (2.6%), Entamoeba histolytica (2.2%), Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepis nana, and Ascaris lumbricoides (0.7% each), and Candida albicans (0.5%). Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the high prevalence of the various enteropathogens among young children is a significant public health problem.     

Optimal ratio of individual branched-chain amino acids in total parenteral nutrition of injured rats.

In this study, we investigated the optimal ratio of individual branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in a balanced amino acid infusion in laparotomized rats. The total BCAA contents of four amino acid infusions were fixed at 31% of total amino acids. The weight ratios of individual BCAA (isoleucine:leucine:valine) in the solutions were 1:0.5:1, 1:1:1, 1:2:1, and 1:4:1, respectively. The laparotomized rats were infused with about 140 mg (experiment 1) and 100 mg (experiment 2) of nitrogen and 10 g of glucose daily for 7 days. In both experiments, no marked difference was observed in the mean cumulative 7-day nitrogen balance and the urinary 3-methyl-histidine levels of all the groups. The BCAA concentrations and the molar ratios of individual BCAA in plasma were disarranged by the infusion of the 1:0.5:1 and 1:4:1 solutions. The infusion of the 1:1:1 and 1:2:1 solutions tended, however, to allow the values to approach the preinfusion values. These results suggest that the optimal ratio of individual BCAA in an amino acid infusion lies between 1:1:1 and 1:2:1 for this injured rat model in total parenteral nutrition.     

Alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable burden of disease in Switzerland, 2002

Summary Objectives: This analysis estimated alcohol-attributable burden of disease for Switzerland. Methods: Exposure distributions were taken from the 2002 Swiss Health Survey and adjusted for per capita consumption. Risk relations were taken from meta-analyses. Mortality and burden of disease data were taken from the World Health Organization. Results: Overall consumption and alcohol-attributable mortality and burden of disease in Switzerland were high compared to European and global averages, especially among women. Overall in Switzerland in 2002, 2016 deaths (5.2% of all deaths in men, 1.4% in women), 28,939 years of life lost (men: 10.5%, women: 4.9%) and 70,256 disability adjusted life years (men: 12.9%, women: 4.2%) were attributable to alcohol. These numbers are net numbers already incorporating the cardioprotective and other beneficial effects of alcohol. Conclusions: Limitations of the approach used are discussed. In addition, questions of causality and confounding are addressed. Submitted: 19 February 2007; Revised: 26 May 2007; Accepted: 6 June 2007     

Effect of synthetic triglycerides of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acid on serum lipoprotein metabolism.

OBJECTIVES: To determine relative effects of diets high in synthetic sources of myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0) or stearic (18:0) acid on concentrations and metabolism of serum lipoproteins. DESIGN: Eighteen healthy women participated in a three-way cross-over study for five week periods separated by seven week washout periods, diets were assigned in random order. SUBJECTS: Premenopausal women, not on medication, were from three races (Caucasian, African-American, Asian) and four apolipoprotein E phenotype groups (3/3, 3/2, 4/3, and 4/2). INTERVENTION: During the first week the subjects consumed a baseline diet providing 11 energy (en)% saturated fat, 10en% polyunsaturated fat and 14en% monounsaturated fat. Followed by test diets with 19en% saturated fat (including 14en% test saturated fatty acid), 3en% polyunsaturated fat, and 14en% monounsaturated fat for four weeks. Synthetic fats (trimyristin, tripalmitin, and tristearin) were used in blends with natural fats and oils. RESULTS: Mean concentrations of serum total, esterified and LDL cholesterol were significantly lower after 18:0 than after 16:0 (n = 16-18, P < 0.01 for treatment effect). Myristic acid (14:0) had an intermediate effect. Receptor-mediated degradation of 125I-LDL in mononuclear cells obtained from the subjects was lower after 16:0 than after 14:0 and 18:0 (n = 16-18, P=0.05 for treatment effect). Differences in the digestibilities of the fats were not a major factor in the results. Strong cholesterolemic responses to the 16:0 diet were partly explained by apoE phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: As noted previously, stearic acid was neutral compared to 14:0 and 16:0. In contrast to studies involving natural fats, 14:0, fed as a synthetic triglyceride, was less cholesterolemic than 16:0 in a majority of subjects. ApoE phenotype influenced the cholesterolemic response particularly when diets high in 16:0 were eaten.     

牛磺酸对应激大鼠心肌损伤的保护机制

以异丙肾上腺素诱导的大鼠应激为模型，研究牛磺酸对心肌及血清中自由基系统与游离脂肪酸含量组成的影响。与对照组比较，结果Ｉｓｏ组心肌中ＦＲ、ＬＰＯ、ＣＫ、ＬＤＨ、Ｃ１６：０、Ｃ１８：０、Ｃ１８：１、ＦＦＡ与Ｃ１８：０／ＦＦＡ值显著升高，ＳＯＤ、Ｃ１８：３、Ｃ２０：４ＰＵＦＡ／ＦＦＡ值显著降低；血清中ＬＰＯ、ＣＫ、Ｃ１６：０、Ｃ１８：１、ＦＦＡ值显著升高，Ｃ１８：３、Ｃ２０：４、ＰＵＦＡ／ＦＦＡ及ＳＯＤ值呈下降趋势，牛磺酸对纠正应激引起的上述变化有显著作用，结果提示牛磺酸可通过减少自由基产生，增加抗氧化酶活性来减少脂质过氧化反应，维持细胞膜完整，影响心肌中ＦＦＡ含量及组成，保护心肌免受应激损伤。     

The efficacy of smoking cessation methods available in the Netherlands: a systematic review based on Cochrane data

OBJECTIVE: To obtain an overview of data from the Cochrane Library on smoking-cessation methods and aids available in the Netherlands. DESIGN: Systematic literature review. METHOD: Common smoking-cessation methods in the Netherlands in 1999 and 2000 were selected from previous research. Data from relevant Cochrane reviews about these cessation methods were collected, after which the efficacy was calculated as a pooled odds ratio and the effectiveness as a percentage of 12 months' continuous abstinence. RESULTS: The following methods were found to be more efficacious than placebo: tailored written advice, individual counselling, telephonic counselling, group courses, all forms of nicotine-replacement therapy, bupropion and nortriptyline. Acupuncture was not superior to placebo. It was not possible to draw any unequivocal conclusions about hypnotherapy. No randomised studies were found with respect to the 'Allen Carr method'. Rates of 12 months' continuous abstinence were as follows for those methods with proven efficacy: tailored advice: 7%, individual counselling: 16%, telephonic counselling: 7.5%, nicotine gum: 17%, nicotine patch: 13%, nicotine inhaler: 17%, nicotine tablets: 20%, bupropion: 17%, and nortriptyline: 24%. The success rates for nicotine tablets and nortriptyline were based on only 2 and 1 study respectively. CONCLUSION: Several effective smoking-cessation methods are available in the Netherlands. In trials the long-term effectiveness of these methods was between 7-24%.